Текст книги "От колонии до сверхдержавы. Внешние отношения США с 1776 года (ЛП)"

Автор книги: Джордж Херринг

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Текущая страница: 91 (всего у книги 91 страниц)

2263

LeoGrande, Backyard, 638.

2264

Там же, 507–47.

2265

Kenneth M. Coleman and George C. Herring, eds., Understanding the Central American Crisis: Sources of Conflict, U.S. Policy, and Options for Peace (Wilmington, Del., 1991), 221–23.

2266

LeoGrande, Backyard, 548.

2267

Coleman and Herring, Understanding the Central American Crisis, 221–23.

2268

Edwin Meese in McMahon, «Reagan Years», 370.

2269

Reagan, American Life, 611.

2270

Cannon, Reagan, 744.

2271

Archie Brown, «Gorbachev and the End of the Cold War», in Richard K. Herrmann and Richard Ned Lebow, eds., Ending the Cold War: Interpretations, Causation, and the Study of International Relations (New York, 2004), 49–50.

2272

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 72.

2273

Alan P. Dobson, «The Reagan Administration, Economic Warfare, and Starting to Close Down the Cold War», Diplomatic History 29 (June 2005), 547, 555.

2274

Cannon, Reagan, 289–91, 475.

2275

Daniel Deudney and John Ikenberry, «Who Won the Cold War?» Foreign Policy 87 (Summer 1992), 126–28, 132, 137.

2276

Walker, Cold War, 291.

2277

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 154.

2278

Cannon, Reagan, 740, 755.

2279

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 67.

2280

Cannon, Reagan, 756, 757.

2281

Matthew Evangelista, «Turning Points in Arms Control», in Herrmann and Lebow, Ending the Cold War, 90–92.

2282

Cannon, Reagan, 742–43, 758–59.

2283

Walker, Cold War, 293–94.

2284

FitzGerald, Out There in the Blue, 407–9.

2285

Cannon, Reagan, 779–81.

2286

James Mann, «Tear Down That Myth», New York Times, June 10, 2007.

2287

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 264–65.

2288

New York Times, May 22, 1988.

2289

Evangelista, «Arms Control», 102–3; Walker, Cold War, 308–9.

2290

David Halberstam, War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton, and the Generals (New York, 2001), 71.

2291

John Newhouse, «Shunning the Losers», New Yorker, October 26, 1992, 40; John Robert Greene, The Presidency of George Bush (Lawrence, Kans., 2000), 11–26.

2292

Bob Woodward, The Commanders (New York, 1992), 18; Newhouse, «Losers», 40–41; Greene, Bush Presidency, 45–50.

2293

James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton (New York, 1999), 134–47.

2294

Greene, Bush Presidency, 93–94.

2295

Там же, 94–95.

2296

Там же, 95: Mann, About Face, 206–8.

2297

Mann, About Face, 215.

2298

Там же, 223.

2299

Melanson, Search for Consensus, 212.

2300

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 347–48; James W. Davis and William C. Wohlforth, «German Unification», in Herrmann and Lebow, Ending the Cold War, 150.

2301

Vladislav Zubok, «New Evidence on the End of the Cold War», Cold War International History Project Bulletin 12/13 (Fall/Winter 2001), 9.

2302

Jacques Levesque, «The Emancipation of Eastern Europe», in Herrmann and Lebow, Ending the Cold War, 112–14.

2303

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 361.

2304

Там же, 363–86.

2305

Там же, 364. См. также Mikhail Gorbachev et al., «Defrosting the Cold War», New Perspectives Quarterly 13 (Winter 1996), 20.

2306

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 392.

2307

Там же,393–97, 415–17; Davis and Wohlforth, «German Reunification», 132–33.

2308

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 404.

2309

Raymond L. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (Washington, 1994), 406.

2310

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 410–33.

2311

Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict, 1990–1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order (Princeton, N.J., 1993), 524.

2312

James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York, 2004), 184–86.

2313

Freedman and Karsh, Gulf Conflict, 290–94.

2314

Michael Gordon and Bernard Trainor, The General’s War (Boston, 1995), 355–99.

2315

Greene, Bush Presidency, 138.

2316

Tampa Tribune, May 19, 2007.

2317

Robert A. Divine, «The Persian Gulf War Revisited: Tactical Victory, Strategic Failure», Diplomatic History 24 (Winter 2000), 37.

2318

Gordon and Trainor, General’s War, 456; Mann, Vulcans, 193.

2319

Gordon and Trainor, General’s War, 477.

2320

Arnold Isaacs, Vietnam Shadows: The War, Its Ghosts, and Its Legacy (Baltimore, Md., 1997), 65.

2321

Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1996 (8th ed., New York, 1997), 347.

2322

Bush and Scowcroft, World Transformed, 563–565.

2323

Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, «Reagan and the Russians», Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, 35–37.

2324

Deudney and Ikenberry, «Cold War», 134–35.

2325

Washington Post, June 27, 2004.

2326

Mark Danner, «How the Foreign Policy Machine Broke Down», New York Times Magazine, March 7, 1993, 32–34.

2327

John Lewis Gaddis, The Long Peace: Inquiries into the History of the Cold War (New York, 1987). В рецензии Уоррена Кимбалла на книгу «Долгий мир» отмечается, что в период с 1945 по 1988 год в семидесяти войнах погибло восемь миллионов человек, многие из которых были связаны с холодной войной; American Historical Review 94 (June 1989), 921–22.

2328

Thomas G. Paterson, On Every Front: The Making and Unmaking of the Cold War (New York, 1992), 194–95.

2329

Bush and Scowcroft, World Transformed, 563–64.

2330

William Safire, «On Language», New York Times Magazine, July 22, 2003.

2331

Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York, 1992).

2332

John Lewis Gaddis, «Toward the Post-Cold War World», Foreign Affairs 70 (Spring 1991), 1°2–5.

2333

Joseph S. Nye Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone (New York, 2002), 41–51.

2334

Walter LaFeber, Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism (New York, 1999), 14–15, 135; New York Times, April 21, 1996.

2335

New York Times, May 3, 1992.

2336

Thomas Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization (New York, 1999), предлагает воспевание глобализации. Критический анализ William Greider, One World., Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York, 1997).

2337

New York Times, May 3, 1992.

2338

Gaddis, «Post-Cold War World», 105.

2339

New York Times, February 7, 1993.

2340

Robert Kaplan, «The Coming Anarchy», Atlantic Monthly, February 1994, 44–76.

2341

Nye, Paradox, 11.

2342

Charles Krauthammer, «The Unipolar Moment», Foreign Affairs 70 (America and the World, 1990–1991), 23.

2343

Stephen M. Walt, «Two Cheers for Clinton’s Foreign Policy», Foreign Affairs 79 (March/April 2000), 65.

2344

John Robert Greene, The Presidency of George Bush (Lawrence, Kans., 2000), 141–64.

2345

James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York, 2004), 209–15.

2346

William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 (rev. ed., Berkeley, Calif., 2001), 296.

2347

Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 297–99.

2348

Там же, 300.

2349

Quandt, Peace Process, 312–14.

2350

Thomas Friedman column, New York Times, May 31, 1992.

2351

David Halberstam, War in a Time of Peace: Bush, Clinton, and the Generals (New York, 2001), 267–68.

2352

Friedman column, New York Times, May 31, 1992.

2353

Klaus Larres, «‘Bloody as Hell’: Bush, Clinton, and the Abdication of American Leadership in the Former Yugoslavia, 1990–1995», Journal of European Integration History 10 (July 2004), 192.

2354

Mann, Vulcans, 222–23; Halberstam, War, 250–52.

2355

New York Times, December 20, 1992.

2356

Jason DeParle, «The Man Inside Bill Clinton’s Foreign Policy», New York Times Magazine, August 20, 1995, 34.

2357

Halberstam, War, 204–7, 415–19.

2358

David Rothkopf, Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power (New York, 2004), 306–10, 344–49.

2359

Nye, Paradox, 41.

2360

Rothkopf, Running the World, 348.

2361

Там же, 348–52; James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton (New York, 1999), 274–308.

2362

Newsweek, May 5, 1994, 54; DeParle, «Man Inside», 35.

2363

Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down (New York, 1999).

2364

Halberstam, War, 270–71.

2365

Thomas Friedman column, New York Times, October 1, 1993.

2366

Там же.

2367

Там же; New York Times, January 29, 1994; Washington Post, May 6, 1994.

2368

Samantha Power, «Bystanders to Genocide», Atlantic Monthly, September 2001, 84.

2369

David Remnick, «The Wanderer», New Yorker, September 18, 2006, 63.

2370

DeParle, «Man Inside», 35; Bob Sacochis, The Immaculate Invasion (New York, 1999).

2371

Larres, «‘Bloody as Hell’», 196–97.

2372

Halberstam, War, 331.

2373

Larres, «‘Bloody as Hell’», 201.

2374

Halberstam, War, 303–6, 317.

2375

Там же, 358; Larres, «‘Bloody as Hell’», 200–201.

2376

Max Frankel, «The Shroud», New York Times Magazine, November 17, 1994.

2377

Halberstam, War, 404–9.

2378

Elaine Sciolino, «Madeleine Albright’s Audition», New York Times Magazine, September 22, 1996, 66–67, 87–88, 104.

2379

Halberstam, War, 409–10.

2380

Colin L. Powell with Joseph Persico, My American Journey (New York, 1995), 576.

2381

Halberstam, War, 409, 423.

2382

Там же, 475.

2383

Там же, 457–60.

2384

George C. Herring, «Analogies at War: The United States, the Conflict in Kosovo, and the Uses of History», in Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur, eds., Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention (Tokyo, 2000), 355.

2385

G. John Ikenberry, «The Costs of Victory: American Power and the Use of Force in the Contemporary Order», in Schnabel and Thakur, Kosovo, 87–88.

2386

Halberstam, War, 482–83.

2387

George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2002), 365, 367–68.

2388

Little, American Orientalism, 301–4.

2389

Newsweek, April 7, 1997.

2390

Garry Wills, «The Clinton Principle», New York Times Magazine, January 19, 1997, 44.

2391

Rothkopf, Running the World, 385; Washington Post Weekly, January 7–13, 2002.

2392

Newsweek, March 6, 1996.

2393

New York Times, October 17, 1996.

2394

Ikenberry, «Costs of Victory», 97.

2395

Michael C. Desch, «Liberals, Neocons, and Realcons: The Politics of Humanitarian Interentions», Orbis 46 (Fall 2001), 528.

2396

Mann, Vulcans, 163.

2397

New York Times, July 31, 2001.

2398

Mark Danner, «Taking Stock of the Forever War», New York Times Magazine, September 11, 2005, 50–51.

2399

New York Times, July 25, 2004; The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States (New York, 2004), 254–77; Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York, 2004), 227–46.

2400

9/11 Commission Report, 339–60.

2401

September 20, 2001, www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html.

2402

Там же.

2403

Michael Kelly, «Myths of the Month», Washington Post, October 31, 2001; John Leo, «Quagmire, Schagmire», U.S. News and World Report, November 26, 2001, 52.

2404

Seymour Hersh, «The Other War», New Yorker, April 12, 2004, 40–47; Michael Ignatieff, «Nation-Building Lite», New York Times Magazine, July 28, 2002, 26–31, 54, 57, 59.

2405

Истоки фразы «ось зла» обсуждаются в David Frum, The Right Man: The Surprise Presidency of George Bush (New York, 2003), 238–45, 268–71.

2406

Nicholas Lemann, «The War on What?» New Yorker, September 16, 2002, 44.

2407

The text is in New York Times, September 20, 2002.

2408

John Lewis Gaddis, «A Grand Strategy for Transformation», Foreign Policy 133 (November/December 2002), 22.

2409

New York Times, September 20, 2002.

2410

Stanley Hoffmann, «The High and the Mighty», American Prospect, January 13, 2003, 28–29.

2411

Clarke, Against All Enemies, 32.

2412

George Packer, The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq (New York, 2005), 45; Mann, Vulcans, 332–34; Bryan Burrough et al., «The Path to War», Vanity Fair, May 2004, 240.

2413

Elizabeth Drew, «The Neocons in Power», New York Review of Books, June 12, 2003, 20–22. For Wolfowitz, see Bill Keller, «The Sunshine Warrior», New York Times Magazine, September 22, 2002, 48–54, 84, 86, 96. Also Jacob Heilbrun, They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons (New York, 2007).

2414

Washington Post, March 30, 2003. Важность сибирской язвы отмечается в Jacob Weisberg, «Fishing for a way to Change the World», Newsweek, January 28, 2008, 31–32.

2415

Elizabeth Drew, «The Enforcer», New York Review of Books, May 1, 2003, Internet version.

2416

Bill Keller, «Reagan’s Son», New York Times Magazine, January 26, 2003, 26–31, 43, 49; Frum, Right Man, 24–25; Ron Suskind, «Without a Doubt», New York Times Magazine, October 17, 2004, Internet version.

2417

Так называемый меморандум Даунинг-стрит от 21 июля 2002 года был впервые опубликован в (London) Sunday Times, May 1, 2005.

2418

Suskind, «Without a Doubt.»

2419

Burrough, «Path», 282; Michael Isikoff and David Corn, Hubris: The Inside Story of Spin, Scandal, and the Selling of the Iraq War (New York, 2006), chapters 2–11.

2420

Isikoff and Corn, Hubris, 33.

2421

Burroughs, «Path», 282.

2422

New York Times, August 25, 2002.

2423

Wall Street Journal, August 16, 2002; Jeffrey Goldberg, «Breaking Ranks», New Yorker, October 31, 2005, 58–60.

2424

New York Times ad; Christopher Lehmann, «The War on What?» New Yorker, September 16, 2002, 36–44.

2425

George Packer, «Smart-Mobbing the War», New York Times Magazine, March 9, 2003, 46–49.

2426

New York Times, October 6, 2002.

2427

Там же, June 10, 2002, August 27, 2002, September 8, 2002, October 7, 2002; USA Today, September 18, 2002.

2428

New York Times, August 26, 2002.

2429

Thomas Ricks, Fiasco: America’s Military Adventure in Iraq (New York, 2006), 88; Thomas Powers, «The Vanishing Case for War», New York Review of Books, December 9, 2003, 1–8.

2430

Karen DeYoung, Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell (New York, 2006), 411.

2431

Burrough, «Path», 289.

2432

New York Times, September 28, 2003.

2433

Burrough, «Path», 289.

2434

DeYoung, Soldier, 439.

2435

Там же, 440–51; Ricks, Fiasco, 93–94.

2436

Paul Krugman in New York Times, March 19, 2003.

2437

Rick Atkinson, In the Company of Soldiers (New York, 2004) это живой рассказ «внедренного» журналиста. Bernard E. Trainor and Michael R. Gordon, Cobra II: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (New York, 2006) является более тщательным и критичным.

2438

Packer, Assassins’ Gate, 137–142; Ricks, Fiasco, 135–38.

2439

New York Times, August 13, 2003.

2440

James Fallows, «Blind into Baghdad», Atlantic Monthly, January/February 2004, 53–74; David Rieff, «Blueprint for a Mess», New York Times Magazine, November 2, 2003, 28–33, 44, 58, 76–78; Ricks, Fiasco, 85–111; Packer, Assassins’ Gate, 100–148.

2441

Fallows, «Blind into Baghdad», 66; Seymour Hersh, «Offense and Defense», New Yorker, April 7, 2003, 43–45.

2442

Packer, Assassins’ Gate, 111.

2443

Fallows, «Blind into Baghdad», 73; Newsweek, August 6, 2003, 35.

2444

Ricks, Fiasco, 158–65. См. также Roger Cohen in New York Times, August 17, 2007.

2445

Mark Danner, «Delusions in Baghdad», New York Review of Books, December 18, 2003, 1–9.

2446

Powers, «Vanishing Case for War», 1–8; Isikoff and Corn, Hubris, 211–30. История Curveball рассказывается в Bob Drogin, Curveball: Spies, Lies, and the Con Man (New York, 2007).

2447

Ricks, Fiasco, 291.

2448

National Intelligence Estimate; New York Times, August 19, 2007.

2449

John Mueller, «The Iraq Syndrome», Foreign Affairs 84 (November/December 2005), 44–46.

2450

New York Times, December 2, 30, 2007.

2451

Michael Gordon in New York Times, January 20, 2008.

2452

Newsweek, October 2, 2006; New York Times, August 12, 20, 2002, December 16, 2007.

2453

Mueller, «Iraq Syndrome», 53–54.

2454

Boston Globe, August 1, 2007; New York Times, December 9, 2007, January 20, 2008.

2455

New York Times, July 30, 2006.

2456

Bruce Hoffman in Washington Post, September 9, 2007.

2457

Mark Danner, «Taking Stock of the Forever War», New York Times Magazine, September 11, 2005, 47; Samantha Power, «Our War on Terror», New York Times Book Review, July 29, 2007, 8.

2458

Роль Райса анализируется в Glenn Kessler, The Confidante: Condoleezza Rice and the Creation of the Bush Legacy (New York, 2007) and Elisabeth Bumiller, Condoleezza Rice: A Biography (New York, 2008).

2459

New York Times, September 17, 2007.

2460

Michael Oren in New York Times, December 2, 2007.

2461

Fareed Zakaria, «The Rise of the Rest», Newsweek, May 12, 2008, 27.

2462

Там же; Roger Cohen in New York Times, March 17, 2008. Важность Второй мировой обсуждается в Parag Khanna, «Waving Goodbye to Hegemony», New York Times Magazine, January 27, 2008, 37, 39, 40–41, 62.

2463

Цитируется по Cohen, New York Times, November 12, 2007.

2464

James Traub, «Persuading Them», New York Times Magazine, November 25, 2007, 19–20.

2465

This view is set forth in Philip Bobbitt, Terror and Consent: The Wars for the Twentieth Century (New York, 2008).

2466

See, for example, Robert Kagan, The Return of History and the End of Dreams (New York, 2008).

2467

Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York, 2008).

2468

Второе ежегодное послание Линкольна, 1 декабря 1862 года, in James C. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents (20 vols., Washington, 1897–1925), 7:3343.

2469

Cohen in New York Times, October 1, 2007.