Текст книги "От колонии до сверхдержавы. Внешние отношения США с 1776 года (ЛП)"

Автор книги: Джордж Херринг

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Текущая страница: 87 (всего у книги 91 страниц)

968

Там же, 107.

969

Там же, 171; Jodi Pettazonni, «The Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico» (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 2000), 57–79.

970

Wilson to Lindley M. Garrison, August 8, 1914, Wilson Papers 30:362.

971

Memorandum by Thomas Beaumont Hohler, October 21, 1915, ibid. 35:98.

972

Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico (Chicago, 1981), 145.

973

Friedrich Katz, «Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico», American Historical Review 83 (February 1978), 112–17.

974

Katz, Secret War, 307.

975

Там же.

976

Katz, «Attack on Columbus», 101.

977

Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 249; Linda Hall and Don Coerver, «Woodrow Wilson, Public Opinion, and the Punitive Expedition: A Re-assessment», New Mexico Historical Review 72 (April 1997), 171–94.

978

Calhoun, Power and Principle, 57.

979

Wilson conversation with Newton Baker, May 12, 1916, Wilson Papers 37:36.

980

Knock, End All Wars, 82–83.

981

Hall and Coerver, «Punitive Expedition», 192–94.

982

Katz, «Attack on Columbus», 130.

983

Interview, April 27, 1914, Wilson Papers 29:516.

984

Clements, Wilson Presidency, 103.

985

John Keegan, The First World War (New York, 2000), 48–74; Michael Howard, The First World War (London, 2003), 18–31.

986

Keegan, First World War, 133.

987

Link, Progressive Era, 145; Ross Gregory, The Origins of American Intervention in the First World War (New York, 1971), 3.

988

Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994 (Baltimore, Md., 1996), 43.

989

Wilson to House, August 13, 1914, Wilson Papers 30:336.

990

Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad (New Brunswick, N.J., 1963), 230–31.

991

George H. Nash, «An American Epic: Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I», Prologue (Spring 1989), 57–86.

992

Robert Lansing memorandum, October 23, 1914, Wilson Papers 31:219.

993

House to Wilson, May 25, 1915, ibid. 33:254.

994

Clements, Wilson Presidency, 120–21.

995

House Diary, September 30, 1914, Wilson Papers 31:109.

996

Wilson to Bryan, March 25, 1915, ibid. 32:432–33.

997

Wilson to Bryan, April 3, 1915, ibid. 32:469.

998

John Milton Cooper Jr., «The Shock of Recognition: The Impact of World War I on America», Virginia Quarterly Review 76 (Autumn 2000), 557.

999

Gregory, Origins of Intervention, 63–64.

1000

Там же, 60–63. «Двойное желание» отмечено в John A. Thompson, Woodrow Wilson (London, 2002), 112.

1001

Ernest R. May, The World War and American Isolation, 1914–1917 (Chicago, 1959), 225–27; Thompson, Wilson, 114–17.

1002

Gregory, Origins of Intervention, 94–96; Thompson, Wilson, 121–22.

1003

Wilson to House, May 16, 1916, Wilson Papers 37:57–58; July 24, 1916, ibid., 467.

1004

Knock, End All Wars, 58.

1005

Jane Addams et al to Wilson, October 29, 1915, Wilson Papers 35:134.

1006

Knock, End All Wars, 90; George C. Herring Jr., «James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy», Journal of Southern History 30 (November 1964), 383–404.

1007

Knock, End All Wars, 50–58.

1008

Cooper, «Shock of Recognition», 579–81.

1009

Knock, End All Wars, 77.

1010

Wilson speeches, October 5, 1916, Wilson Papers 38:337–38, 347.

1011

«Peace Without Victory» speech, January 22, 1917, ibid. 40:533–39.

1012

Robert H. Zieger, America’s Great War: World War I and the American Experience (Lanham, Md., 2000), 48.

1013

Knock, End All Wars, 107.

1014

Я благодарю Томаса Нока за то, что он поделился со мной этой информацией.

1015

May, World War, 404–15.

1016

Franklin Lane to W. Lane, February 5, 1917, Wilson Papers 41:282.

1017

Katz, Secret War, 350–78.

1018

Knock, End All Wars, 120.

1019

«Wilson War Message», April 2, 1917, Wilson Papers41:519–27.

1020

Keegan, World War I, 373.

1021

Там же, 410–11.

1022

«Peace Without Victory» speech, January 27, 1917, Wilson Papers40:539.

1023

N. Gordon Levin Jr., Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution (New York, 1968), 61–64.

1024

Fourteen Points address, January 8, 1918, Wilson Papers 40:534–39; Knock, End All Wars, 142–47.

1025

Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War and Peace (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1979), 85; Thompson, Wilson, 157–60.

1026

Calhoun, Power and Principle, 167–74; Roy MacLeod, «Secrets Among Friends: The Research Information Service and the Special Relationship in Allied Scientific Information and Intelligence», Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning, and Policy 37 (Autumn 1999), 201–33.

1027

Link, Revolution, War, and Peace, 76–77; Calhoun, Power and Principle, 178–79.

1028

Gregg Wolper, «Wilsonian Public Diplomacy: The Committee on Public Information in Spain», Diplomatic History 17 (Winter 1993), 17.

1029

Там же, 17–34; James D. Stratt, «American Propaganda in Britain During World War I», Prologue 28 (Spring 1996), 17–33; Kazuyuki Matsuo, «American Propaganda in China: The U.S. Committee on Public Information, 1918–1919», Journal of American-Canadian Studies 14 (1996), 19–42.

1030

Matsuo, «Propaganda», 21.

1031

John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 61–63.

1032

Knock, End All Wars, 156.

1033

Calhoun, Power and Principle, 199–200.

1034

David S. Fogelsong, America’s Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 190–91.

1035

Arthur Walworth, America’s Moment, 1918: American Diplomacy at the End of World War I (New York, 1977).

1036

Keegan, First World War, 410–14.

1037

Knock, End All Wars, 142.

1038

Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston, 1994), 35, 45.

1039

Thompson, Wilson, 175–76.

1040

Там же, 177.

1041

Klaus Schwabe, «U.S. Secret War Diplomacy, Intelligence, and the Coming of the German Revolution in 1918: The Role of Vice Consul James McNally», Diplomatic History 16 (Spring 1992), 200.

1042

Thompson, Wilson, 212.

1043

Walworth, America’s Moment, 1.

1044

Цитируется по «Fighting Men», National Interest 69 (Fall 2002), 129.

1045

Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York, 2007), 1–51.

1046

Jonathan M. Nielson, «The Scholar as Diplomat: American Historians at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919», International History Review 14 (May 1992), 228–51.

1047

Thompson, Wilson, 212, минимизирует влияние болезни Уилсона на ход переговоров.

1048

Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York, 2003), 15–16.

1049

Manela, Wilsonian Moment, 45.

1050

Clements, Wilson Presidency, 174; Thompson, Wilson, 191–93.

1051

Macmillan, Paris 1919, xxx; Thompson, Wilson, 191–93.

1052

Thompson, Wilson, 210; Macmillan, Paris, 1919, 459–83; Clements, Wilson Presidency, 179–82, 186.

1053

Macmillan, Paris 1919, 334; Stephen G. Craft, «John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question», Pacific Historical Review 66 (May 1997), 239.

1054

Noriko Kawamura, «Wilsonian Idealism and Japanese Claims at the Paris Peace Conference», Pacific Historical Review 66 (November 1997), 524.

1055

Knock, End All Wars, 250.

1056

Macmillan, Paris 1919, 109–42, 207–70; Betty Miller Unterberger, «The United States and National Self-Determination: A Wilsonian Perspective», Presidential Studies Quarterly 26 (Fall 1996), 926–41.

1057

Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States, 78.

1058

Link, Revolution, War, and Peace, 96.

1059

Fogelsong, Secret War, 187.

1060

Thompson, Wilson, 201; Link, Revolution, War, and Peace, 99.

1061

Macmillan, Paris 1919, 463–65, 474.

1062

Там же, 80.

1063

Cohen, Response to China, 97, 101; Manela, Wilsonian Moment, 194–95, 215–25.

1064

John Milton Cooper Jr., Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (New York, 2001), 8–9.

1065

William C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley, Calif., 1983), 173, 208.

1066

Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 1, 4. Цитата Хичкока взята из Thomas Knock, «‘Playing for a Hundred Years Hence’: Woodrow Wilson’s Internationalism and His Would-be Heirs», документ находится у автора. Я благодарю профессора Нока за то, что он обратил мое внимание на эту цитату.

1067

Knock, End All Wars, 242–43, 252–59.

1068

Elizabeth McKillen, «The Corporatist Model, World War I, and the Public Debate over the League of Nations», Diplomatic History 15 (Spring 1991), 177–79.

1069

Richard W. Lowitt, George W. Norris: The Persistence of a Progressive, 1913–1933 (Urbana, Ill., 1971), 109.

1070

Там же, 116.

1071

Ralph Stone, The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations (Lexington, Ky., 1970), 57.

1072

Link, Revolution, War, and Peace, 109–12; Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 129–31.

1073

Stone, Irreconcilables, 82.

1074

Thompson, Wilson, 223–24.

1075

Thompson, Wilson, 227–32; Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 158–197.

1076

Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 189.

1077

Там же, 199–208.

1078

Thompson, Wilson, 234–35.

1079

Там же, 239–40.

1080

Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World, 234.

1081

Там же, 346.

1082

Там же, 362–70.

1083

Thomas A. Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (Chicago, 1977), 277, монтирует фразу «высший акт детоубийства». Thomas Knock’s «‘Playing for a Hundred Years Hence’» подчеркивает приверженность Уилсона принципам и важность этих принципов. Зигмунд Фрейд и Уильям К. Буллит в соавторстве написали мстительную психобиографию под названием Thomas Woodrow Wilson, Twenty-eighth President of the United States: A Psychological Study (Boston, 1967). Thompson, Wilson, 241–42, предлагает более широкий и убедительный вывод.

1084

Selig Adler, The Isolationist Impulse: Its Twentieth-Century Reaction (New York, 1957), 112.

1085

A good survey is Warren I. Cohen, Empire Without Tears: America’s Foreign Relations, 1921–1933 (New York, 1987). См. также Brian J. C. McKercher, «Reaching for the Brass Ring: The Recent Historiography of Interwar American Foreign Relations», Diplomatic History 15 (Fall 1991), 565–98.

1086

Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York, 1987), 275–90; John Keegan, The First World War (New York, 1998), 421–27.

1087

Raymond F. Betts, Decolonization (London, 1998), 4–18.

1088

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 8, 1926.

1089

A. Scott Berg, Lindbergh (New York, 1998), 135–43.

1090

Kennedy, Rise and Fall, 328–29; John Braeman, «Power and Diplomacy: The 1920s Reappraised», Review of Politics 44 (July 1982), 342–69.

1091

Joseph S. Nye Jr., The Paradox of American Power (New York, 2002), 9–12.

1092

Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984), 20–22.

1093

Stephen G. Craft, «John Bassett Moore, Robert Lansing, and the Shandong Question», Pacific Historical Review 66 (May 1997), 244.

1094

Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston, 1994), 63.

1095

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 171–73.

1096

Cohen, Empire Without Tears, 2, 11; Robert D. Schulzinger, The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations (New York, 1984), 5–30.

1097

David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919–1963 (New York, 2000), 37–84.

1098

Eugene P. Trani and David L. Wilson, The Presidency of Warren G. Harding (Lawrence, Kans., 1977), 172.

1099

Robert H. Ferrell, The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 23.

1100

John Chalmers Vinson, «Charles Evans Hughes, 1921–1925», in Norman A. Graebner, ed., An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1961), 134; Waldo H. Heinrichs, American Ambassador: Joseph C. Grew and the Development of the United States Diplomatic Tradition (Boston, 1966), 105.

1101

Heinrichs, Ambassador, 109–10; L. Ethan Ellis, «Frank B. Kellogg, 1925–1929», in Graebner, Uncertain Tradition, 149–67.

1102

Heinrichs, Ambassador, 101–25.

1103

Charles DeBenedetti, The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington, Ind., 1980), 108–21.

1104

Trani and Wilson, Harding Presidency, 115.

1105

Там же, 59–60; Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 42–43.

1106

Robert David Johnson, The Peace Progressives and American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass., 1995).

1107

Jeffrey J. Matthews, Alanson B. Houghton, Ambassador of the New Era (Lanham, Md., 2004), 48–49.

1108

Michael J. Hogan, Informal Entente: The Private Structure of Cooperation in Anglo-American Economic Diplomacy, 1918–1928 (Chicago, 1991), 187.

1109

Melvyn P. Leffler, «Expansionist Impulses and Domestic Constraints, 1921–1932», in William H. Becker and Samuel F. Wells Jr., eds., Economics and World Power: An Assessment of American Diplomacy Since 1789 (New York, 1984), 232–33.

1110

Cohen, Empire, 19.

1111

Hogan, Informal Entente, 105–58.

1112

Emily S. Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900–1930 (Durham, N.C., 2003), 97–150.

1113

Leffler, «Expansionist Impulses», 246; Cohen, Empire, 23–25.

1114

Cohen, Empire, 28–29.

1115

Там же, 36–40.

1116

Thomas F. O’Brien, «‘Rich Beyond the Dreams of Avarice’: The Guggenheims in Chile», Business History Review 63 (Spring 1989), 142.

1117

Emily S. Rosenberg, «The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism, 1909–1940», Diplomatic History 9 (Summer 1985), 203–4.

1118

Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), 194–243.

1119

Leffler, «Expansionist Impulses», 258–59, 264–65.

1120

Hogan, Informal Entente, 103; Cohen, Empire, 34–35, 42–43.

1121

Thomas F. O’Brien, «The Revolutionary Mission: American Enterprise in Cuba», American Historical Review 98 (June 1993), 785.

1122

Trani and Wilson, Harding Presidency, 142.

1123

Cohen, Empire, 55.

1124

Там же, 57–58.

1125

Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 157.

1126

Там же, 157–59; Cohen, Empire, 57–58.

1127

Cohen, Empire, 46–49.

1128

Sadao Asada, «Between the Old Diplomacy and the New, 1918–1922: The Washington Conference and the Origins of Japanese Rapprochement», Diplomatic History 30 (April 2006), 214–15.

1129

Стандартное изложение – Thomas H. Buckley, The United States and the Washington Conference, 1921–1922 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1970). Оживленную картину представляет Robert K. Massie, «The 1921 SALT Talks – And You Are There», New York Times Magazine, (October 1, 1977), 38ff.

1130

Cohen, Empire, 50–51.

1131

Там же, 52.

1132

Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 139–40; David Kahn letter to editor, New York Times Book Review, May 5, 2002.

1133

Asada, «Old Diplomacy and the New», 223–28.

1134

Cohen, Empire, 54.

1135

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 44.

1136

Cohen, Empire, 20–21, 90–91.

1137

Melvyn P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1979), 68.

1138

Hogan, Informal Entente, 51–52.

1139

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 106–7; Hogan, Informal Entente, 51–53.

1140

Hogan, Informal Entente, 69.

1141

Leffler, Elusive Quest, 42.

1142

Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 147.

1143

Hogan, Informal Entente, 77.

1144

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 123.

1145

Там же, 124.

1146

Matthews, Houghton, 120–28.

1147

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 131–38; Leffler, Elusive Quest, 138–54.

1148

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 216–17.

1149

Neal Pease, Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919–1933 (New York, 1986), 22.

1150

Linda R. Killen, Testing the Peripheries: U.S.-Yugoslav Economic Relations in the Interwar Years (New York, 1994), vii.

1151

Cary W. Blankenship, «Nationalization of Industry in Czechoslovakia in 1945» (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2002), 95–98.

1152

Killen, Testing the Peripheries, 104, 117.

1153

Pease, Poland, 167.

1154

Neal R. Pease, «Charles Dewey as the First United States Financial Adviser to Poland, 1927–1930», International History Review 9 (February 1987), 85; Frank Costigliola, «American Foreign Policy and the’Nut Cracker’: The United States and Poland in the 1920s», Pacific Historical Review 48 (February 1979), 85–105; Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries, 176–84.

1155

John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 93–95.

1156

Там же, 105; Douglas Little, «Antibolshevism and American Foreign Policy: The Diplomacy of Self-Delusion», American Quarterly 35 (Fall 1983), 379–81.

1157

Gaddis, Russia, 94–97, 105–16; Little, «Self-Delusion», 376–90.

1158

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 87–93; Benjamin D. Rhodes, «American Relief Operations at Nikolaiev, USSR, 1922–1923», Historian 51 (August 1989), 611–26; Bertrand M. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921 (Stanford, Calif., 2002).

1159

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 150.

1160

James K. Libbey, Russian-American Economic Relations, 1763–1999 (Gulf Breeze, Fla., 1999), 83–84.

1161

Там же, 73–99; Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 157–162; Katherine A. S. Siegel, «Technology and Trade: Russia’s Pursuit of American Investment, 1917–1929», Diplomatic History 17 (Summer 1993), 378, 388.

1162

LaFeber, Clash, 144.

1163

Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad (New Brunswick, N.J., 1996), 345–46.

1164

LaFeber, Clash, 144–46; William L. Neumann, America Encounters Japan: From Perry to MacArthur (New York, 1965), 176–79.

1165

Cohen, Empire, 31–32, 38.

1166

Akira Iriye, Across the Pacific: An Inner History of American-East Asian Relations (New York, 1967), 154–55.

1167

Cohen, Empire, 81–82.

1168

Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 164.

1169

Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 255.

1170

Emily S. and Norman L. Rosenberg, «From Colonialism to Professionalism: The Public-Private Dynamic in United States Financial Advising, 1898–1929», Journal of American History 74 (June 1987), 71–82.

1171

Trani and Wilson, Harding Presidency, 136–37.

1172

Там же.

1173

Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 257–58; Trani and Wilson, Harding Presidency, 135.

1174

Bruce J. Calder, The Impact of Intervention: The Dominican Republic During the U.S. Occupation of 1916–1924 (Austin, Tex., 1984), 239; Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 257–60.

1175

Schmitz, Stimson, 51; Ferrell, Coolidge Presidency, 135.

1176

Lester D. Langley, The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900–1934 (Lexington, Ky., 1983), 212–16.

1177

Schmitz, Stimson, 57–60.

1178

Cohen, Empire, 64.

1179

Karl M. Schmitt, Mexico and the United States, 1821–1973 (New York, 1974), 163–65.

1180

Там же.

1181

Enrique Krauze, Mexico – Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996 (New York, 1997), 418.

1182

Richard W. Fanning, Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922–1933 (Lexington, Ky., 1995), 116.

1183

Berg, Lindbergh, 172–73; Cline, Mexico, 210–13; Krauze, Mexico, 419.

1184

Cohen, Empire, 59–62. Стандартное изложение – Robert H. Ferrell, Peace in Their Time: The Origins of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (New Haven, Conn., 1952).

1185

Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 191.

1186

Clifford R. Levin, «Herbert Hoover, Internationalist, 1919–1933» Prologue 20 (Winter 1988), 249–67.

1187

Schmitz, Stimson, 79; Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 225–27.

1188

Fanning, Peace and Disarmament, 128, 132.

1189

Leffler, Elusive Quest, 195–202.

1190

Там же, 202–19; Costigliola, Awkward Dominion, 190–92.

1191

Robert H. Ferrell, American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy (New York, 1970), 114–16; Schmitz, Stimson, 83–89.

1192

Arthur Schlesinger Jr., «Back to the Womb», Foreign Affairs 74 (July/August 1995), 3.

1193

www.bartleby.com/124/pres49.html.

1194

Фраза взята из Robert Endicott Osgood, Ideals and Self-Interest in America’s Foreign Relations: The Great Transformation of the Twentieth Century (Chicago, 1964).

1195

Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929–1941 (New York, 1984), 34.

1196

Charles P. Kindelberger, The World in Depression, 1929–1939 (Berkeley, Calif., 1986), 294.

1197

Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 333.

1198

David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War (New York, 1999), 84–88.

1199

Christopher G. Thorne, The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League, and the Far Eastern Crisis, 1931–1933 (New York, 1973), 32–35.

1200

Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1971), 124–25.

1201

Thorne, Limits, 37–38.

1202

Там же, 78–80.

1203

Robert H. Ferrell, American Diplomacy in the Great Depression: Hoover-Stimson Foreign Policy, 1929–1933 (New York, 1970), 138–43.

1204

Justus D. Doenecke and John E. Wilz, From Isolation to War, 1931–1941 (Arlington Heights, Ill., 1991), 35, 38; Thorne, Limits, 243.

1205

Thorne, Limits, 245.

1206

David F. Schmitz, Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man (Wilmington, Del., 2001), 107.

1207

Там же, 110–11.

1208

Там же, 111.

1209

Doenecke, Isolation to War, 46.

1210

Cohen, America’s Response to China, 134; о британцах см. Thorne, Limits, 247.

1211

Thorne, Limits, especially 404–10.

1212

James MacGregor Burns’s Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York, 1956) and Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (New York, 1970) остаются самыми глубокими биографиями Рузвельта. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York, 1979) это наиболее полное изложение темы.

1213

David E. Lilienthal, The Journals of David E. Lilienthal (7 vols., New York, 1964–73), 2:564. Irwin F. Gellman, Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles (New York, 2002) полностью освещает вражду Халла и Уэллса.

1214

William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York, 1963), 26.

1215

Kennedy, Great Powers, 283.

1216

Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 155–57; Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 200–201.

1217

Kindelberger, Depression, 231.

1218

Там же, 230–31; Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 202–3.

1219

Edward M. Bennett, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Security: American-Soviet Relations, 1933–1939 (Wilmington, Del., 1985), 1–16.

1220

John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 120–21.

1221

David Mayers, The Ambassadors and American Soviet Policy (New York, 1995), 111–12.

1222

Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States, 124.

1223

Mayers, Ambassadors, 108–17.

1224

Frederick B. Pike, FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos (Austin, Tex., 1995), 15.

1225

Ferrell, Great Depression, 215–30; William O. Walker, «Crucible for Peace: Herbert Hoover, Modernization and Economic Growth in Latin America», Diplomatic History 30 (January 2006), 83–117.

1226

Lloyd C. Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, Wisc., 1964), 51.

1227

Pike, Good Neighbor Policy, 15–110.

1228

Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 300.

1229

Там же, 301–3.

1230

Irwin F. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy: United States Policy in Latin America, 1933–1945 (Baltimore, 1979), 51.

1231

Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 304–5.

1232

William Kamman, «U.S. Recognition of Anastasio Somoza, 1936», Historian 54 (Winter 1992), 273; Schoulz, Beneath the United States, 273.

1233

Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 96.

1234

Pike, Good Neighbor Policy, 134–37.

1235

Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 209.

1236

Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 108.

1237

Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Boston, 1997), 39–40.

1238

Manfred Jonas, Isolationism in America, 1935–1941 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1966), 32–33.

1239

Doenecke, Isolation to War, 6.

1240

Warren I. Cohen, The American Revisionists: The Lessons of Intervention in World War I (Chicago, 1967) is the standard account.

1241

Jonas, Isolationism, 1.

1242

Charles DeBenedetti, The Peace Reform in American History (Bloomington, Ind., 1980), 122–33.

1243

B.J.C. McKercher, Transition of Power: Britain’s Loss of Global Preeminence to the United States (Cambridge, Eng., 1999), 175–76.

1244

Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 216; Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 232–34.

1245

Robert A. Divine, The Reluctant Belligerent: American Entry into World War II (2nd ed., New York, 1979), 19.

1246

Там же, 20.

1247

Doenecke, Isolation to War, 57.

1248

Divine, Reluctant Belligerent, 29.

1249

Anne Marie Pois, «The U.S. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom and American Neutrality, 1935–1939», Peace and Change 14 (July 1989), 263–84.

1250

Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 37.

1251

Там же, 37–51.

1252

Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 220.

1253

Divine, Reluctant Belligerent, 27–28.

1254

Там же, 34.

1255

Douglas Little, Malevolent Neutrality: The United States, Great Britain, and the Origins of the Spanish Civil War (Ithaca, N.Y., 1985), 241–42.

1256

Цитируется по Allen Guttmann, The Wound in the Heart: America and the Spanish Civil War (New York, 1962), 107.

1257

Robert A. Divine, The Illusion of Neutrality (Chicago, 1962), 172, 228.

1258

Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 225.

1259

Richard A. Harrison, «A Presidential Demarche: Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Personal Diplomacy and Great Britain», Diplomatic History 5 (Summer 1981), 245–72, and «A Neutralization Plan for the Pacific: Roosevelt and Anglo-American Cooperation, 1934–1937», Pacific Historical Review 57 (February 1988), 47–72.

1260

Ibid; McKercher, Transition of Power, 252.

1261

Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (New York, 1997).

1262

Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 401–2.

1263

Doenecke, Isolation to War, 71.

1264

Trevor K. Plante, «‘Two Japans’: Japanese Expressions of Sympathy and Regret in the Wake of the Panay Incident», Prologue 33 (Summer 2001), 109–20.

1265

Sally Marks, «Munich: Hitler’s Failure», in F. Kevin Simon, ed., The David A. Sayre History Symposium Collected Lectures, 1985–1989 (Lexington, Ky., 1991), 150–57.

1266

Barbara Farnham, «Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis – Insights from Prospect Theory», Political Psychology 13 (June 1992), 228n.

1267

David Reynolds, From Munich to Pearl Harbor: Roosevelt’s America and the Origins of the Second World War (Chicago, 2001), 42–48.

1268

Farnham, «Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis», 208–20.

1269

Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (New York, 1994), 27–28.

1270

Donald Lammers, «Munich, 1938: A Crisis Nonpareil in British Foreign Policy», in Simon, Sayre Lectures, 167; McKercher, Transition, 252–57.

1271

Gerhard Weinberg, «Munich After 50 Years», Foreign Affairs (Fall 1988), 167–73.

1272

Farnham, «Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis», 216.

1273

Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 42–48.

1274

Doenecke, Isolation to War, 81; Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 292.

1275

Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 415–16.

1276

Более критический анализ David S. Wyman, Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941 (Amherst, Mass., 1968).

1277

Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 63–64.

1278

Там же, 65–68.

1279

Там же, 73.

1280

Marvin R. Zahniser, «Rethinking the Significance of Disaster: The United States and the Fall of France», International History Review 14 (May 1992), 252–76.

1281

Weinberg, World at Arms, 153.

1282

Leuchtenburg, New Deal, 302; Divine, Reluctant Belligerent, 90.

1283

Charles R. Gallagher, «Fighting Fascists in the Sunshine State: Bishop Joseph P. Hurley and American Interventionism in Florida, 1940–1941», доклад, представленный на конференции историков Флориды, 13 марта 1998 года. Steven Casey, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War Against Nazi Germany (New York, 2001) is the fullest, most up-to-date analysis.

1284

Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1794 (Baltimore, Md., 1996), 70–71; Lise Namikas, «The Committee to Defend America and the Debate Between Internationalists and Interventionists, 1939–1941», Historian 61 (Summer 1999), 843–63.

1285

Mark Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968).

1286

Wayne Cole, America First: The Battle Against Intervention, 1940–1941 (Madison, Wisc., 1953). For its failure in the South, see Joseph A. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1789–1973 (Baton Rouge, La., 2002), 204–5. The best study of the anti-interventionists is Justus D. Doenecke, Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939–1941 (Lanham, Md., 2000.).

1287

Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 84.

1288

Там же, 85–87.

1289

Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 463.

1290

Pike, Good Neighbor Policy, 235.

1291

Churchill to FDR, December 7, 1940, in Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence (3 vols., Princeton, N.J., 1984), 1:102–9.

1292

Warren F. Kimball, The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1941 (Baltimore, Md., 1969), 120–21.

1293

Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 106–7.

1294

Kimball, Most Unsordid Act, 151–52.

1295

George C. Herring Jr., «Experiment in Foreign Aid: Lend-Lease, 1941–1945», (doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, 1965), 19.

1296

Kimball, Most Unsordid Act, 195–229.

1297

Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin D. Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton, 1991), 49–57, за усилия Госдепартамента по открытию британской имперской торговли в обмен на ленд-лиз.