Текст книги "От колонии до сверхдержавы. Внешние отношения США с 1776 года (ЛП)"
Автор книги: Джордж Херринг
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Текущая страница: 84 (всего у книги 91 страниц)
28
Peter S. Onuf, «The Declaration of Independence for Diplomatic Historians», Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998), 71.
29
William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War (Chicago, 1996), 10–11.
30
Gilbert, Beginnings, 32–43. The Paine quote is from p. 43.
31
Fitzsimons, «Paine’s New World Order», 576.
32
Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 2, 25, 57; Gilbert, Beginnings, 55.
33
Gilbert, Beginnings, 56.
34
Orville T. Murphy, «The View from Versailles: Charles Gravier Comte de Vergennes’s Perceptions of the American Revolution», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 (Charlottesville, Va., 1981), 110.
35
William Howard Adams, The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson (New Haven, Conn., 1997), 185; Murphy, «View from Versailles», 110.
36
Richard W. Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence: The International History of the American Revolution (New York, 1965), 104–5.
37
Там же, 100; Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (New Haven, Conn., 1997), 185.
38
Rakove, Beginnings, 249.
39
Gordon S. Wood, The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (New York, 2004), 177.
40
Там же, 180.
41
Stacy Schiff, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America (New York, 2005), 68.
42
Там же, 110–11.
43
Dull, Diplomatic History, 89–96, and Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 131–33, give less significance to Saratoga in the origins of the alliance.
44
Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 163.
45
Murphy, «View from Versailles», 133.
46
William C. Stinchcombe, «Americans Celebrate the Birth of the Dauphin», in Hoffman and Albert, Diplomacy and Revolution, 44–47.
47
Wood, Franklin, 191.
48
Alexander DeConde, «The French Alliance in Historical Speculation», in Hoffman and Albert, Diplomacy and Revolution, 18.
49
Там же, 17–18; Dull, Diplomatic History, 163.
50
Murphy, «View from Versailles», 144; Dull, Diplomatic History, 107.
51
James M. Merrell, «Declarations of Independence: Indian-White Relations in the New Nation», in Jack P. Greene, ed., The American Revolution: Its Character and Limits (New York, 1987), 198–99.
52
Там же, 198.
53
Barbara Graymont, The Iroquois in the American Revolution (Syracuse, N.Y., 1972), 220.
54
Theda Perdue, The Cherokee (New York, 1989), 35–36; Allen R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 74.
55
Rakove, Beginnings, 179.
56
Там же, 190.
57
Dull, Diplomatic History, 120.
58
Gregg L. Lint, «Preparing for Peace: The Objectives of the United States, France, and Spain in the War of the American Revolution», in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783 (Charlottesville, Va., 1986), 32–33.
59
Там же, 33–35.
60
Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789 (New York, 1987), 140.
61
Edmund S. Morgan, Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, Conn., 2002), 275–76.
62
Bradford Perkins, «The Peace of Paris: Patterns and Legacies», in Hoffman and Albert, Peacemakers, 196.
63
Lint, «Preparing for Peace», 49–50.
64
Esmond Wright, «The British Objectives, 1780–1783:’If Not Dominion Then Trade’», in Hoffman and Albert, Peacemakers, 8–10.
65
Shelburne to Oswald, July 27, 1782, in Mary A. Giunta, ed., Documents of the Emerging Nation: U.S. Foreign Relations, 1775–1782 (Wilmington, Del., 1998), 91.
66
Perkins, «Peace of Paris», 198; Wright, «British Objectives», 10–15; Charles R. Ritche-son, Aftermath of Revolution: British Policy Toward the United States (New York, 1969), 74, 79, 82.
67
Van Alstyne, Empire and Independence, 215; Jonathan R. Dull, «Vergennes, Rayneval, and the Diplomacy of Trust», in Hoffman and Albert, Peacemakers, 105.
68
Dull, Diplomatic History, 146.
69
Morgan, Franklin, 287–88.
70
Wood, Franklin, 195.
71
James H. Hutson, «The American Negotiators: The Diplomacy of Jealousy», in Hoffman and Albert, Peacemakers, 54.
72
Там же, 61–62.
73
Dull, Diplomatic History, 149.
74
Hutson, «American Negotiators», 53.
75
Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (Bloomington, Ind., 1957), 255–56, and Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (New York, 1965), 459, praise Adams and Jay. Perkins, «Peace of Paris», 201, and Dull, Diplomatic History, 146–51, are more critical.
76
Perkins, «Peace of Paris», 220–21; Dull, Diplomatic History, 149–51.
77
Perkins, «Peace of Paris», 215.
78
Morgan, Franklin, 289.
79
Franklin to Vergennes, December 17, 1782, in Giunta, Documents, 124–25.
80
Merrell, «Declarations», 197.
81
Dull, Diplomatic History, 161.
82
Rakove, Beginnings, 342.
83
Peter S. Onuf, «Anarchy and the Crisis of the Union», in Herman Belz, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, eds., To Form a More Perfect Union (Charlottesville, Va., 1992), 280.
84
Luis Guillaume Otto to Vergennes, October 1, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 178.
85
Walter Stahr, John Jay, Founding Father (New York and London, 2005), 197.
86
Morris, Forging of the Union, 194–95; David Patterson, «The Department of State: The Formative Years, 1775–1800», Prologue 21 (Winter 1989), 317.
87
Adams to Jay, June 2, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 151.
88
Rakove, Beginnings, 347.
89
Otto to Vergennes, October 1, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 178–79.
90
Adams, Jefferson, 160.
91
Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781–1789 (New York, 1950), 156.
92
Morris, Forging of the Union, 130–32.
93
Giunta, Documents, 161.
94
Morris, Forging of the Union, 205.
95
Adams, Jefferson, 200.
96
Gaye Wilson, «Doctor Franklin», Monticello 16 (Winter 2005), 1.
97
Adams, Jefferson, 166.
98
Stahr, Jay, 218.
99
Richard O’Bryen to Jefferson, August 24, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 229.
100
Adams, Jefferson, 202–3.
101
Jensen, New Nation, 169.
102
Samuel Shaw to Jay, May 19, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 242.
103
Jensen, New Nation, 114.
104
Morris, Forging of the Union, 227.
105
Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 44–66. The Monroe quote is from p. 49. Also Morris, Forging of the Union, 229.
106
Merrell, «Declarations», 201; Graymont, Iroquois, 278–79.
107
Merrell, «Declarations», 202.
108
Michael D. Green, The Creeks (New York, 1990), 41–44.
109
Merrell, «Declarations», 205.
110
Там же, 204.
111
DeConde, «French Alliance», 28.
112
Morris, Forging of the Union, 209.
113
Jensen, New Nation, 171.
114
Francisco Rendon to Don Jose de Galvez, February 12, 1785, in Giunta, Documents, 197.
115
Conde de Floridablanca to Don Diego Gardoqui, October 2, 1784, ibid., 190.
116
Jensen, New Nation, 172.
117
Stahr, Jay, 215.
118
Morris, Forging of the Union, 241.
119
Jensen, New Nation, 173.
120
Stahr, Jay, 216.
121
Otto to comte de Montmorin, March 5, 1787, in Giunta, Documents, 210–11.
122
Jensen, New Nation, 173.
123
Morris, Forging of the Union, 243.
124
Rakove, Beginnings, 350.
125
Там же, 346–47.
126
Frederick W. Marks III, «Power, Pride, and the Purse: Diplomatic Origins of the Constitution», Diplomatic History 11 (Fall 1987), 311–12.
127
Там же, 310.
128
Rakove, Beginnings, 350.
129
Jonathan R. Dull, «Two Republics in a Hostile World: The United States and the Netherlands in the 1780s», in Greene, Revolution, 158.
130
Daniel G. Lang, Foreign Policy in the Early Republic: The Law of Nations and the Balance of Power (Baton Rouge, La., 1985), 81.
131
Morris, Forging of the Union, 257.
132
Marks, «Diplomatic Origins», 312–13.
133
Morris, Forging of the Union, 266.
134
Lawrence S. Kaplan, «Jefferson and the Constitution: The View from Paris, 1786–89», Diplomatic History 11 (Fall 1987), 323.
135
Onuf, «Anarchy», 272–74, 281–82.
136
Kaplan, «Jefferson», 322; Morris, Forging of the Union, 269.
137
Kaplan, «Jefferson», 334.
138
Jacques J. Gorlin, «Foreign Trade and the Constitution», in Robert A. Goldwin and Robert A. Licht, eds., Foreign Policy and the Constitution (Washington, 1990), 57.
139
Morris, Forging of the Union, 284–85.
140
Jack N. Rakove, «Making Foreign Policy: The View from 1787», in Goldwin and Licht, Constitution, 6.
141
Там же, 13.
142
Там же, 9–13.
143
Norman A. Graebner, «Isolationism and Antifederalism: The Ratification Debates», Diplomatic History 11 (Fall 1987), 337.
144
Там же.
145
Там же, 339.
146
Там же, 340.
147
Onuf, «Anarchy», 300, 303.
148
Graebner, «Isolationism», 345.
149
Там же, 340.
150
Morris, Forging of the Union, 317.
151
Цитируется по Burton Ira Kaufman, Washington’s Farewell Address: The View from the 20th Century (Chicago, 1969), 183.
152
Там же, 184.
153
Lawrence S. Kaplan, «Thomas Jefferson: The Idealist as Realist», in Frank Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., Makers of American Diplomacy from Benjamin Franklin to Alfred Thayer Mahan (New York, 1974), 56.
154
Цитируется по James A. Field Jr., America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882 (Princeton, N.J., 1969), 40.
155
David S. Patterson, «The Department of State: The Formative Years, 1775–1800», Prologue 21 (Winter 1989), 323–24.
156
Albert K. Weinberg, Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History (Chicago, 1963), 72–81.
157
Цитируется по Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, Calif., 1991), 1.
158
Robert Berkhofer Jr., The White Man’s Indian: American Images of the Indian from Columbus to the Present (New York, 1978), 142–44; Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny (Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 104–6.
159
Michael D. Green, The Creeks (New York, 1990), 43–46; Prucha, Indian Treaties, 79–84.
160
David Nichols, «The Transformation of Indian Civilization Policy», unpublished paper in possession of author, 8–10.
161
Green, Creeks, 46; Lawrence S. Kaplan, Thomas Jefferson: Westward the Course of Empire (Wilmington, Del., 1999), 82.
162
Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Beginnings of the Military Establishment in America (New York, 1975), 112; Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 111–14.
163
Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 92.
164
Tim Matthewson, «George Washington’s Policy Toward the Haitian Revolution», Diplomatic History 3 (Summer 1979), 324–28.
165
Там же.
166
Jefferson to James Monroe, July 14, 1793, in Julian P. Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 26 (Princeton, N.J., 1995), 503.
167
Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (New York, 1993), 4, 77. Классические рассказы о происхождении американских политических партий с разных точек зрения Joseph Charles, The Origins of the American Party System: Three Essays (New York, 1961) и Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978).
168
Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1997), 121.
169
Там же, 25–26, 136–37, 146; Kaplan, Jefferson, 73–74, 78.
170
Например, Paul Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (New York, 1970) и совсем недавно Robert W. Tucker and David Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1990) and Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York, 2001). Убедительную критику, по крайней мере в отношении Джефферсона, дает Lawrence S. Kaplan, «Jefferson as Idealist-Realist», in «Entangling Alliances with None»: American Foreign Policy in the Age of Jefferson (Kent, Ohio, 1987), 3–23.
171
Цитируется по Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987), 24.
172
См. особенно Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 146–52.
173
Peter Onuf and Nicholas Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolution (New York, 1994), 92–105.
174
Ellis, American Sphinx, 124–25.
175
Kaplan, «Idealist as Realist», 71.
176
Kaplan, Jefferson, 73.
177
John Lynn, «Revolution in Warfare During the Age of the French Revolution», in Robert A. Doughty et al., Warfare in the Western World, vol. 1 (New York, 1996), 173–93.
178
Jefferson to Edward Rutledge, July 4, 1790, in Boyd, Papers of Jefferson, vol. 16 (Princeton, N.J., 1961), 600–601.
179
Kaplan, «Idealist as Realist», 71–72.
180
Kaplan, Jefferson, 94–98.
181
Стандартное изложение – Harry Ammon, The Genet Mission (New York, 1973), but see also Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 330–54.
182
Цитируется по Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 361.
183
Ellis, American Sphinx, 127.
184
Eugene R. Sheridan, «The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy», Diplomatic History 18 (Fall 1994), 463–88.
185
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 146, 155–57; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 436–38.
186
Joseph M. Fewster, «The Jay Treaty and British Ship Seizures: The Martinique Cases», William and Mary Quarterly 45 (July 1988), 426–52.
187
Классическими источниками являются книги Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay’s Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., 1962) и Jerald A. Combs, The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers (Berkeley, Calif., 1970).
188
Переговоры обсуждаются в Bemis, Jay’s Treaty, 318–73, и с британской точки зрения в Charles R. Ritcheson, Aftermath of Revolution: British Policy Toward the United States, 1783–1795 (New York, 1971), 318–59.
189
Бемис утверждает это в Jay’s Treaty, 337–40. Убедительные опровержения см. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 410, and Bradford Perkins, The First Rapprochement: England and the United States, 1795–1805 (Berkeley, Calif., 1967), 42–43.
190
Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 416.
191
Onuf and Onuf, Federal Union, 161.
192
Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 67; Jefferson to Philip Mazzei, April 14, 1796, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (10 vols., New York, 1892–99), 7:72–78.
193
Todd Estes, «Shaping the Politics of Public Opinion: Federalists and the Jay Treaty Debate», Journal of the Early Republic 20 (Fall 2000), 393–422.
194
Цитируется по Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 441.
195
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 156–57, 182.
196
Стандартное изложение – Samuel Flagg Bemis, Pinckney’s Treaty: America’s Advantage from Europe’s Distress, 1783–1800 (rev. ed., New Haven, Conn., 1960).
197
Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 506, 511, 538.
198
Alexander DeConde, Entangling Alliance: Politics and Diplomacy Under George Washington (Durham, N.C., 1958), 488.
199
Текст «Прощальной речи» и различные ее интерпретации можно найти в Kaufman, Washington’s Farewell Address.
200
Kaplan, Entangling Alliances, 94.
201
Fred Anderson, The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (New York, 2005), 163.
202
Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797–1801 (New York, 1966), 124–25.
203
Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (New York, 2001).
204
William Stinchcombe, The XYZ Affair (Westport, Conn., 1981), 35.
205
Stinchcombe’s XYZ Affair – это стандартный рассказ..
206
Adams цитируется по DeConde, Quasi-War, 81; Thomas M. Ray, «‘Not One Cent for Tribute’: The Public Addresses and American Popular Reaction to the XYZ Affair, 1798–1799», Journal of the Early Republic 3 (Winter 1983), 389–411.
207
Kaplan, Jefferson, 118.
208
Tim Matthewson, «Jefferson and Haiti», Journal of Southern History 61 (May 1995), 215.
209
Стандартное изложение – DeConde, Quasi-War.
210
Kohn, Eagle and Sword, 219–55; Paul Douglas Newman, «The Federalists’ Cold War: The Fries Rebellion, National Security, and the State, 1787–1800», Pennsylvania History 67 (Winter 2000), 63–104.
211
Цитируется по Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 606.
212
Цитируется по Page Smith, John Adams (2 vols., New York, 1962), 2:1027–28.
213
О переговорах и праздновании в Мортефонтене рассказывается в DeConde, QuasiWar, 223–58.
214
Kaplan, Jefferson, 123.
215
Цитируется по DeConde, Quasi-War, 339.
216
Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1992), 6, 19.
217
Lawrence S. Kaplan, «Thomas Jefferson: The Idealist as Realist», in Frank J. Merli and Theodore A. Wilson, eds., Makers of American Diplomacy: From Benjamin Franklin to Alfred Thayer Mahan (New York, 1974), 53–79; Peter Onuf and Nicholas Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolution (New York, 1994), 174–75.
218
Цитируется по Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (New York, 1970), 653.
219
Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson (Lawrence, Kans., 1976), 43–44.
220
Там же, 54. О гибкости Джефферсона см. Kaplan, «Idealist as Realist», 58–59.
221
McDonald, Jefferson, 39, 54–55; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1815 (Boston, 1970), 379–92.
222
Drew McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980), 188–201.
223
Peterson, Jefferson, 657, 665.
224
James A. Field Jr., America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882 (Princeton, N.J., 1969), 32–43; Robert J. Allison, The Crescent Obscured: The United States and the Muslim World, 1776–1815 (New York, 1995), 17–24.
225
Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Rights of Man (Boston, 1951), 27.
226
Allison, Crescent Obscured, 24.
227
David A. Carson, «Jefferson, Congress and the Question of Leadership in the Tripolitan War», Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 94 (1986), 411–12.
228
Field, Mediterranean World, 50–51.
229
James R. Sofka, «The Jeffersonian Idea of National Security: Commerce, the Atlantic Balance of Power, and the Barbary War, 1786–1805», Diplomatic History 21 (Fall 1997), 540.
230
Field, Mediterranean World, 52–54; McDonald, Jefferson, 78.
231
Field, Mediterranean World, 52–53; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809 (Boston, 1974), 40.
232
McDonald, Jefferson, 76.
233
Allison, Crescent Obscured, 46–54, 189, 193, 204; Jefferson to John Taylor, March 29, 1805, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (10 vols., New York, 1892–99), 4:574.
234
Jefferson to Monroe, November 24, 1801, in Ford, Writings 8:105.
235
Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville, Va., 2000), 118–19.
236
Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (New York, 1976), 64.
237
Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (New York, 1996), 56.
238
Malone, First Term, 250.
239
Jefferson to Pierre Samuel DuPont, April 25, 1802, цитируется по DeConde, Louisiana, 114–15.
240
Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802, in Ford, Writings 8:143–47.
241
Цитируется по Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1997), 206.
242
Tim Matthewson, «Jefferson and Haiti», Journal of Southern History 61 (May 1995), 217–29; Donald R. Hickey, «America’s Response to the Slave Revolt in Haiti», Journal of the Early Republic 2 (Winter 1982), 368–69.
243
Цитируется по Matthewson, «Jefferson and Haiti», 230.
244
DeConde, Louisiana, 147–75.
245
Там же, 210–11.
246
John Craig Hammond, «‘They Are Very Much Interested in Obtaining an Unlimited Slavery’: Rethinking the Expansion of Slavery in the Louisiana Purchase Territories», Journal of the Early Republic 23 (Fall 2003), 353–80.
247
Цитируется по Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 89.
248
DeConde, Louisiana, 214–15; Jefferson to John Breckinridge, August 12, 1803, in Ford, Writings 10:50.
249
Matthewson, «Jefferson and Haiti», 234–39; Hickey, «Slave Revolt», 374–76; Tim Matthewson, «Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti», Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 140 (March 1996), 22–47.
250
Malone, Second Term, 73; Ford, Writings 9:381–82.
251
Thomas P. Abernethy, The South in the New Nation, 1789–1819 (Baton Rouge, La., 1961), 340–66; J.C.A. Stagg, «James Madison and George Mathews: The East Florida Revolution of 1812 Reconsidered», Diplomatic History 30 (January 2006), 29–31.
252
Stagg, «Madison and Mathews», 32–55.
253
Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence, Kans., 1990), 92.
254
Peterson, Jefferson, 762–64.
255
Ambrose, Undaunted Courage, 140–395.
256
Peterson, Jefferson, 904; John M. Belohlavek, «Economic Interest Groups and the Formation of Foreign Policy in the Early Republic», Journal of the Early Republic 14 (Winter 1994), 480–81.
257
Robert Doughty, Ira Gruber, et al., Warfare in the Modern World, vol. 1, Military Operations from 1600 to 1871 (Lexington, Mass., 1996), 212–34.
258
Peterson, Jefferson, 916.
259
Эти вопросы подробно рассматриваются в Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War: England and the United States (Berkeley, Calif., 1961), 75–95, and Paul A. Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (Baltimore, Md., 1970), 172–79.
260
Perkins, Prologue, 7; Onuf and Onuf, Federal Union, 213–15.
261
Spencer C. Tucker and Frank T. Reuter, «The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair», Naval History (March/April 1996), 40–44.
262
Peterson, Jefferson, 876.
263
Burton I. Spivak, Jefferson’s English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution (Charlottesville, Va., 1979), 99–102.
264
Там же, 103.
265
McCoy, Elusive Republic, 218–19.
266
Reginald C. Stuart, United States Expansion and British North America, 1775–1871 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988), 42–52.
267
Tucker and Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty, 224.
268
Peterson, Jefferson, 913–14.
269
McDonald, Jefferson, 139.
270
Rutland, Madison, 16–17.
271
Там же, 64; J.C.A. Stagg, Mr. Madisons War (Princeton, N.J., 1983), 116.
272
George F. G. Stanley, The War of 1812: Land Operations (Ottawa, 1983), 21.
273
Rutland, Madison, 96.
274
Там же, 44–45.
275
Примеры нападений на Джексона см. J.C.A. Stagg, ed., The Papers of James Madison, Presidential Series, vol. 2 (Charlottesville, Va., 1992), 27, 123, 263.
276
Pinkney to Madison, August 13, 1810, in Stagg, Madison Papers 2:478–82.
277
R. David Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), 34–79; цитата Текумсе взята из R. David Edmunds, Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership (New York, 1984), 131. См. также John Sugden, Tecumseh: A Life (New York, 1998).
278
Edmunds, Prophet, 187–92.
279
Edmunds, Tecumseh, 159–60; Stagg, Madison’s War, 189–92.
280
Rutland, Madison, 86; Stagg, Madison’s War, 189–90.
281
Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana, Ill., 1989), 42.
282
Stagg, Madison’s War, 118–19.
283
Цитируется по Rutland, Madison, 95.
284
Reginald Horsman, «On to Canada: Manifest Destiny and United States Strategy in the War of 1812», Michigan Historical Review 13 (Fall 1987), 1–24, and «The War of 1812 Revisited», Diplomatic History 15 (Winter 1991), 122–23.
285
Rutland, Madison, 96.
286
Цитируется по Hickey, War of 1812, 28; Roger Brown, The Republic in Peril: 1812 (New York, 1971) develops the theme of embattled Republicanism.
287
McCoy, Elusive Republic, 235; Brown, Republic in Peril, 182–86.
288
Цитируется по Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate (New York, 1987), 4. The generational concept is developed in Steven Watts, The Republic Reborn: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early Republic, 1783–1830 (Baltimore, Md., 1987).
289
Rutland, Madison, 105. Число погибших в боях американцев составляет 2260 человек. Британские и канадские потери оцениваются в 8744 человека, американские – в 7738. Hickey, War of 1812, 302–3; Stanley, War of 1812, 433–34.
290
Dumas Malone, The Sage of Monticello (Boston, 1981), 105.
291
Stagg, Madisons War, 160–76.
292
Hickey, War of 1812, 135.
293
Цитируется по ibid., 216.
294
Stanley, War of 1812, 208.
295
Цитируется по Hickey, War of 1812, 216.
296
Там же, 182.
297
Rutland, Madison, 170.
298
Там же, 159–65.
299
Там же, 177.
300
Stanley, War of 1812, 411–12.
301
Цитируется по Hickey, War of 1812, 151.
302
Michael D. Green, The Creeks (New York, 1990), 50–53; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 129–32.
303
Цитируется по Rutland, Madison, 188.
304
Цитируется по ibid., 189.
305
Perkins, Prologue to War, 435.
306
Hickey, War of 1812, 299–309.
307
Цитируется по Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1973), 491–92.
308
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 150, 160; Stephen Pelz, «Changing International Systems, the World Balance of Power, and the United States, 1776–1976», Diplomatic History 15 (Winter 1991), 51–63.
309
Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America (New York, 1991), 93; о нервозности США по поводу британской территориальной и торговой экспансии см. Kinley J. Brauer, «The United States and British Imperial Expansion, 1815–1860», Diplomatic History 12 (Winter 1988), 19–37.
310
Цитируется по Kyle Longley, In the Eagle’s Shadow: The United States and Latin America (Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 38.
311
См. особенно Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848 (New York, 2007), 46–48.
312
Там же, 270–76, 283.
313
Sellers, Market Revolution, 76.
314
Noble E. Cunningham Jr., The Presidency of James Monroe (Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 187.
315
Bemis, Adams, 255–57, 262–77; William Earl Weeks, John Quincy Adams and American Global Empire (Lexington, Ky., 1992), 9–17, 52–61.
316
Cunningham, Monroe, 119.
317
Walter LaFeber, ed., John Quincy Adams and American Continental Empire (Chicago, 1965), 36; Dexter Perkins, A History of the Monroe Doctrine (rev. ed., Boston, 1963), 28.
318
Bemis, Adams, 264.
319
Cunningham, Monroe, 133–37; Robert Ralph Davis Jr., «Diplomatic Plumage: American Court Dress in the Early National Period», American Quarterly 20, no. 1 (1968), 170–71.
320
Peter T. Dalleo, «Thomas Kean Rodney: U.S. Consul in Cuba: The Havana Years, 1825–1829», Delaware History 22 (Spring/Summer 1987): 204–18; David W. McFadden, «John Quincy Adams, American Commercial Diplomacy, and Russia, 1809–1825», New England Quarterly 66 (December 1993), 620–22.
321
John H. Schroeder, Shaping a Maritime Empire: The Commercial and Diplomatic Role of the American Navy, 1829–1861 (Westport, Conn., 1985), 15–18.
322
Mary W. M. Hargreaves, The Presidency of John Quincy Adams (Lawrence, Kans., 1985), 73.
323
Цитируется по ibid., 76.
324
Цитируется по Paul A. Varg, United States Foreign Relations, 1820–1860 (East Lansing, Mich., 1979), 75.
325
Hargreaves, Adams, 70–72.
326
Там же, 68, 72, 85–86.
327
Там же, 77–84.
328
Цитируется по Varg, United States Foreign Relations, 63.
329
Цитируется по Hargreaves, Adams, 97.
330
Цитируется по George Dangerfield, The Awakening of American Nationalism, 1815–1828 (New York, 1965), 157.
331
Robert Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York, 1991), 309.
332
William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War (Chicago, 1996), 32–34.
333
Weeks, Adams, 71–80.
334
Там же, 142.
335
Там же, 109; Sellers, Market Revolution, 98.
336
Jackson to George Graham, December 17, 1817, in Harold D. Moser, ed., The Papers of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (Knoxville, Tenn., 1994), 161.
337
Jackson to Graham, April 22, 1817, ibid., 111–12. См. также David Heidler и Jeanne Heidler, Old Hickory’s War: Andrew Jackson’s Quest for Empire (Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1996).
338
Jackson to Rachel Jackson, June 2, 1818, ibid., 212–13; to James Monroe, June 2, 1818, ibid., 215.
339
Weeks, Adams, 139.
340
Там же, 178.
341
Цитируется по Bemis, Adams, 338–39.
342
Стандартным описанием послевоенного англо-американского сближения является книга Bradford Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812–1823 (Berkeley, Calif., 1964). For the importance of the alternat, see Bemis, Adams, 225–27.
343
Weeks, Adams, 122–23; Sellers, Market Revolution, 92; Cunningham, Monroe, 86–88.
344
Norman A. Graebner, Empire on the Pacific: A Study in Continental Expansion (rev. ed., Claremont, Calif., 1983), 37; Howard Jones and Donald Rakestraw, Prologue to Manifest Destiny: Anglo-American Relations in the 1840s (Wilmington, Del., 1997), 159.
345
Классическим исследованием является Dexter Perkins, The Monroe Doctrine, 1823–1826 (Cambridge, Mass., 1927).
346
Normal E. Saul, Distant Friends: The United States and Russia, 1763–1867 (Lawrence, Kans., 1991), 96–98.
347
Bemis, Adams, 368.
348
James A. Field Jr., America and the Mediterranean World, 1776–1882 (Princeton, N.J., 1969), 122.
349
Remini, Clay, 222–25; Hargreaves, Adams, 118.
350
Perkins, Monroe Doctrine, 22–24, 34.
351
Arthur P. Whitaker, The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800–1830 (New York, 1964), 217.
352
Например, William W. Kaufmann, British Policy and Latin America (New Haven, Conn., 1951), 142–53.
353
Jefferson to Monroe, October 24, 1823, in Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Works of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1904), 12:318–21; Madison to Monroe, October 30, November 1, 1823, in Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., The Writings of James Monroe (7 vols., New York, 1898–1903), 6:394–95.
354
Эрнест Р. Мэй выдвигает этот аргумент в работе The Making of the Monroe Doctrine (Cambridge, Mass., 1976). Убедительное опровержение см. Harry Ammon, «Monroe Doctrine: Domestic Politics or National Decision», Diplomatic History 5 (Winter 1981), 53–70.
