Текст книги "От колонии до сверхдержавы. Внешние отношения США с 1776 года (ЛП)"

Автор книги: Джордж Херринг

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Текущая страница: 88 (всего у книги 91 страниц)

1298

Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 127–29.

1299

Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York, 1988), 46.

1300

Там же, 90; Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 126–30.

1301

Max Paul Friedman, «Specter of a Nazi Threat: United States-Colombian Relations, 1939–1945», Americas 56 (April 2000), 577.

1302

Kyle Longley, In the Eagle’s Shadow: The United States and Latin America (Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 173.

1303

Howard F. Cline, The United States and Mexico (New York, 1963), 229–48.

1304

Erik Benson, «Flying Down to Rio: American Commercial Aviation, the Good Neighbor Policy, and World War II, 1939–1945», Essays in Economic and Business History 19 (2001), 61–73; Friedman, «Specter», 565.

1305

Donald C. Meyer, «Toscanini and the Good Neighbor Policy: The NBC Orchestra’s 1940 South American Tour», American Music 18 (Fall 2000), 238; Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansionism, 1890–1945 (New York, 1982), 207–9.

1306

Peter H. Smith, Talons of the Eagle: Dynamics of U.S.-Eatin American Relations (New York, 1996), 85.

1307

T. Christopher Jespersen, American Images of China, 1931–1949 (Stanford, Calif., 1996), 56.

1308

Doenecke, Isolation to War, 120–21.

1309

Divine, Reluctant Belligerent, 96–97.

1310

Там же, 98–99.

1311

Peter Mauch, «Revisiting Nomura’s Diplomacy: Ambassador Nomura’s Role in the Japanese-American Negotiations, 1941», Diplomatic History 28 (June 2004), 358, 362.

1312

Там же, 359.

1313

Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Second World War (New York, 1999), 90–91.

1314

George C. Herring Jr., Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1973), 22.

1315

Theodore Wilson, The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay, 1941 (rev. ed., Lawrence, Kans., 1991).

1316

Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 498–99, представляет собой жесткую защиту действий Рузвельта.

1317

Heinrichs, Threshold of War, 92.

1318

Doenecke, Isolation to War, 138–39.

1319

Mauch, «Nomura’s Diplomacy», 375.

1320

Изложение тезиса о заговоре можно найти в John Toland, Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath (New York, 1982). Наиболее убедительным является Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York, 1981).

1321

David Kahn, «Pearl Harbor as an Intelligence Failure», in Akira Iriye, Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War (Boston, 1999), 158–68.

1322

Paul W. Schroeder, The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations, 1941 (Ithaca, 1958), originally developed this argument. For a more recent statement, see Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 513–14.

1323

Reynolds, Munich to Pearl Harbor, 4.

1324

Joseph C. Grew, Turbulent Era: A Record of Forty Years in the U.S. Diplomatic Service (2 vols., London, 1953), 2:1260.

1325

Arthur H. Vandenberg Jr., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg (Boston, 1952), 10.

1326

Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), 490.

1327

Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), 92.

1328

Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beal Jacobs, eds., Navigating the Rapids, 1918–1971: From the Papers of Adolph A. Berle (New York, 1973), 400.

1329

Paul D. Mayle, Eureka Summit (Newark, Del., 1987), 37.

1330

Запись за 16 декабря 1943 г., Дневник Генри Л. Стимсона, микрофильмированное издание; Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945 (New York, 1973), 585.

1331

Allan M. Winkler, The Politics of Propaganda: The Office of War Information, 1942–1945 (New Haven, Conn., 1978).

1332

George C. Herring Jr., «Experiment in Foreign Aid: Lend-Lease, 1941–1945» (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia, 1965), especially 129–64.

1333

Central Intelligence Agency, The Office of Strategic Services (Washington, 2000).

1334

Spruille Braden, Diplomats and Demagogues: The Memoirs of Spruille Braden (New York, 1971), 275.

1335

John Morton Blum, V Was for Victory: Politics and Culture During World War II (New York, 1976), 45.

1336

Fred I. Israel, ed., The War Diary of Breckinridge Long: Selections from the Years 1939–1944 (Lincoln, Neb., 1966), 289–90.

1337

Mark A. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U.S. Strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), viii-ix, 64–65.

1338

Pogue, Organizer of Victory, 38–39.

1339

Max Freedman, ed., Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence (Boston, 1967), 692.

1340

Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton, N.J., 1991), 7.

1341

FDR to WSC, July 29, 1942, in Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: Their Complete Correspondence (3 vols., Princeton, N.J., 1984), 1:545.

1342

Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 227.

1343

Kimball, Juggler, 64.

1344

Цитируется по Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, viii.

1345

Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin (New York, 1962), 73–74.

1346

George C. Herring, Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1973), 18–22, 94.

1347

Например, Warren F. Kimball, Forged in War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Second World War (New York, 1997) and Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan (New York, 1978). Kimball, «The Bomb and the Special Relationship», Finest Hour: The Journal of Winston Churchill 137 (Winter 2007–8), 37–42, подробно описывает проблемы атомного сотрудничества.

1348

Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 87–96.

1349

Vladislav M. Zubok, «Stalin’s Plans and Russian Archives», Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997), 296.

1350

Там же; Melvyn P. Leffler, «Inside Enemy Archives: The Cold War Reopened», Foreign Affairs (July-August 1996), 124–25, and A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, Calif., 1992), 49, 99, 102–3.

1351

Цитируется по Kimball, Juggler, 136.

1352

Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 394–95.

1353

David M. Kennedy, A Tale of Three Cities: How the United States Won World War II (Melbourne, Australia, 2001), 6, 12.

1354

Richard W. Steele, The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy (Bloomington, Ind., 1973), 79.

1355

Herring, Aid to Russia, 54–60.

1356

Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 (Washington, 1955), 768.

1357

Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 79–86.

1358

Pogue, Organizer of Victory, 7.

1359

Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 86.

1360

Kimball, Forged in War, 143–55; Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (New York, 1979), 345–49.

1361

Herring, Aid to Russia, 68–74.

1362

Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 103.

1363

Kimball, Juggler, 76–79.

1364

Maurice Matloff, «Franklin Delano Roosevelt as War Leader», in Harry L. Coles, ed., Total War and Cold War: Problems in Civilian Control of the Military (Columbus, Ohio, 1962), 42–65, and Kent Roberts Greenfield, American Strategy in World War II: A Reconsideration (Baltimore, 1963), both provide valuable analyses of FDR as grand strategist.

1365

Good short analyses of Teheran may be found in Kimball, Forged in War, 241–55, and David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War (New York, 1998), 674–85.

1366

Kimball, Juggler, 107.

1367

Frederick B. Pike, FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: Sixty Years of Generally Gentle Chaos (Austin, Tex., 1995), 257.

1368

Там же, 257–61.

1369

Lars Schoultz, Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), 312–13.

1370

Max Paul Friedman, «There Goes the Neighborhood: Blacklisting Germans in Latin America and the Evanescence of the Good Neighbor Policy», Diplomatic History 27 (September 2003), 569–97; Graham D. Taylor, «The Axis Replacement Program: Economic Warfare and the Chemical Industry in Latin America», Diplomatic History 8 (Spring 1984), 145–64.

1371

Gerald K. Haines, «Under the Eagle’s Wing: The Franklin Roosevelt Administration Forges an American Hemisphere», Diplomatic History 1 (Fall 1977), 375.

1372

Jimmie Irene Page, «A Study of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs as an Instrument of United States Diplomacy in Chile» (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 1972); Luis Pena, «Fighting the Invisible Enemy and Enhancing the United States Image in Venezuela», Maryland Historian 15 (Fall-Winter 1984), 11–22.

1373

Haines, «Eagle’s Wing», 380–83.

1374

George C. Herring, «The Most Unsordid Act Revisited: Lend-Lease, War Aims, and Results», paper presented at the Anglo-American-Soviet conference on World War II, Middelburg, Netherlands, June 1985, 17.

1375

Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 102; Eric Paul Roorda, The Dictator Next Door (Durham, N.C., 1998), 219–20.

1376

Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 313.

1377

Kyle Longley, In the Eagle’s Shadow: The United States and Latin America (Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 183–84; Gilderhus, Second Century, 104–5.

1378

Friedman, «There Goes the Neighborhood», 582–83.

1379

Annette Palmer, «The United States in the British Caribbean, 1940–1945: Rum and Coca-Cola», Americas 43 (April 1987), 445.

1380

Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 314–15.

1381

Haines, «Eagle’s Wing», 375.

1382

Herring, «Most Unsordid Act Revisited», 18.

1383

Philip Bonsal report, June 24, 1944, Papers of Edward R. Stettinius Jr., Manuscript Division, University of Virginia Library; Haines, «Eagle’s Wing», 377–78; Roorda, Dictator Next Door, 187.

1384

Lloyd N. Beecher Jr., «The Second World War and U.S. Politico-Economic Expan sionism: The Case of Liberia, 1938–1945», Diplomatic History 3 (Fall 1979), 391–412.

1385

Gaddis Smith, American Diplomacy During the Second World War (2nd ed., New York, 1985), 96.

1386

John A. DeNovo, American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900–1939 (Minneapolis, 1963), 387.

1387

Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 10.

1388

Peter L. Hahn, The United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945–1946: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1991), 18.

1389

Little, American Orientalism, 48.

1390

Herring, «Experiment in Foreign Aid», 348–52.

1391

Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (New York, 1991), 396.

1392

Hahn, United States, Great Britian, and Egypt, 18.

1393

Robert Vitalis, «The ‘New Deal’ in Egypt: The Rise of Anglo-American Competition in World War II and the Fall of Neo-colonialism», Diplomatic History 20 (Spring 1996), 211–39.

1394

Hull to Harold Ickes, November 13, 1943, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, vol. 4 (Washington, 1964), 941.

1395

William Eddy to Hull, September 7, 1944, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1944, vol. 6 (Washington, 1967), 734–36.

1396

James Moose to State Department, August 2, 1944, William Culbertson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

1397

FDR to WSC, March 3, 1944, WSC to FDR, March 4, 1944, in Kimball, Churchill-Roosevelt Correspondence 3:14, 17.

1398

David Holden and Richard Johns, The House of Saud (New York, 1981), 139–40.

1399

James L. Gormly, «Keeping the Door Open in Saudi Arabia: The United States and the Dhahran Airfield, 1945–1946», Diplomatic History 4 (Spring 1980), 189–205.

1400

Mark Hamilton Lytle, The Origins of the Iranian-American Alliance, 1941–1953 (New York, 1987), 59.

1401

James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of Iranian-American Relations (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 19.

1402

Lytle, Iranian-American Alliance, 103–17.

1403

Bill, Eagle and Lion, 26.

1404

Lytle, Iranian-American Alliance, 60.

1405

Yergin, Prize, 405–8; Lytle, Iranian-American Alliance, 120–22.

1406

David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 25.

1407

Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 446–48; Kennedy, Freedom from Fear, 794–97. David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York, 1998) содержит сильную критику политики США. Michael C. Desch, «The Myth of the Abandonment: The Use and Abuse of the Holocaust Analogy», Security Studies 15 (January-March 2006), 16–23, предлагает убедительный ответ.

1408

Schoenbaum, United States and Israel, 25.

1409

Matthew Wayne Coulter, «The Joint Anglo-American Statement on Palestine», Historian 54 (Spring 1992), 469.

1410

Thomas M. Campbell and George C. Herring, eds., The Diaries of Edward R. Stet-tinius, Jr., 1943–1946 (New York, 1975), 170, 174.

1411

Holden and Johns, House of Saud, 137–40; Rachel Bronson, Thicker than Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia (New York, 2006), 38–42.

1412

Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996), 87–100.

1413

Campbell and Herring, Stettinius Diaries, 40.

1414

О встрече в Касабланке см. Kimball, Forged, 192–93; взгляды Рузвельта на колониализм обсуждаются в Kimball, Juggler, 127–31; цитата о «безжалостной рекламе» взята из 145.

1415

Там же, 132–40.

1416

Stimson Diary, April 22, 1942; Kimball, Juggler, 136.

1417

Kenton J. Clymer, «The Education of William Phillips: Self-Determination and American Policy Toward India, 1942–1945», Diplomatic History 8 (Winter 1984), 29.

1418

Там же, 34.

1419

Mark Philip Bradley, Imagining Vietnam and America: The Making of Postcolonial Vietnam, 1919–1950 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), 81.

1420

Smith, American Diplomacy, 80.

1421

Stimson Diary, April 17, 1945.

1422

Kimball, Juggler, 153–57.

1423

Herbert Feis, The China Tangle (New York, 1965).

1424

Warren I. Cohen, America’s Response to China: An Interpretative History of Sino-American Relations (New York, 1972), 162.

1425

Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (New York, 199o), 74–80.

1426

Theodore White, ed., The Stilwell Papers (New York, 1948), 171.

1427

Schaller, United States and China, 84.

1428

Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1941–1945 (New York, 1971), 116.

1429

February 19, 1943.

1430

Stimson Diary, November 4, 1943.

1431

Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 485–502.

1432

Schaller, United States and China, 102–3.

1433

Frederick Kevin Simon, «The United States Observer Group in Yenan: A Venture in Sino-American Relations, 1944–1945» (M.A. thesis, University of Kentucky, 1977), chapter 2.

1434

Schaller, United States and China, 103–4.

1435

Lloyd C. Gardner, Economic Aspects of New Deal Diplomacy (Madison, Wisc., 1964), 287.

1436

Alfred E. Eckes Jr., A Search for Solvency: Bretton Woods and the International Monetary System, 1941–1971 (Austin, Tex., 1975), 135–64.

1437

Robert A. Divine, Second Chance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America During World War II (New York, 1967), 78–81, 103–5, 124–27, 170–71, 177.

1438

Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 144.

1439

Там же, 61, 190–200; Michael Sherry, Preparing for the Next War: America Plans for Postwar Defense, 1941–1945 (New Haven, Conn., 1977), 52–54.

1440

W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), 338–49.

1441

Smith, American Diplomacy, 145.

1442

Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 215.

1443

Warren F. Kimball, Swords or Ploughshares? The Morgenthau Plan for Defeated Nazi Germany (New York, 1976), 96.

1444

Campbell and Herring, Stettinius Diaries, 214.

1445

Kimball, Juggler, 100.

1446

Там же, 102–69; Kimball, «Bomb and the Special Relationship», 39–41.

1447

Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 870.

1448

George C. Herring, «Yalta as Cold War Metaphor», in F. Kevin Simon, ed., The David A. Sayre History Symposium: Collected Lectures, 1985–1989 (Lexington, Ky., 1991), 121.

1449

John L. Snell et al, The Meaning of Yalta: Big Three Diplomacy and the Balance of Power (Baton Rouge, La., 1956), 105, 113.

1450

Smith, American Diplomacy, 151.

1451

Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 515.

1452

Цитируется по Kimball, Juggler, 177.

1453

Stalin to FDR, April 3, 1945, FDR to Stalin, April 5, 1945, in Ministry of Foreign Affairs, USSR, Correspondence Between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the United States and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 (2 vols., New York, 1965), 2:205–8.

1454

John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1972) and Alonzo L. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism (New York, 1973) приводит этот аргумент.

1455

Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State (New York, 1977) and Dianne Shaver Clemens, Yalta (New York, 1970) take this position.

1456

Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York, 1988), 46.

1457

John Morton Blum, ed., The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946 (Boston, 1973), 313.

1458

Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 526–27.

1459

Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York, 1999), 293.

1460

Там же, 266–68.

1461

Herring, Aid to Russia, 198–99.

1462

Там же, 203–11.

1463

Yergin, Shattered Peace and Gar Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy—Hiroshima and Potsdam: The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the Confrontation with U.S. Power (rev. ed., New York, 1985) утверждают, что Трумэн отменил политику сотрудничества Рузвельта.

1464

Divine, Second Chance, 295–97.

1465

Herring, Aid to Russia, 195–96.

1466

Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed: The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance (New York, 1977), 223–24.

1467

Отличным введением в продолжающиеся споры о применении атомной бомбы являются J. Samuel Walker, «The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update», in Michael J. Hogan, ed., Hiroshima in History (New York, 1996), 11–37, и «Recent Literature on Truman’s Atomic Bomb Decision: A Search for Middle Ground», Diplomatic History 29 (April 2007), 311–34.

1468

Richard B. Frank, Downfall: The End of the Japanese Empire (New York, 1999), 132–33, 139–48, 194–95, 243–45, 338–40.

1469

J. Samuel Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 75.

1470

Там же, 60.

1471

John W. Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York, 1986), 54, 142.

1472

Там же, 300; Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction, 96.

1473

Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman and the Surrender of Japan (Cambridge, Mass., 2005), 154–65.

1474

Frank, Downfall, 272, 293–94, делает акцент на бомбах; Hasegawa’s Racing the Enemy подчеркивает советское вмешательство.

1475

Walker, Prompt and Utter Destruction, 77.

1476

Sadao Asado, «The’Shock’ of the Atomic Bomb and Japan’s Decision to Surrender – A Reconsideration», Pacific Historical Review 67 (November 1998), 498.

1477

Kennedy, Three Cities, 2.

1478

Lytle, Iranian-American Alliance, 1.

1479

Walter LaFeber, ed., The Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1971), 28–30.

1480

Richard H. Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age (New York, 1985), 12–13.

1481

Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), xvi.

1482

Thomas G. Paterson, On Every Front: The Making of the Cold War (New York, 1979), 1–21. Цитата Мерфи взята со страницы 3, Лейна – со страницы 7. См. также Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2005), 13–40, и John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York, 1999), 21–45.

1483

Raymond F. Betts, Decolonization (London and New York, 1998), 26.

1484

Paterson, On Every Front, 13; Charles S. Maier, ed., The Cold War in Europe: Era of a Divided Continent (New York, 1991), 3–17.

1485

Paterson, On Every Front, 31.

1486

Там же, 29.

1487

Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (New York, 1987), 358.

1488

Michael S. Sherry, Preparing for the Next War: America’s Plans for Postwar Defense, 1941–1945 (New Haven, Conn., 1977), 200.

1489

Там же, 202.

1490

Цитируется по Alan Brinkley, «For Americans It Was a Very Good War», New York Times Magazine (May 7, 1995), 57.

1491

James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (New York, 1996), 145.

1492

Резко противоречивые оценки см. Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York, 1999), особенно 640–41, и Arnold A. Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953 (Stanford, Calif., 2000), особенно 16, 18, 23, 457–58, 465, 470.

1493

Robert L. Messer, The End of Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman and the Origins of the Cold War (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1982), 4–7, 31, 77–79.

1494

Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, Calif., 1992), 116.

1495

Там же, 49–54; Paterson, On Every Front, 43–47; Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation: Postwar Reconstruction and the Origins of the Cold War (Baltimore, Md., 1973), 99–199.

1496

Messer, End of Alliance, 133–34.

1497

Там же, 137–55.

1498

Там же, 155.

1499

Offner, Another Such Victory, 121.

1500

Там же, 124.

1501

Там же, 121–24.

1502

Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 102.

1503

George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950 (Boston, 1967), 293; Judt, Postwar, 119–30; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 47–53.

1504

Offner, Another Such Victory, 128–29.

1505

Kennan, Memoirs, 293.

1506

Frank Costigliola, «Unceasing Pressure for Penetration: Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan’s Formation of the Cold War», Journal of American History 83 (March 1997), 1331.

1507

Robert L. Beisner, «Patterns of Peril: Dean Acheson Joins the Cold Warriors, 1945–1946», Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996), 338.

1508

Offner, Another Such Victory, 135–38.

1509

Richard Paul Hedlund, «Congress and the British Loan, 1945–1946: A Congressional Study» (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Kentucky, 1976), 92–93, 101–3, 133, 144, 160–64, 181–84.

1510

Offner, Another Such Victory, 132.

1511

Там же, 138–40.

1512

James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 33–34.

1513

Там же, 37.

1514

Messer, End of Alliance, 200.

1515

Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1996 (8th ed., New York, 1997), 42.

1516

Messer, End of Alliance, 201–203.

1517

Beisner, «Patterns of Peril», 46.

1518

LaFeber, Cold War, 38.

1519

Eduard Mark, «The War Scare of 1946 and Its Consequences», Diplomatic History 21 (Summer 1997), 383–415.

1520

Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 131. Полный текст отчета Клиффорда можно найти в Arthur Krock, Memoirs: Sixty Years on the Firing Line (New York, 1968), 417–82.

1521

Paterson, On Every Front, 105–6.

1522

James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (New York, 1998), 167.

1523

Offner, Another Such Victory, 186.

1524

Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York, 1986), 25–35, 738–41.

1525

Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (New York, 2006), 88.

1526

Chace, Acheson, 442.

1527

Michael J. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S. Truman and the Origins of the National Security State, 1945–1954 (New York, 1998), 5–21.

1528

Там же, 24, 65.

1529

Clark Clifford with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York, 1991), 170; Offner, Another Such Victory, 192; Hogan, Cross of Iron, 65–68.

1530

Chace, Acheson, 164–66.

1531

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman, 1947 (Washington, 1963), 176–80.

1532

Howard Jones, «A New Kind of War»: America’s Global Strategy and the Civil War in Greece (New York, 1989), 45–61.

1533

Offner, Another Such Victory, 204.

1534

Там же, 206.

1535

Lawrence S. Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 1943–1949 (New York, 1982) is sharply critical of U.S. involvement; Jones, «A New Kind of War» is more positive in its appraisal.

1536

Offner, Another Such Victory, 207–9.

1537

Leffler, A Preponderance of Power, 147.

1538

Там же, 188–92; Offner, Another Such Victory, 214–20.

1539

Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 (New York, 1987), 427, and «The Search for a’Creative Peace’: The United States, European Unity, and the Origins of the Marshall Plan», Diplomatic History 6 (Summer 1982), 267–85.

1540

Michael Wala, «Selling the Marshall Plan at Home: The Committee for the Marshall Plan to Aid European Recovery», Diplomatic History 10 (Summer 1986), 264.

1541

Irwin W. Wall, The United States and the Making of Postwar France, 1945–1954 (New York, 1991), 299.

1542

Hogan, Marshall Plan, 436.

1543

Там же, 432. The revisionist argument may be found in Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–1951 (Berkeley, Calif., 1984).

1544

Hogan, Marshall Plan, 445; also Judt, Postwar, 97, and David Reynolds, «The European Response: Primacy of Politics», Foreign Affairs (May/June 1997), 180–82.

1545

Wall, Making of Postwar France, 113, 125–26.

1546

Edmund F. Wehrle, Between a River and a Mountain: The AFL-CIO and the Vietnam War (Ann Arbor, Mich., 2005), 23.

1547

Wall, Postwar France, 96–112; Carolyn Eisenberg, «Working-Class Politics and the Cold War: American Intervention in the German Labor Movement, 1945–1949», Diplomatic History 10 (Fall 1986), 283–306.

1548

James Edward Miller, «Taking Off the Gloves: The United States and the Italian Elections of 1948», Diplomatic History 7 (Winter 1983), 35–55.

1549

Peter Grose, Operation Rollback: America’s Secret War Behind the Iron Curtain (New York, 2000), 98–99.

1550

Judt, Postwar, 192.

1551

Offner, Another Such Victory, 256.

1552

M. Steven Fish, «The Berlin Blockade of 1948–1948», in Alexander L. George, ed., Avoiding War: Problems of Crisis Management (Boulder, Colo., 1991), 204.

1553

William Stivers, «The Incomplete Blockade: Soviet Zone Supply of West Berlin, 1948–1948», Diplomatic History 21 (Fall 1997), 596.

1554

Martin Walker, The Cold War – A History (New York, 1993), 57.

1555

Цитируется по Lawrence S. Kaplan, The United States and NATO: The Formative Years (Lexington, Ky., 1984), 51.

1556

Martin H. Folly, «Breaking the Vicious Circle: Britain, the United States, and the Genesis of the North Atlantic Treaty», Diplomatic History 12 (Winter 1988), 75.

1557

Там же, 76.

1558

Kaplan, NATO, 1.

1559

Escott Reid, Time of Fear and Hope (Toronto, 1977), 63.

1560

Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 125–26.

1561

Stephen G. Rabe, «The Elusive Conference: United States’ Economic Relations with Latin America, 1945–1952», Diplomatic History 2 (Summer 1978), 293.

1562

Gilderhus, Second Century, 135.

1563

Там же, 133.

1564

Thomas Borstelmann, Apartheid’s Reluctant Uncle: The United States and Southern Africa in the Early Cold War (New York, 1993), 197.

1565

Там же, 193.

1566

Peter L. Hahn, Caught in the Middle East: U.S. Policy Toward the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1945–1961 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 44–49.

1567

Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 80–85.

1568

Там же, 86–87.

1569

Marc S. Gallichio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and the Fall of the Japanese Empire (New York, 1988), 73–112.

1570

Mark A. Stoler, George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century (Boston, 1989), 148; Steven L. Levine, «A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: The Marshall Mission and Manchuria», Diplomatic History 3 (Fall 1979), 359.

1571

Stoler, Marshall, 149.

1572

Offner, Another Such Victory, 323–26.

1573

Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1990), 117.

1574

Offner, Another Such Victory, 326.

1575

John H. Feaver, «The Chinese Aid Bill of 1948: Limited Assistance as a Cold War Strategy», Diplomatic History 5 (Spring 1981), 119.

1576

Dower, Embracing Defeat, 27, 203–4.

1577

Charles E. Neu, Troubled Encounter: The United States and Japan (New York, 1975), 204.

1578

Dower, Embracing Defeat, 253–73.

1579

Там же, 525–555.

1580

Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York, 1989), calls it «dependent independence» (323–26).

1581

Robert J. McMahon, The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia Since World War II (New York, 1999), 33.

1582

George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2001), 21–23.

1583

Leffler, Preponderance of Power, 333.

1584

Beisner, Acheson, 233; Gregg Herken, Winning Weapon: The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War, 1945–1950 (New York, 1980), 304–22.

1585

Department of State, United States Relations with China: With Reference to the Period 1944–1949 (Washington, 1949), xvi.

1586

D. W. Brogan, The American Character (New York, 1956), 207–8.

1587

Schaller, United States and China, 118–21, 130–34.

1588

«Упущенная возможность» обсуждается в «Symposium: Rethinking the Lost Chance in China», Diplomatic History 21 (Winter 1997), 71–115.

1589

Beisner, Acheson, 190–203.

1590

Там же, 238.

1591

Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950: National Security Affairs, Foreign Economic Policy, vol. 1 (Washington, 1977), 237–90.

1592

Beisner, Acheson, 248.

1593

Там же, 239; Chace, Acheson, 168.

1594

Peter Lowe, The Origins of the Korean War (Essex, Eng., 1986) это хороший обзор. Bruce Cumings, in The Origins of the Korean War, vol. 1, Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947 (Princeton, N.J., 1981), и vol. 2, The Roaring of the Cataract, 1947–1950 (Princeton, N.J., 1990), предлагает провокационную ревизионистскую интерпретацию.