От колонии до сверхдержавы. Внешние отношения США с 1776 года (ЛП)

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Текст книги "От колонии до сверхдержавы. Внешние отношения США с 1776 года (ЛП)"

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1880

Tucker, «Threats», 111–15.

1881

Там же, 116–27.

1882

Nicholas Evan Sarantakes, Keystone: The American Occupation of Okinawa and U.S.-Japanese Relations (College Station, Tex., 2000), 154–65.

1883

Michael Schaller, «Altered States: The United States and Japan During the 1960s», in Kunz, Crucial Decade, 276.

1884

Там же, 263–79; Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 339–47.

1885

Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York, 1989), 377. For problems with the allies, see Herring, «Fighting Without Allies», 79–81.

1886

Brands, Wages of Globalism, 187.

1887

Little, American Orientalism, 97–99; Zach Levey, «The United States Skyhawk Sale to Israel, 1966: Strategic Exigencies of an Arms Deal», Diplomatic History 28 (April 2oo4), 255–76.

1888

Douglas Little, «Choosing Sides: Lyndon Johnson and the Middle East», in Robert A. Divine, ed., The Johnson Years, vol. 3, LBJ at Home and Abroad (Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 173.

1889

Там же, 175.

1890

Little, American Orientalism, 100–101.

1891

Хорошая военная история – это Michael B. Oren, Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (New York, 2002).

1892

John Omicinski, Gannett News Service, September 2, 2005.

1893

James Bamford, Body of Secrets (New York, 2001), 203.

1894

Little, American Orientalism, 241–42.

1895

Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, vol. 19 (Washington, 2004), 398–402.

1896

Там же, 409.

1897

Oren, Six Days, 305–27.

1898

Little, «Choosing Sides», 179–84.

1899

Там же, 181–83.

1900

James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 172.

1901

Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 165.

1902

Carole Fink, Phillip Gassert, and Detlef Junker, eds., 1968: The World Transformed (New York, 1998), 1–27.

1903

Mitchell Lerner, The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy (Lawrence, Kans., 2002), especially 5–23 and 231–37.

1904

Herring, America’s Longest War, 210.

1905

George C. Herring, «Tet and the Crisis of Hegemony», in Fink et al., 1968, 39–41.

1906

Acheson to John Cowles, March 14, 1968, Dean G. Acheson Papers, Yale University Library, New Haven, Conn., box 7.

1907

Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 684.

1908

Herring, America’s Longest War, 225–26.

1909

Herring, «Crisis of Hegemony», 44–48.

1910

Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 56–62.

1911

Hal Brands, «Progress Unseen: U.S. Arms Control Policy and the Origins of Détente, 1963–1968», Diplomatic History 30 (April 2006), 253–85.

1912

Mark Kramer, «The Czechoslovak Crisis and the Brezhnev Doctrine», in Fink et al., 1968, 121–51.

1913

Schwartz, Johnson, 214–17.

1914

Там же, 217.

1915

Там же, 220.

1916

Vojtech Mastny, «Was 1968 a Strategic Watershed in the Cold War?» Diplomatic History 29 (January 2005), 176.

1917

Gottfried Niedhart, «Ostpolitik: The Role of the Federal Republic of Germany in the Process of Détente», in Fink et al., 1968,173–92; Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), 178–80.

1918

Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker, «Introduction», in Fink et al., eds. 1968, 9.

1919

Dallek, Flawed Giant, 226–27; Borstelmann, Cold War, 194–95.

1920

Nancy Tucker, «Lyndon Johnson: A Final Reckoning», in Cohen and Tucker, Johnson, 312–18.

1921

Herring, America’s Longest War, 265.

1922

Brands, Wages of Globalism, 256–57.

1923

«U.S. Foreign Policy for the 1970s», February 18, 1970, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 1 (Washington, 2003), 196.

1924

Метафора взята из William P. Bundy, A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency (New York, 1998).

1925

Gordon H. Chang, Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948–1972 (Stanford, Calif., 1990), 285–86; Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1990), 176.

1926

Terry Anderson, The Sixties (New York, 1999), 94.

1927

Роль Киссинджера в американской внешней политике анализируется в Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York, 1992), Jussi Hanhimaki, The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (New York, 2004), Robert Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power (New York, 2007), и Jeremi Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century (2007).

1928

Современной биографии Никсона не существует. Stephen E. Ambrose’s Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972 (New York, 1989) and Nixon: Ruin and Recovery, 1973–1990 (New York, 1991) подробно рассказывают о президентстве. Помимо Даллека и Банди, наиболее ценным анализом президентства Никсона являются Melvin Small, The Presidency of Richard Nixon (Lawrence, Kans., 1999).

1929

Dallek, Partners in Power, 615–18.

1930

Bundy, Tangled Web, 54–55.

1931

Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston, 1979), 482.

1932

FRUS, 1969–19761:191.

1933

Там же, 53–55.

1934

Richard M. Nixon, «Asia After Vietnam», Foreign Affairs 46 (October 1967), 111.

1935

William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (New York, 1975), 121.

1936

FRUS, 1969–1976 1:81,109.

1937

Henry A. Kissinger, «The Vietnam Negotiations», Foreign Affairs 47 (January 1969), 234.

1938

H. R. Haldeman, The Ends of Power (New York, 1978), 83. «Теория безумца» анализируется в Jeffrey Kimball, The Vietnam War Files: Uncovering the Secret History of Nixon-Era Strategy (Lawrence, Kans., 2004), 15–20, 54–59.

1939

William Burr and Jeffrey Kimball, «Nixon’s Secret Nuclear Alert: Vietnam War Diplomacy and the Joint Chiefs of Staff Readiness Test, October 1969», Cold War History 3 (January 2003), 113–56.

1940

Tad Szulc, The Illusion of Peace (New York, 1973), 158.

1941

George C. Herring, «‘Peoples Quite Apart’: Americans, South Vietnamese, and the War in Vietnam», Diplomatic History 14 (Winter 1990), 17–18.

1942

George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2002), 284.

1943

Там же, 287.

1944

FRUS, 1969–1976 1:106.

1945

Herring, America’s Longest War, 290.

1946

Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, Kans., 1998), 204–5.

1947

John M. Shaw, The Cambodia Campaign: The 1970 Offensive and America’s Vietnam War (Lawrence, Kans., 2005).

1948

Herring, America’s Longest War, 293–95.

1949

Safire, Before the Fall, 190.

1950

Henry Brandon, The Retreat of American Power (New York, 1974), 146–47.

1951

Associated Press report, November 17, 2005.

1952

Herring, America’s Longest War, 295.

1953

Vernon A. Walters, Silent Missions (New York, 1978), 516.

1954

Jeremi Suri, Power and Protest: Global Revolution and the Rise of Détente (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 213–17.

1955

Evelyn Goh, «Nixon, Kissinger, and the’Soviet Card’ in the U.S. Opening to China», Diplomatic History 29 (June 2005), 475.

1956

Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, 1985), 26.

1957

Там же, 33.

1958

James K. Libbey, American-Russian Economic Relations, 1770S–1990S (Claremont, Calif., 1989), 164–65.

1959

Garthoff, Détente, 37–53.

1960

John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, The Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 270.

1961

Small, Nixon Presidency, 101.

1962

Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 99.

1963

Small, Nixon Presidency, 104.

1964

Garthoff, Détente, 137.

1965

Isaacson, Kissinger, 327.

1966

Hanhimaki, Kissinger, 129.

1967

Small, Nixon Presidency, 119.

1968

Там же, 119–20; Schaller, United States and China, 176–77.

1969

Schaller, United States and China, 180–82.

1970

Там же, 179.

1971

Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan Since the Occupation (New York, 1997), 226.

1972

Bundy, Tangled Web, 165–67; Schaller, United States and China, 181.

1973

Suri, Power and Protest, 240; Schaller, United States and China, 183.

1974

James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton (New York, 1999), 31.

1975

Там же, 32.

1976

Там же, 30–36; New York Times, March 3, 2002.

1977

Schaller, Altered States, 228–29.

1978

Там же, 228.

1979

Small, Nixon Presidency, 127.

1980

Там же, 148–49.

1981

Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 86.

1982

Bundy, Tangled Web, 178.

1983

Garthoff, Détente, 116–21.

1984

Bundy, Tangled Web, 116; FRUS, 1969–1976 1:290.

1985

Garthoff, Détente, 120, n. 30.

1986

Bundy, Tangled Web, 261–64; Schaller, Altered States, 234; Francis J. Gavin, Gold, Dollars, and Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 193–94.

1987

Small, Nixon Presidency, 208.

1988

Bundy, Tangled Web, 263–64.

1989

Small, Nixon Presidency, 210.

1990

Gavin, Gold, Dollars, and Power, 196; Joan Hoff, Nixon Reconsidered (New York, 1994), 143.

1991

Schaller, Altered States, 211–13; Walter LaFeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York, 1997), 349–51.

1992

Small, Nixon Presidency, 144–45.

1993

Schaller, Altered States, 211, 224.

1994

Там же, 231–41.

1995

Small, Nixon Presidency, 63. Ценным анализом является Jeffrey Kimball, «The Nixon Doctrine: A Saga of Misunderstanding», Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36 (March 2006), 59–74.

1996

Small, Nixon Presidency, 63; Bundy, Tangled Web, 68; FRUS, 1969–1976 1:92.

1997

Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 53–54.

1998

Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 233.

1999

Small, Nixon Presidency, 144.

2000

Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 195.

2001

FRUS, 1969–1976 1:101, 204–6.

2002

Gilderhus, Second Century, 196.

2003

New York Times, September 13, 1998.

2004

Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 102, 104.

2005

New York Times, September 13, 1998.

2006

Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 104.

2007

Там же, 104–5. Обвинение в совершении военного преступления изложено в Christopher Hitchens, The Trial of Henry Kissinger (London, 2001).

2008

Dallek, Partners, 338; BBC News report, June 29, 2005.

2009

Bundy, Tangled Web, 269.

2010

Small, Nixon Presidency, 107.

2011

Bundy, Tangled Web, 288–89.

2012

Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 233.

2013

Там же, 233.

2014

Small, Nixon Presidency, 144.

2015

Tyler Powell, «Advertising and Designing Nixon’s ‘China Picture Show’» (Senior Thesis, University of Kentucky, 2000), 9, 17, 25, 27.

2016

Isaacson, Kissinger, 402.

2017

Mann, About Face, 45–59.

2018

Там же, 50–51; Small, Nixon Presidency, 124–25.

2019

Herring, America’s Longest War, 307; Atlantic Monthly, September 2004, 103.

2020

Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 223–24.

2021

Garthoff, Détente, 289–92.

2022

Isaacson, Kissinger, 429–36.

2023

Small, Nixon Presidency, 114.

2024

Bundy, Tangled Web, 327; Isaacson, Kissinger, 436.

2025

Isaacson, Kissinger, 436.

2026

Там же, 438.

2027

Kimball, Vietnam War Files, 24–28.

2028

Herring, America’s Longest War, 311–13.

2029

Kenneth Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York, 205), 103.

2030

Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 145.

2031

New York Times, November 29, 2007; National Security Archive Update, April 28, 2006.

2032

Small, Nixon Presidency, 129.

2033

Там же, 130–31.

2034

Little, Orientalism, 106.

2035

David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 182.

2036

Isaacson, Kissinger, 479.

2037

Small, Nixon Presidency, 274–86.

2038

Marvin and Bernard Kalb, Kissinger (Boston, 1974), 433.

2039

Там же, 434.

2040

Small, Nixon Presidency, 116–17.

2041

Noam Kochavi, «Insights Abandoned, Flexibility Lost: Kissinger, Soviet Jewish Emigration, and the Demise of Détente», Diplomatic History 29 (June 2005), 503–30.

2042

Goh, «Soviet Card», 485–86.

2043

Там же, 499.

2044

Small, Nixon Presidency, 131–33.

2045

Little, Orientalism, 242–43.

2046

Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 313–17.

2047

Bundy, Tangled Web, 442.

2048

Hanhimaki, Flawed Architect, 325–31.

2049

Там же, 338.

2050

Bundy, Tangled Web, 463–64.

2051

Там же, 463.

2052

Small, Nixon Presidency, 293.

2053

Bundy, Tangled Web, 469.

2054

«The Fading of America», Economist, April 4. 1975, 12.

2055

George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed., New York, 2002), 349.

2056

Yanek Mieczkowski, Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s (Lexington, Ky., 2005), 5.

2057

Там же, 2–3, 148–56.

2058

Там же, 305–10.

2059

Там же, 20.

2060

John R. Greene, The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford (Lawrence, Kans., 1995), 101–12.

2061

Mieczkowski, Ford, 273.

2062

Карьера Форда описана в книге Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford (New York, 1979) и James Cannon, Time and Chance: Gerald Ford’s Appointment with History (New York, 1994).

2063

Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal (New York, 1979), 175–82.

2064

Jacob K. Javits, «The Debate over the War Powers Resolution, 1945–1970», and John H. Sullivan, «The Impact of the War Powers Resolution», in Michael Barnhart, ed., Congress and United States Foreign Policy: Controlling the Use of Force in the Nuclear Age (Albany, N.Y., 1987), 55–76.

2065

Robert David Johnson, Congress and the Cold War (New York, 2006), xiv, xix, xx-xxi, 190–241.

2066

Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994 (Baltimore, Md., 1996), 131; Thomas Franck and Edward Weisband, Foreign Policy by Congress (New York, 1979), 61.

2067

Kissinger, Years of Renewal, 37, 1064.

2068

Речь Форда на присяге 9 августа 1974 года можно найти в www.ford/utexasedu/LIBRARY/speeches/740001/html.

2069

Greene, Ford Presidency, 39–52, 56.

2070

Там же, 117–19.

2071

Franck and Weisband, Congress, 61.

2072

Ford, Time to Heal, 302.

2073

Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 201.

2074

Raymond Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, 1985), 1069–73. Идея «одностороннего двойного стандарта» обсуждается на с. 1073.

2075

Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York, 1992), 612–13.

2076

Garthoff, Détente, 454–56.

2077

Isaacson, Kissinger, 316.

2078

Greene, Ford Presidency, 124.

2079

Isaacson, Kissinger, 626–28.

2080

Garthoff, Détente, 446–53; Isaacson, Kissinger, 628–29.

2081

Herring, Longest War, 331.

2082

Там же, 332–33.

2083

New York Times, April 18, 1975.

2084

Herring, Longest War, 336.

2085

New Orleans Times-Picayune, April 23, 1975.

2086

Newsweek, May 1, 2000, 37–42.

2087

Herring, Longest War, 346–47.

2088

Newsweek, April 28, 1975, 17.

2089

Mieczkowski, Ford, 293–94.

2090

Herring, Longest War, 359–60; T. Christopher Jespersen, «The Bitter End and the Lost Chance in Vietnam: Congress, the Ford Administration, and the Battle over Vietnam, 1975–1976», Diplomatic History 24 (Spring 2000), 265–93.

2091

Greene, Ford Presidency, 144.

2092

Там же, 150.

2093

Mieczkoswki, Ford, 296.

2094

Ralph Weterhahn, The Last Battle: The Mayaguez Incident and the End of the Vietnam War (New York, 2001), 253–66.

2095

Garthoff, Détente, 521.

2096

Greene, Ford Presidency, 115; Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 221–23.

2097

Garthoff, Détente, 519–36.

2098

Greene, Ford Presidency, 151–52.

2099

Mieczkowski, Ford, 297–98.

2100

Garthoff, Détente, 478.

2101

Robert G. Kaufman, Henry M. Jackson: A Life in Politics (Seattle, 2000), 293.

2102

Leo P. Ribuffo, «Is Poland a Soviet Satellite? Gerald Ford, the Sonnenfeldt Doctrine, and the Election of 1976», Diplomatic History 14 (Summer 1990), 394.

2103

Mieczkowski, Ford, 299.

2104

Isaacson, Kissinger, 669–72.

2105

Greene, Ford Presidency, 164, 166, 168, 170–73.

2106

Ribuffo, «Election of 1976», 398–403.

2107

James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush’s War Cabinet (New York, 2004), 74; Richard A. Melanson, American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War: The Search for Consensus from Nixon to Clinton (Armonk, N.Y., 1996), 123.

2108

Melanson, Consensus, 96–97; David J. Rothkopf, Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power (New York, 2004), 161–63.

2109

Картер рассказывает свою собственную историю в книге Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York, 1982).

2110

Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years (New York, 1986), 41; Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in American Foreign Policy (New York, 1983).

2111

Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1996 (8th ed., New York, 1997), 284.

2112

James Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New Haven, Conn., 1988), 249; Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York, 1985).

2113

Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in a Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 250–52. On Young, see also Andrew J. DeRoche, Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador (Wilmington, Del., 2003).

2114

Burton I. Kaufman and Scott Kaufman, The Presidency of James Earl Carter (2nd ed., Lawrence, Kans., 2006), 135–36; Kathy B. Smith, «The First Lady Represents America: Rosalynn Carter in South America», Presidential Studies Quarterly 27 (Summer 1997), 514–39.

2115

Melanson, Consensus, 91, 107.

2116

Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 56–57.

2117

Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (New York, 1997), 84–94.

2118

Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 288–89.

2119

Garthoff, Détente, 564.

2120

Там же, 566.

2121

John Lewis Gaddis, Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 300.

2122

Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.-Latin American Relations Since 1989 (Wilmington, Del., 2000), 204.

2123

Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective (New York, 1979), 204–6.

2124

Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 236.

2125

LaFeber, Panama Canal, 210.

2126

Там же, 214–16.

2127

Там же, 228–50.

2128

Larry Grubbs, «‘Hands on Presidency’ or ‘Passionless Presidency?’ Jimmy Carter and Ratification of the Panama Canal Treaties», SHAFR Newsletter 30 (December 1999), 1–17.

2129

Kyle Longley, In the Eagle’s Shadow: The United States and Latin America (Wheeling, Ill., 2002), 276.

2130

Michael Schaller, The United States and China in the Twentieth Century (2nd ed., New York, 1990), 203–9; James Mann, About Face: A History of America’s Curious Relationship with China from Nixon to Clinton (New York, 1999), 78–84, 97–98.

2131

Mann, About Face, 94–95.

2132

Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power, 90–91.

2133

Mann, About Face, 100–114.

2134

William B. Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 (rev. ed., Berkeley, Calif., 2001), 198–99.

2135

David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 260.

2136

Там же, 260–67; Little, American Orientalism, 289–93.

2137

Quandt, Peace Process, 204.

2138

Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power, 133–34; Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 243–48.

2139

Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power, 143–45; Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 254–55.

2140

Andrew J. DeRoche, «Standing Firm for Principles: Jimmy Carter and Zimbabwe», Diplomatic History 23 (Fall 1999), 657–85.

2141

Thomas Borstelmann, «The United States and the Final Years of White Rule in Zimbabwe», Diplomatic History 27 (January 2003), 155.

2142

Piero Gleijeses, «Truth or Credibility: Castro, Carter, and the Invasion of Shaba», International History Review 18 (February 1996), 70–103.

2143

Там же, 103.

2144

О политике Картера в области прав человека см. Joshua Murachik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights (New York, 1986) и Sandy Vogelgesang, American Dream, Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of Human Rights Policy (New York, 1980).

2145

Kenneth Cmiel, «The Emergence of Human Rights Politics in the United States», Journal of American History 86 (December 1999), 1248.

2146

Carter, Keeping Faith, 144.

2147

Инаугурационная речь Картера, 20 января 1977 года, www.bartleby.com/124/pres60.html.

2148

Kenton Clymer, «Jimmy Carter, Human Rights, and Cambodia», Diplomatic History 27 (April 2003), 245–78.

2149

Gilderhus, Second Century, 206–8.

2150

David F. Schmitz and Vanessa Walker, «Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a Post Cold War Foreign Policy», Diplomatic History 28 (January 2004), 119.

2151

David Farber, Taken Hostage: The Iran Hostage Crisis and America’s First Encounter with Radical Islam (Princeton, N.J., 2005), 4–5.

2152

Bill, Eagle and Lion, 233.

2153

Там же, 240.

2154

Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York, 2004), 125.

2155

Smith, Morality, Reason, and Power, 188.

2156

Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 158.

2157

Bill, Eagle and Lion, 280.

2158

Там же, 285; Farber, Taken Hostage, 120–27.

2159

Mark Bowden, «Among the Hostage Takers», Atlantic Monthly, December 2004, 77–96

2160

Pollack, Persian Puzzle, 161.

2161

Farber, Taken Hostage, 1–2.

2162

Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 165–77, 228–30.

2163

Farber, Taken Hostage, 143–44; Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 177–84.

2164

Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 159–63.

2165

Kaufman, Jackson, 385; Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 243–46.

2166

Garthoff, Détente, 828–29.

2167

Mark Danner, «Taking Stock of the Forever War», New York Times Magazine, September 11, 2005, 49.

2168

Martin Walker, The Cold War: A History (New York, 1994), 251–55; «The Soviet Union and Afghanistan, 1978–1989: Documents from Russian and East German Archives», Cold War International History Project Bulletin (Winter 1996–1997), 133–84.

2169

Речь Картера, 4 января 1980 года, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32911 andst=andst1=.

2170

William J. Daughtery, Executive Secrets: Covert Operations and the Presidency (Lexington, Ky., 2004), 189.

2171

Garthoff, Detente, 945–57.

2172

Mann, About Face, 110–11.

2173

Там же, 109–14.

2174

Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America (New York, 1984), 580; William E. Odom, «The Origins and Design of Presidential Directive–59: A Memoir», in Henry D. Sokoloski, Getting MAD (Carlisle Barracks, Pa., 2004), 175–96.

2175

Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 231.

2176

Там же, 197.

2177

Там же, 221–22.

2178

Там же, 225–27.

2179

Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York, 1984), 241–42.

2180

Farber, Taken Hostage, 141–71.

2181

Mark Bowden, «The Desert One Debacle», Atlantic Monthly, May 2006, 62–77.

2182

Bill, Eagle and Lion, 302–3.

2183

Kaufman and Kaufman, Carter Presidency, 213.

2184

Там же, 239–46.

2185

Martin Walker, The Cold War: A History (New York, 1993), 276–277; Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York, 1996), 270–73.

2186

Don Oberdorfer, From the Cold War to a New Era: The United States and the End of the Soviet Union, 1983–1991 (Baltimore, Md., 1998), 353; the Bush quote is from David J. Rothkopf, Running the World: The Inside Story of the National Security Council and the Architects of American Power (New York, 2005), 260.

2187

Например, Peter Schweizer, Reagan’s War: The Epic Story of His Forty-Year Struggle and Final Victory over Communism (New York, 2003). Триумфалистский аргумент критически оценивается в Robert J. McMahon, «American Foreign Policy during the Reagan Years», Diplomatic History 19 (Spring 1995), 367–84, and Jeremi Suri, «Explaining the End of the Cold War: A New Historical Consensus?» Journal of Cold War Studies 4 (Fall 2002), 60–92.

2188

Ronald Reagan, An American Life: The Autobiography (New York, 1990) tells the story. Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (New York, 1987) предлагает глубокий анализ, сосредоточенный на первых годах жизни.

2189

Richard A. Melanson, American Foreign Policy Since the Vietnam War: The Search for Consensus from Nixon to Clinton (Armonk, N.Y., 1996), 136–37.

2190

Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York, 1991), 185.

2191

Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA, 1981–1987 (New York, 1987).

2192

Rothkopf, Running the World, 212–14.

2193

Richard Pipes, Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger (New Haven, Conn., 2004), 153–54.

2194

James A. Baker III, Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989–1992 (New York, 1995), 26–27.

2195

March 8, 1983, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan, 1983 (Washington, 1983), 363–64.

2196

Oberdorfer, Cold War to New Era, 85.

2197

Pipes, Vixi, 171.

2198

Там же, 188–203.

2199

Walker, Cold War, 266.

2200

Paul S. Boyer, «Selling Star Wars: Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative», paper delivered at Florida Atlantic University, February 2007, 7.

2201

Raymond L. Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, 1985), 1024.

2202

Walker, Cold War, 267.

2203

Strobe Talbott, Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control (New York, 1984), 158.

2204

Garthoff, Détente, 1026.

2205

Boyer, «Selling Star Wars», 11–14; самый полный отчет Frances FitzGerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War (New York, 2000).

2206

Boyer, «Selling Star Wars», 15–19, 26–27.

2207

Garthoff, Détente, 1016.

2208

Washington Post, February 10, 1999.

2209

David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York, 1993), 273–74–

2210

Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 111; Laurence L. Barrett, Gambling with History: Reagan in the White House (New York, 1984), 271.

2211

Schoenbaum, United States and Israel, 286.

2212

Cannon, Reagan, 390.

2213

Там же, 401.

2214

Там же, 406.

2215

Reagan, American Life, 437.

2216

Colin Powell, My American Journey (New York, 1996), 281.

2217

Там же, 302–3; Caspar W. Weinberger, Fighting for Peace: Seven Critical Years in the Pentagon (New York, 1990), 8–9, 31; George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York, 1993), 649–51.

2218

Little, Orientalism, 212–14.

2219

«Terrorism», in Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, 4 vols. (New York, 1997), 4:186–91.

2220

Reagan, American Life, 511, 514, 517–19.

2221

Little, Orientalism, 248–49.

2222

Cannon, Reagan, 589–738, содержит полный анализ; официальный отчет находится в President’s Special Review Board, Tower Commission Report: The Full Text of the President’s Special Review Board (New York, 1987).

2223

Cannon, Reagan, 541, 609–11, 630–31.

2224

Там же, 596, 613, 627–41.

2225

Там же, 640, 647–52.

2226

Там же, 639.

2227

Little, Orientalism, 250–52.

2228

Там же, 295–97.

2229

Time, April 1, 1985.

2230

James M. Scott, Deciding to Intervene: The Reagan Doctrine and American Foreign Policy (Durham, N.C., 1996), 19–21.

2231

William J. Daugherty, Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency (Lexington, Ky., 2004), 189.

2232

Там же, 186, 201–3.

2233

Scott, Reagan Doctrine, 108–10.

2234

Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001), 260–61.

2235

Scott, Reagan Doctrine, 207.

2236

Там же, 121, 147.

2237

Там же, 47, 58.

2238

Alan J. Kuperman, «The Stinger Missiles and U.S. Intervention in Afghanistan», Political Science Quarterly 114, no. 2 (1999), 220, 244–45.

2239

Там же, 235–53.

2240

Там же, 253–58; John Prados, «Notes on the CIA’s Secret War in Afghanistan», Journal of American History 89 (September 2002), 466–71.

2241

Michael Schaller, «Reagan and the Cold War», in Kyle Longley et al., Deconstructing Reagan: Conservative Mythology and America’s Fortieth President (Armonk, N.Y., 2007), 25–26.

2242

John H. Coatsworth, Central America and the United States: The Clients and the Colossus (New York, 1994), 166.

2243

Kathleen M. Blee, «The Catholic Church and Central American Politics», in Kenneth M. Coleman and George C. Herring, eds., The Central American Crisis: Sources of Conflict and the Failure of U.S. Policy (Wilmington, Del., 1985), 55–71.

2244

Stephen Kinzer, «Nicaragua: The Beleaguered Revolution», New York Times Magazine, August 28, 1983, 23.

2245

William M. LeoGrande, Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1998), 54–56.

2246

Cannon, Reagan, 344.

2247

LeoGrande, Backyard, 81–82, 86–88.

2248

Cannon, Reagan, 344–45.

2249

Walter LaFeber, «The Reagan Policy in Historical Perspective», in Coleman and Herring, Central American Crisis, 4–6.