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8. Janssen, IV, 132–6.

9. Freeman, Historical Essays, 360.

10. Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, VI, 116; Camb. Med. Hy, VII, 120, 283 f.

11. Emerton, 66.

12. Gregorovious, VI, 151.

13. Emerton, 17; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, 1,462; Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, II, 357.

14. Camb. Med. Hy, VII, 130–1.

15. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 602.

16. Lea, Sacerdotal Celibacy, 395.

17. Pastor, II, 48.

18. Kautsky, 102–3.

19. In Inge, Christian Mysticism, 160; James, Wm., Varieties of Religious Experience, 417; Huizinga, 203.

20. In Francke, History of German Literature, no.

21. De Wulf, Philosophy and Civilization in the Middle Ages, 294–7; Id., History of Medieval Philosophy, II, 130; Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 522.

22. Inge, 162.

23. Coulton, Medieval Scene, 126.

24. Headlam, Nuremberg, 29.

25. Cheney, History of Art, 665.

26. In Walsh, J. J., Thirteenth, Greatest of Centuries, 158.

27. As supposed by Carter, Invention of Printing in China, 24.

28. Sarton, III-i, 830.

29. Putnam, Books, I, 352–6.

30. En. Brit., XI, 12 c.

31. Putnam, Books, I, 359.

32. Janssen, I, 19.

CHAPTER VIII

1. Lützow, Bohemia, 59.

2. Ibid., 68.

3. Milman, VII, 487.

4. Kautsky, 46.

5. Huss, De Ecclesta, 114.

6. Ibid., 3, 16 f.

7. Ibid., xvi, 127.

8. 220–1.

9. Kautsky, 47.

10. In Creighton, History of the Papacy, I, 359.

11. Kautsky, 48.

12. Bax, German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages, 43.

13. Kautsky, 58 f.

14. Nosek, Spirit of Bohemia, 76 f.

15. Kautsky, 61–4.

16. Creighton, Papacy, II, 471; Reynaud, Unite or Perish, 185.

17. Burton, The Jew, the Gypsy, and Islam, 123.

18. Lewinski, Political History of Poland, 58.

CHAPTER IX

1. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, II, 395.

2. Ibid., 388.

3419.

4. In Diehl, C., Manuel d’art Byzantin, 761.

5. Gibbons, H. A., Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, 134.

6. Camb. Med. Hy, IV, 546.

7. Lane-Poole, Story of Turkey, 52.

8. Froissart, iv, 90.

9. Gibbons, H. A., Foundation, 132.

10. Camb. Med. Hy, IV, 620 f.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., 693; Pastor, II, 252.

13. The remainder of this section follows the incomparable narrative of Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. lxviii.

14. Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs, in Works, XIV–I, 297.

15. Camb. Med. Hy, IV, 691.

16. Gibb, Ottoman Literature, 203.

17. Sismondi, History of the Italian Republics, 630.

18. Janssen, II, 198.

19. Vambéry, Story of Hungary, 221.

20. Ibid., 23.

21. Réau, L’art russe, I, 235; Riedl, F., History of Hungarian Literature, 27.

22. Domanovsky, S., Magyar Muvelodestortenet, I, 160.

23. Szoni, Regi Magyar Templomok, 203.

24. Cf. Divald, Old Hungarian Art, figs. 123, 145.

25. Riedl, 34.

26. Nekam, Cultural Aspirations of Hungary, 88.

27. Vambéry, 251.

28. Riedi, 28–9.

29. Vambéry, 272–5.

CHAPTER X

1. Camoes, Lusiads, iii, 132.

2. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 12.

3. Beazley, Prince Henry the Navigator, 213.

4. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 10, 16.

CHAPTER XI

1. Thompson, Economic and Social History, 349, 422, 449.

2. Michelet, III, 348; Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 651; Belloc, How the Reformation Happened, 69.

3. Chapman, C. E., History of Spain, 139, 163.

4. Ibid., 216.

5. Burke, U. R., History of Spain, I, 404; Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 338; Lea, Inquisition in Spain, I, 16.

6. Carpenter, Ed., Pagan and Christian Creeds, 25.

7. Graetz, Hy of the Jews, IV, 77.

8. Lea, op. cit., I, 64.

9. Graetz, IV, 79–84.

10. Michelet, vi, 4.

11. Roth C., Hy of the Marranos, 28.

12. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, I, 120.

13. Graetz, IV, 566.

14. Ibn Batuta, Travels, 315.

15. Ameer Ali, S., Short History of the Saracens, 570.

16. In Chapman, Hy of Spain, 200.

17. Pedraza in Prescott, Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 314.

18. Lane-Poole, The Moors in Spain, 232.

19. Ibid., 267.

20. Prescott, Ferdinand, I, 169.

21. Cf. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, I, 560–6.

22. Prescott, II, 340, note 46.

23. Lea, Spain, IV, 362.

24. Guizot, Hy of France, II, 564.

25. Letter to Fr. Vettori in Machiavelli, Hy of Florence, Appendix, p. 498; cf. The Prince, ch. xxi.

26. Guicciardini, History, IV, 108.

27. Hefele, K., Cardinal Ximenes, 40–4.

28. Graetz, IV, 315.

29. Lea, Spain, II, 511–13.

30. Ibid., III, 2; Ellis, H., Soul of Spain, 42.

31. Lea, Spain, I, 268, 100, 193; II, 323, 385.

32. Ibid., I, 235.

33. Ibid., I, 233–6; Pastor, IV, 400.

34. Lea, I, 178; II, 104–9, 401 f.; III, 184; Lacroix, P., Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, 433.

35. Graetz, IV, 313.

36. Lea, Spain, IV, 517.

37. Ibid.

38. Beginning of Psalm CXIV in the Vulgate translation.

39. Lea, Spain, I, 133.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid., I, 134.

42. Prescott, Ferdinand, I, 514.

43. Graetz, IV, 391.

44. Ibid., 369.

45. Ibid., 370.

46. Ibid., 371; Abbott, Israel in Europe, 167.

47. Graetz, IV, 372.

48. Ibid., 376.

49. Marcus, The Jew in the Medieval World, 56–9.

50. Dozy, Spanish Islam, 268.

51. Arnold, T. W., The Preaching of Islam, 143.

52. Lea, Spain, III, 325.

53. Lane-Poole, Moors in Spain, 279.

54. Coulton, Inquisition and Liberty, 315.

55. Vacandard, The Inquisition, 198.

56. Santos y Olivera, La cathedral de Sevilla, 8.

57. Calvert, Moorish Remains in Spain, 383.

58. Post, C. R., History of Spanish Painting, VIII-2, 705.

59. In Ticknor, Hy of Spanish Literature, I, 227.

60. Prescott, Ferdinand, II, 448–9.

61. Ibid., 327.

62. Ibid., 332.

CHAPTER XII

1. France, A., Joan of Arc, II, 17.

2. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1040 f.

3. Thorndike, Lynn, History of Magic and Experimental Science, III, 18.

4. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 187.

5. Thorndike, III, 520.

6. Sarton, III-2, 1246.

7. Coulton, Social Life, 505.

8. Singer, C., Studies in the History and Method of Science, 191.

9. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, III, 461–5; Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life, 333.

10. Smith, P., Age of the Reformation, 655.

11. Sanger, Prostitution, 104.

12. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, III, 519.

13. Ibid., 543.

14. Sprenger, Malleus malefic arum, in Ibid., 502.

15. Michelet, III, 36.

16. Lea, Middle Ages, III, 549.

17. Cf. Thorndike, IV, ch. LI.

18. Id., III, II.

19. III, 30, 33.

20. 454.

21. 398–469.

22. Jusserand, Wayfaring Life, 328.

23. Abram, English Life and Manners, 205.

24. In Seebohm, Oxford Reformers, 211.

25. Paston Letters, 1,117.

26. De Wulf, Hy of Med. Philosophy, II, 168.

27. Thorndike, Science and Thought in the Fifteenth Century, 254.

28. Cambridge Hy of Poland, I, 274.

29. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 117.

30. Duhem, Études sur Léonard de Vinci, III, 388.

31. Gilson, La philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 388.

32. Kesten, Copernicus, 91.

33. Penrose, Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 19,

34. In Morison, S. E., Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 93.

35. Thorndike, IV, 102.

36. Ibid., 108.

37. Gilson, La philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 129; Sarton, III-i, 543–4; Duhem, III, chs. IX–X.

38. Ibid., 181 f.

39. Sarton, III-2, 1429–31.

40. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 503.

41. Usher, A. P., Hy of Mechanical Inventions, 127.

42. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 186.

43. Thorndike, III, 483.

44. Walsh, J. J., The Popes and Science, 79.

45. Froissart, iv, 51.

46. In Sarton, III-1, 870.

47. Castiglioni, Hy of Medicine, 381.

48. Coulton, Social Life, 330.

49. Ashley, Introd. to English Economic Hy, II, 318.

50. Lecky, Hy of European Morals, II, 86.

51. Ibid.

52. Beard, C., Luther, 56.

53. De Wulf, Hy of Med. Philosophy, II, 172.

54. Ockham, Super IV Lib. Sentent., 1, 27, 2, K, in Tornay, Ockham, 9.

55. Summa totius logicae, I, 12, in Tornay, 9.

56. Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica, I, ii, 3.

57. Ockham, Super IV Lib. Sentent., IV, 12, K, in Tornay, 119.

58. Ibid., I, ii, 6, in Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, II, 375.

59. Ibid., I, iii, 2. in Owen, II, 378.

60. Tornay, 63.

61. Gilson, Philosophie au Moyen Age, II, 104; Tornay, 58, 191–2.

62. Tornay, 186; Owen, II, 377.

63. De Wulf, Med. Philosophy, II, 184; Crump and Jacob, Legacy of the Middle Ages, 251.

64. Owen, II, 392,

65. Gilson, Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages, 86.

66. Ockham, Centiloquium theologicum, ix, in Owen, II, 395.

67. Owen, II, 386.

68. Ibid., 396, 399.

69. Allen, J. W., Hy of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, 124.

70. Beer, Social Struggles in the Middle Ages, 112; Tornay, 81.

71. Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, VI, 44.

72. De Wulf, Med. Philosophy, II, 187.

73. Jacobs, E. F., in History, XVI, no. 63, p. 218.

74. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, III, 265.

75. Owen, II, 410.

76. Duhem, Etudes, in Tornay, 51, 165.

77. Cunningham, W., Growth of English Industry and Commerce, 359.

78. Marsilius of Padua in Emerton, 35, 45, and passim.

79. Ibid., 39; Pastor, I, 78; Coulton, Medieval Panorama, 656.

80. Coker, F. W., Readings in Political Philosophy, 246–52.

81. Ibid., 25; Emerton, 22.

82. Defensor Pacis, i, 15, in Carlyle, R. W., Medieval Political Theory, VI, 41.

83. Coker, 257; Duhem, II, 106–7.

84. Thorndike, IV, 388.

85. Id., Science and Thought in Fifteenth Century, 296.

86. Ibid., 296, 136–7.

87. Nicholas of Cusa, De concordantia Catholica, in Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 44n.

88. Figgis, J. N., From Gerson to Grotius, 67.

89. In Pastor, II, 137,

90. Coulton, Med. Panorama, 528.

91. In Janssen, I, 3.

CHAPTER XIII

1. Morison, 24. The account henceforth follows this fascinating biography.

2. The evidence is presented in the early chapters of Madariaga, S. de, Christopher Columbus, esp. pp. 53–9, and 184.

3. Beazley, C. R., in En. Brit., VI, 78.

4. Penrose, 10.

5. Seneca, Medea, 364 f.

6. Morison, 72.

7. Roth, C., Jewish Contribution to Civilization, 74.

8. Lea, Spain, I, 259.

9. Morison, 229.

10. Ibid., 231–3.

11. 115.

12. David, M., Who Was Columbus? 70.

13. Morison, 576.

14. Ibid., 617.

15. En. Brit., XXIII, 107c. For a recent defense of Vespucci cf. Arciniegas, G., Amerigo and the New World.

CHAPTER XIV

1. Froude, Erasmus, 110.

2. One of many bon mots appropriated from Mrs. Will Durant by the laws of community property.

3. Letter to Wm. Gauden in Froude, Erasmus, 32–3.

4. In Smith, P., Erasmus, 28.

5. Erasmus, Colloquies, II, 326 f.

6. Id., Epistles, I, 127.

7. Smith, Erasmus, 60; Froude, Erasmus, 45.

8. Smith, Erasmus, 63.

9. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 117.

10. Froude, Erasmus, 80.

11. Smith, 32.

12. Epistles, I, 301, 307.

13. Froude, 80–1.

14. Epistles, I, 370.

15. Colloquies, II, 13–35.

16. In Froude, 91.

17. Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, 14, 30, 33.

18. Ibid., 51.

19. 127.

20. 138.

21. 67.

22. 131–4.

23. 86–8.

24. 175.

25. 169–74.

26. 207.

27. Epistles, II, 168.

28. On Erasmus’ authorship cf. Allen, P. S., The Age of Erasmus, 185–9, an d Chambers, R. W., Thomas More, 114–5.

29. In Froude, 150–68.

30. Epistles, III, 418.

31. Colloquies, I, 298.

32. Ibid., 391; II, 13, 34.

33. Colloquies, I, 298.

34. Ibid., 229, 236.

35. Ibid., II, 161.

36. I, 22.

37. I, 24, 35.

38. Smith, 299.

39. Froude, 121 and Smith, 171.

40. In Froude, 126.

41. Smith, Age of Reformation, 58.

42. Epistles, II, 400.

43. Ibid., 464.

44. 249.

45. Erasmus, Education of a Christian Prince, 173; Smith, Erasmus, 201, 217.

46. Epistles, II, 201.

47. Education, 253,

48. Epistles, II, 517.

49. «Peace Protests!» in Chapiro, J., Erasmus and Our Struggle for Peace, 153–65.

50. Ibid., 168.

51. 81.

52. Epistles, II, 120.

53. Letter to Zwingli, Sept 5, 1522.

54. Epistles, II, 421.

55. «Peace Protests!» in Chapiro, 173, 183.

56. Tract «On the Immense Mercy of God» in Bainton, Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, 218.

57. Froude, 195.

58. Erasmus, In Praise of Folly, 48.

59. Froude, 108.

60. Folly, 215.

61. Froude, 130–1, 144.

62. Beard, Luther, 97.

63. Erasmus, Encheiridion, in Beard, 98.

64. Letter of March 25, 1520, m Murray, Erasmus and Luther, 83.

65. Colloquies, I, 98.

66. Ibid., 182.

67. Letter of Jan. 5, 1523, in Chapiro, 105.

68. Epistles, II, 143; Froude, 171–2.

69. Epistles, II, 163, 327.

70. Smith, Erasmus, 150.

71. Epistles, III, iv

72. Smith, 155.

73. Cf., e.g., Smith, 176–9.

74. Epistles, I, 42.

75. In Froude, 172.

76. Epistles, II, 176.

77. Ibid., III, 186.

78. Ibid., 94.

79. Letters to Fabricius Capito, Feb. 26, 1517, and to Leo X in Epistles, II, 505, 521.

80. Epistles, III, 48.

CHAPTER XV

1. Bax, German Society at Close of the Middle Ages, 54–6.

2. Rickard, Man and Metals, II, 562.

3. Janssen, II, 39, 41; Kautsky, 91.

4. Adams, B., Law of Civilization and Decay, 56.

5. Strieder, J., Jacob Fugger, 124,

6. Ibid., 86–9.

7. Crump, Legacy of Middle Ages, 449; Janssen, II, 87; Schapiro, J. S., Social Reform and the Reformation, 32.

8. Janssen, II, 85.

9. Ibid., 88.

10. Bax, German Society, 234–5; Schapiro, 29.

11. In Schapiro, 30.

12. Janssen, II, 88; Boissonade, Life and Work in Medieval Europe, 299.

13. Schapiro, 30.

14. Ibid., 31.

15. Schoenhof, Money and Prices, 72.

16. Janssen, II, 82.

17. Ibid., 3.

18. Adams, B., Civilization and Decay, 56.

19. Janssen, II, 60; Francke, Hy of German Literature, 103.

20. Janssen, I, 140.

21. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 175.

22. Comines, Memoirs, v, 18.

23. Ranke, Reformation, 100, 108–9.

24. In Villari, Machiavelli, I, 444; Janssen II, 202.

25. Creighton, Hy of the Papacy, IV, 94.

26. Janssen, II, 260.

27. Schoenfeld, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 188 f.

28. Beard, Luther, 147.

29. Müller-Lyer, Evolution of Modern Marriage, 57.

30. En. Brit., XVIII, 598b.

31. Schoenfeld, 181.

32. Schultz, A., Deutsches Leben in XIV und XV Jahrhundert, I, 277, 283.

33. Lacroix, Prostitution, I, 165–7.

34. Coulton, Medieval Village, 248; Headlam, Nuremberg, 163–4.

35. Ibid., 164–8.

36. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 638.

37. In Whitcomb, Literary Source Book of the German Renaissance, 63.

38. Richard, E., Hy of German Civilization, 219.

39. Janssen, II, 64.

40. Ibid., 6.

41. Janssen, I, 168.

42. Speculum, Jan. 1931.

43. In Headlam, Nuremberg, 208.

44. Cf. Glück, Die Kunst der Renaissance in Deutschland, 100–1; Haug, H., Grünewald, 1–3, 13–18.

45. Cf. Bock, Geschichte der Graphischen Kunst, 260–1.

46. The ascription of this picture to Grünewald follows Haug. Stänge assigns it to the Master of the House Book.

47. N. Y. Times, April 7, 1928.

48. In Cust, Paintings and Drawings of Albrecht Dürer, 17.

49. Camerarius in La Fargue, Great Masters, 197.

50. Panofsky, Dürer, I, 43.

51. Ibid., II.

52. Ibid., 8.

53. Cust, 59; Janssen, XI, 94.

54. N.Y. Times magazine, April 8,1928, p. 11.

55. Cust, 31.

56. In Panofsky, I, 44.

57. Panofsky, II, fig. 171.

58. Id., I, 6.

59. Ibid., 208.

60. In Scott, W. B., Albert Dürer, 136.

61. Ibid., 154–6.

62. Janssen, I, 301.

63. Hughes, P., The Reformation in England, I, 100; Beard, Luther, 53.

64. In La Tour, Les origines de la Réforme, II, 340.

65. In Janssen, I, 78.

66. In Thompson, Social and Economic Hy, 604.

67. Janssen, I, 108.

68. Schoenfeld, Women of the Teutonic Nations, 218.

69. In Smith, Age of the Reformation, 54.

70. Strauss, D., Ulrich von Hutten, 22.

71. Creighton, Hy of the Papacy, VI, 32.

72. Robertson, J. M., Hy of Freethought, I, 435.

73. Creighton, VI, 31.

74. Ibid., 32.

75. Acton, Lectures on Modern History, 84.

76. Ranke, Reformation, 135; Beard, Luther, 85.

77. In Janssen, I, 104.

78. Strauss, Hutten, 112 f.

79. Henderson, E., Hy of Germany in the Middle Ages, 131.

80. Janssen, I, 278.

81. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 675.

82. Lacroix, Prostitution, 960.

83. Strauss, 89.

84. Janssen, III, 74.

85. Ibid.

86. Strauss, 83.

87. Janssen, III, 72.

88. Letter of Nov. 1519 in Froude, Erasmus, 252.

89. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, III, 89.

90. Janssen, II, 298; Ranke, 140; Beard, Luther, 48.

91. Preface to Luther’s edition of Wessel’s Farrago, in Creighton, Papacy, VI, 7.

92. Ranke, 120.

93. Beard, Luther, 35.

94. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 106.

95. Tawney, R. H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 138.

96. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 106.

97. Janssen, II, 292–6; cf. III, 77, and Catholic Encyclopedia, IX, 446.

98. Thompson, 500.

99. Pastor, VII, 326.

100. In Pastor, II, 413; italics mine.

101. Pastor, III, 194; 98 f.; Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 689.

102. Pastor, VI, 85.

103. Pastor, I, 157–8.

104. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 690.

CHAPTER XVI

1. Acton, Lectures on Modern Hy, 91; Thompson, Social and Economic Hy, 425, 428; Ranke, Reformation, 151.

2. Friar Myconius in Thatcher, O. J., Source Book for Medieval Hy, 339.

3. In Robertson, W., Charles V, I, 372.

4. Pastor, VII, 349.

5. Luther, Works, I, 26; Thesis 75.

6. Beard, Luther, 257.

7. Acton, 97.

8. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 127.

9. Ranke, Reformation, 154.

10. Beard, 121; Smith, P., Luther, 2.

11. In D’Arcy, M. C., Thomas Aquinas, 254.

12. Ranke, 144; Beard, 156.

13. Beard, 165.

14. Luther, Tischreden, lxxvii, in Gregorovius, Hy of Rome, VIII-1, 249.

15. Ganss, H. G., in Cath. En., IX, 441.

16. In Janssen, III, 97.

17. Ibid., 89.

18. Cath. En., IX, 442.

19. In Pastor, VII, 354.

20. Cath. En., IX, 443.

21. In Beard, 231–3.

22. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 132.

23. Ranke, 160.

24. Roscoe, Wm., Leo X, II, 95, 105–7.

25. Pastor, VII, 367.

26. H. von Schubert in Smith, Luther, ix.

27. In Pastor, VII, 378.

28. Smith, Reformation, 700.

29. Beard, 270.

30. Ibid., 273–4; Ranke, 195; Cath. En., IX, 443; Acton, 94–5.

31. Pastor, VII, 382; Beard, 272.

32. Smith, Luther, 56.

33. Cath. En., IX, 444.

34. Smith, Luther, 71.

35. Letter of Aug. 20, 1531, in Froude, Erasmus, 397.

36. In Ledderhose, Life of Melanchthon, 30.

37. In Beard, 279.

38. In Strauss, Hutten, 263.

39. In Pastor, VII, 389; Janssen, III, III.

40. Strauss, 225.

41. Werke, VIII, 203, in Beard, 352.

42. Pastor, VII, 384; Smith, Luther, 75,

43. Luther, Works, II, 63.

44. Ibid., 69–70.

45. 76.

46. 78.

47 83–99, italics mine.

48. 110–42.

49. 138–9.

50. Babylonian Captivity, in Works, II, 188.

51. Ibid., 257.

52. In Janssen, III, 129.

53. Works, II, 269–71.

54. Ibid., 293.

55. 302–10.

56. 299.

57. 331.

58. 318.

59. Ranke, 215; Pastor, VII, 400–8; Janssen, III, 30.

60. Ranke, 220; Beard, 375.

61. Hume, M., The Spanish People, 331.

62. Adams, Brooks, Civilization and Decay, 98.

63. Strieder, Jacob Fugger, 153.

64. Michelet, III, 174.

65. Thompson, Social and Economic History, 428.

66. Armstrong, E., Charles V, I, 69.

67. Janssen, III, 173.

68. Pastor, VII, 423.

69. Lingard, Hy of England, IV, 225.

70. In Janssen, III, 172; Bainton, Here I Stand, 175.

71. Strauss, 276 f.

72. Beard, 421–3.

73. Janssen, III, 182.

74. Beard, 432.

75. Bainton, Here I Stand, 185.

76. Ibid.; Schaff, German Reformation, 29.

77. Bainton, Here I Stand, 185; cf. Cath. En. IX, 446d, and the Protestant authors there cited.

78. Creighton, Hy of the Papacy, VI, 176.

79. Carlyle, Thos., Heroes and Hero Worship, 360.

80. Bainton, Here 1 Stand, 186.

81. Acton, 101.

82. Bainton, 189.

83. Ibid., 195.

84. Taylor, H. O., Thought and Expression in the 16th Century, II, 213.

85. Bax, German Society, 142; Lecky, History of Rationalism, I, 22.

86. Janssen, III, 246–8.

87. Bainton, 200.

88. Ibid., 205–6; Ranke, 251.

89. Luther, Works, III, 206–7.

90. Ibid., 211.

91. Ranke, 254.

92. Bainton, 208.

93. Janssen, III, 259.

94. Ibid., 263.

95. Bainton, 214.

96. Beard, 127.

97. Janssen, IV, 98.

98. Smith, Luther, 155.

99. Ibid., 168.

100. 380.

101. Froude, Erasmus, 294.

102. Janssen, XIV, 408.

103. Luther, Table Talk, 118.

104. Werke (Walch), VIII, 2042, in Beard, The Reformation of the 16th Century in Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge, 161.

105. Luther, Table Talk, 353.

106. Luther, Werke (Erlangen), VI, 142–8, in Maritain, Three Reformers, 33, and Beard, Reformation, 156.

107. In Paulsen, German Education, 47.

108. In Janssen, III, 240.

109. Schaff, German Reformation, 35–6.

110. Luther, T.T., 24.

111. Smith, Luther, xi.

112. T.T., 2.

113. Ibid., 91, 96.

114. 67.

115. 15.

116. 797; Smith, Luther, 362.

117. T.T., 574.

118. Sermon of March 6, J521; Janssen, XII, 316.

119. Maritain, Three Reformers, 30.

120. Smith, Reformation, 653.

121. Lecky, Rationalism, I, 22.

122. T.T., 577, 597; Janssen, XIV, 87.

123. Janssen, XII, 317.

124. Lecky, Rationalism, I, 23.

125. T.T., 579–86, 608.

126. Luther, Works, III, 235–7.

127. Works, II, 391.

128. Ibid., 316.

129. T.T., 283.

130. Romans, x, 9.

131. Mark, xvi, 16.

132. Works, II, 316.

133. Werke, XL, 436; XXV, 330, 142, 130; Werke (Erlangen), XVIII, 260.

134. Werke (Erlangen), XX, 58; LX, 107–8; Werke (Weimar), X-2, 276.

135. O’Brien, G., Economic Effects of the Reformation, 41.

136. Works, II, 328–9.

137. Ibid., 331.

138. Romans, ix, 18.

139. Luther, De servo arbitrio, in Janssen, IV, 104.

140. De servo arbitrio, in Lecky, Rationalism, I, 140.

141. In Fülöp-Miller, R., Saints That Moved the World, 291.

142. Janssen, IV, 114.

143. T.T., 96.

144. Ibid., 178.

145. Works, II, 188.

146. Werke, XXVIII, 142–201, in Bax, German Society, 188–90.

147. Works, III, 258–61.

148. In Janssen, III, 268.

149. In Allen, J. W., Political Thought, 330.

150. Works, IV, 25.

151. Ibid., 26, 29.

152. Works, II, 160.

153. Ibid., IV, 35.

CHAPTER XVII

1. Richard, E., German Civilization, 250.

2. Janssen, III, 214.

3. Pastor, IX, 134.

4. Schapiro, J. S., Social Reform, 34–5.

5. Richard, 250; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 174.

6. Luther, Works, III, 204–5.

7. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 183.

8. Janssen, III, 221; Schapiro, 103–14.

9. Janssen, III, 223; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 177.

10. Janssen, III, 342.

11. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 193.

12. Kautsky, 116–119.

13. Ibid., 121.

14. 130.

15. Ranke, Reformation, 338.

16. In Kautsky, 139.

17. Ibid., 144.

18. Luther, Works, IV, 210–16.

19. Ibid., 220–1.

20. 240.

21. 244.

22. Ranke, 459.

23. Janssen, IV, 166; Bax, Peasant? War, 79–84.

24. Ranke, 348–9.

25. Robinson, J. H., Readings in European Hy, 289 f; Bax, Peasants’ War, 156–60.

26. Ranke, 344.

27. Bax, Peasants’ War, 101.

28. Ibid., 118–30.

29. In Janssen, IV, 208

30. Bax, 76, 224.

31. Ibid., 205.

32. 229.

33. Luther, Works, IV, 248–54.

34. Bax, 265–6.

35. Ibid., 312–5.

36. 303.

37. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 191.

38. Bax, 336–7.

39. Armstrong, Charles V, I, 222.

40. Ranke, 360.

41. Schapiro, 86; Smith, Luther, 164.

42. Ibid., 165.

43. 164.

44. Works, IV, 261.

45. Ibid., 261–72.

46. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 192.

47. Ranke, 728.

48. Payne, E. A., Anabaptists, 11.

49. Kautsky, 164..

50. Ibid., 166.

51. Allen, Political Thought, 43.

52. Ranke, 732–3.

53. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 82.

54. Janssen, IV, 114.

55. Kautsky, 176.

56. Ibid., 185.

57. 187.

58. Ranke, 729.

59. Kautsky, 192.

60. Ranke, 757.

61. Kautsky, 255–6.

62. Ibid., 257.

63. 260.

64. 273.

65. Ranke, 745–6.

66. Smithson, R. J., Anabaptists, 179–80.

67. Kautsky, 290; Ranke, 755.

68. Smithson, 181.

69. Fosdick, Great Voices of the Reformation, 285.

70. Payne, Anabaptists, 16.

CHAPTER XVIII

1. Cath. En., XV, 773.

2. Schaff, Swiss Ref., 6.

3. Ibid.

4. Hughes, Reformation, I, 124.

5. Schaff, 24.

6. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 713.

7. Schaff, 32.

8. Ranke, 513.

9. Schaff, 52–3.

10. Fosdick, 183.

11. Ibid., 173, 191,

12. Lea, Auricular Confession, I, 519.

13. Fosdick, 190.

14. Schaff, 59.

15. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 321, 334.

16. Smith, Erasmus, 391.

17. Schaff, 94.

18. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 36–8.

19. Erasmus, Epistle of May 9, 1529, in Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 112.

20. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 207–10.

21. In Janssen, V, 231.

22. Schaff, 177.

23. Ibid.

24. Bossuet, Variations, II, 29.

25. En. Brit., XXIII, 998.

26. Schaff, 188.

27. Smith, Luther, 290.

28. T.T., 801.

CHAPTER XIX

1. Kauffmann Collection, Berlin.

2. Werke, XLII, 582, in Maritain, 171.

3. Werke, X-2, 304, in Maritain, 171.

4. T.T., 715.

5. Ibid., 752.

6. Maulde, Women of the Renaissance, 467.

7. Werke, X-2, 301, in Maritain, 184.

8. Bainton, Here I Stand, 299.

9. T.T., 715.

10. Bainton, 301.

11. T.T., 737.

12. Ibid., 751.

13. In Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 417.

14. In Fosdick, 71.

15. Smith, Luther, 354.

16. Schaff, German Reformation, 465,

17. Bainton, 304.

18. Smith, 320.

19. Letter to Pope Leo, 1520.

20. Luther, Works, I, 7.

21. Janssen, XI, 349; Luther, Works, II, 231; Bainton, 295.

22. Bainton, 295.

23. Janssen, III, 242.

24. Werke, VIII, 624, in Maritain, 188.

25. In Carpenter, Pagan and Christian Creeds, 207.

26. T.T., 462.

27. Werke, XXV, 108, in Cath. En., IX, 447b.

28. T.T., 319.

29. Gasquet, Eve of the Reformation, 173.

30. Smith, Luther, 407; Bainton, Here I Stand, 295.

31. Smith, 355.

32. Ibid., 326.

33. In Janssen, XI, 253.

34. Bainton, 225.

35. T.T., 100.

36. Smith, Luther, 322.

37. Ibid., 349.

38. Ibid.

39. Janssen, XII, 16; T.T., 114.

40. Ibid., 257.

41. 91, 96.

42. 780.

43. Jusserand, Literary History of the English People, II, 167

44. T.T., 841.

45. Ibid., 413.

46. Luther, Works, I, 76.

47. Ibid., 142.

48. Works, III, 251.

49. Bainton, Here, 314.

50. PForfo., III, 204, 207.

51. Preface to the Shorter Catechism.

52. Werke (Erlangen), XXIX, 46–74, in Jewish Encyc., VIII, 213.

53. T.T., 275.

54. Werke (Erlangen), XXXII, 217–33, in Janssen, III, 211–12.

55. Werke (Erlangen), XXVIII, 144, in Maritain, 15.

56. Letter of Aug. 26, 1529, to Jos. Metsch, in Smith, Luther, 218.

57. In Froude, Erasmus, 389.

58. T.T., 61.

59. Putnam, Books, II, 244.

60. Werke, XXXI-i, 208 f.

61. Werke (Erlangen), XVI, in Allen, Political Thought, 27.

62. Bax, Peasants’ War, 352.

63. Smith, Luther, xiv.

64. Id., Reformation, 645.

65. Janssen, IV, 140–1.

66. Murray, Erasmus and Luther, 366.

67. Janssen, XIV, 503.

68. Janssen, V, 290.

69. Luther, Commentary on Psalm LXXXII.

70. Janssen, V, 491, 502, 505.

71. Janssen, VI, 46–63, 181, 190, 208–14, 348–9; Lecky, Rationalism, II, 15.

72. Janssen, IV, 232 f.

73. Lea, Studies in Church History, 492.

74. T.T., 389.

75. Smith, Reformation, 104; Panofsky, Dürer, I, 233; Cath. En., IX, 447c.

76. Janssen, III, 198.

77. Ibid., 342.

78. Robertson, J. M., Freethought, I, 455.

79. Erasmus, letter to Pirkheimer, Feb. 21, 1529.

80. Janssen, III, 361.

81. Strauss, Hutten, 290.

82. Smith, Erasmus, 233.

83. In Michelet, III, 170.

84. Smith, Erasmus, 334.

85. Letter of March 5, 1518.

86. Letter of October 17, 1518.

87. In Froude, Erasmus, 139.

88. Smith, Erasmus, 219.

89. Ibid., 221.

90. Ibid., 22; Froude, Erasmus, 233–4.

91. In Murray, Erasmus, 76.

92. Froude, 270-2.

93. Smith, Erasmus, 241.

94. Ibid., 255.

95. Erasmus, Epistles, I, ep. lxxxv.

96. Ibid., ep. ccclxvi.

97. Froude, 308.

98. Letter of Feb., 1523, in Froude, 310.

99. Acton, 105; Lecky, Rationalism, I, 140.

100. Ibid.

101. Bainton, Here I Stand, 254-5.

102. Froude, 340, 381.

103. In Allen, Political Thought, 80.

104. Froude, 403.

105. Ibid., 352.

106. In Froude, 400.

107. Erasmus, Hyperaspistes.

108. In Froude, 352.

109. Walpole, H., Letters, III, 184.

110. Beard, Luther, 93.

111. Acton, 89.

CHAPTER XX

1. Janssen, IV, 62.

2. Cf. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 159.

3. Janssen, VI, 534.

4. Janssen, V, 277.

5. Lea, Clerical Celibacy, 530.

6. Janssen, VII, 247.

7. Id., IV, 47.

8. Id., IX, 130.

9. Id., XIII, 24.

10. Froude, Erasmus, 387.

11. Vambéry, 283.

12. Janssen, IV, 119.

13. Ibid., 109-11.

14. En. Brit., XI, 288.

15. Janssen, V, 271; Ranke, 614.

16. Cath. En., XI, 453.

17. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 219.

18. Janssen, V, 423.

19. Luther, Works, V, 128; Pastor, XI, 69, 81-7.

20. Janssen, V, 495 f; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 233.

21. Pastor, XI, 362-3.

22. Ibid., 375-98.

23. Ledderhose, 177-82.

24. Ibid., 188.

25. Cath. En., IX, 452d.

26. In Bainton, Here I Stand, 346.

27. Pastor, XI, 67.

28. Smith, Luther, 309.

29. Werke (Walch), XX, 223, in Cath. En., IX, 45 6d.

30. Luther, Works, V, 163.

31. In Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 101; Bainton, Here I Stand, 238.

32. Werke, XIX, 626, in Allen, Political Thought, 22.

33. Bax, Peasants’ War, 351.

34. Werke, XV, 276, in Bax, 352.

35. Smith, Luther, 374.

36. Letter of Sept. 3, 1531.

37. Smith, 196.

38. In Bebel, Woman under Socialism, 68.

39. Janssen, VI, 81-6.

40. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 241.

41. Ledderhose, 170.

42. Janssen, VI, 122.

43. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 241.

44. In Smith, Luther, 399 f.; Pastor, XI, 215 f.

45. Werke, XXV, 124-55, in Janssen, VI, 271-2, and Pastor, XII, 216 f.

46. Weber, Hermann, On Means for the Prolongation of Life, 48.

47. Smith, Luther, 405.

48. Ibid., 409.

49. James, Wm., Varieties of Religious Belief, 137.

50. Ibid.

51. T.T., 633.

52. Ibid., 15.

53. 19.

54. 235.

55. In Robertson, Charles V, II, 158n.

56. Smith, Luther, 419.

57. Armstrong, Charles V, 1,138.

58. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 276.

59. Ibid., 278.

60. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 387, 548; Janssen, XIV, 149.

61. Id., VII, 139.

62. Id., IV, 362-3; Schapiro, 78; Allen, Political Thought, 33.

63. In La Tour, IV, 161.

64. In Janssen, VII, 139.

CHAPTER XXI

1. Cath. En., III, 196.

2. Beza in Schaff, Swiss Ref., 302.

3. La Tour, IV, 11.

4. Calvin, Institutes, Preface, 20-2, 39–40.

5. Institutes, I, viii, 1.

6. Ibid., II, 19.

7. Ephesians, i, 3–7.

8. Institutes, III, xxi-xxii.

9. Romans, ix, 15.

10. Institutes, II, xxi, 7.

11. Consensus Genevensis in Schaff, Swiss Ref., 554.

12. Institutes, III, xxi, 1.

13. Ibid.

14. III, xxiii, 7.

15. IV, i, 10.

16. IV, i, 4.

17. Allen, Political Thought, 61; Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Renaissance and the Reformation, 211.

18. Institutes, IV, xix, 3.

19. III, xxi, I.

20. Schaff, 558.

21. Institutes, III, ix, 4.

22. Ibid.

23. III, ix, 6.

24. For: La Tour, IV, 32, and Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 358; against: Cath. En., III, 196a.

25. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 360.

26. Robinson, Readings, 299.

27. Schaff, 361.

28. Ibid., 414.

29. 412.

30. 426.

31. 437.

32. Robinson, Readings, 300.

33. La Tour, IV, 178.

34. Villari, Savonarola, 491.

35. Schaff, 492.

36. Beard, The Reformation, 250.

37. Ibid., Schaff, 491.

38. Ibid., 492.

39. O’Brien, Economic Effects, 101.

40. As by Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, passim; Barnes, Economic Hy of the Western World, 201-2; and O’Brien, 129.

41. Institutes, III, vii, 5.

42. Cf. O’Brien, 100.

43. Ibid., 20.

44. Tawney, 119.

45. Barnes, Economic History, 201.

46. Schaff, 644.

47. Beard, The Reformation, 252: Muir, John Knox, 108.

48. Smith, Reformation, 174.

49. Schaff, 519.

50. Ibid., 839.

51. La Tour, IV, 206.

52. Schaff, 739.

53. La Tour, IV, 200; Schaff, 594.

54. Schaff, 618.

55. Ibid., 502.

56. Robertson, J. M., Freethought, I, 443-4.

57. Servetus, De Trinitatis erroribus, i, 94b, in Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 48.

58. Servetus, ibid., i, 34; Newman, L. I., Jewish Influence on Christian Reform Movements, 584.

59. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 144.

60. Ibid.

61. Ibid., 147.

62. Schaff, 733.

63. Bury, J. B., History of Freedom of Thought, 64.