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64. Schaff, 770.

65. Ibid., 764, 773; Bainton, 191.

66. Bainton, 188.

67. Schaff, 777.

68. Ibid., 778.

69. Bainton, 185.

70. Ibid., 209-11; Schaff, 710, 781-4.

71. Schaff, 784.

72. Walker, John Calvin, 425.

73. Schaff, 707-8.

74. Ibid.

75. 709.

76. In Allen, Political Thought, 87.

77. Castellio in Allen, 90-4; Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 104.

78. In Allen, 98.

79. Time magazine, Feb. 22, 1954.

80. Schaff, 652n.

CHAPTER XXII

1. In Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1142.

2. Ibid., 1141.

3. 1130.

4. Taylor, R., Leonardo, 444.

5. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici and the French Reformation, 38.

6. Erasmus, Colloquies, II, 54.

7. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 468.

8. Michelet, III, 175.

9. E.g., Aretino, La cortigiana, in Dialogues, 228.

10. Batiffol, Century of the Renaissance, 44.

11. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1131.

12. Cellini, Autobiography, ii, 10.

13. Guizot, Hy of France, III, 81.

14. Ibid., Michelet, III, 218.

15. Michelet, III, 148.

16. Sichel, Women and Men of the French Renaissance, 87.

17. Ibid.

18. Michelet, III, 135.

19. Sichel, Women, 193.

20. Faguet, Literary History of France, 281.

21. Margaret, Queen of Navarre, Heptameron, xli.

22. In Maulde, 354.

23. Margaret, Heptameron, 36.

24. In Maulde, 53.

25. Ibid., 297.

26. In Sichel, Women, 195.

27. Ibid., 371.

28. 180.

29. Boyd, French Renaissance, 25.

30. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici and the French Reformation, 138.

31. Sichel, Women, 104.

32. Michelet, III, 136.

33. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 659.

34. Ibid.

35. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1247.

36. Margaret, Heptameron, Tale 22.

37. Ibid., xlii.

38. In Guizot, III, 187.

39. Ibid., 196.

40. 197.

41. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 54.

42. La Tour, II, 237 f.

43. Michelet, III, 216.

44. Guizot, III, 216.

45. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 320.

46. Ibid., 320; La Tour, II, 556-7.

47. Sichel, Women, 18.

48. Guizot, III, 220.

49. La Tour, II, 612.

50. Michelet, III, 319; Guizot, III, 229; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 289.

51. Guizot, III, 15.

52. Ibid., 73.

53. Ibid., 91; Michelet, III, 239.

54. Guizot, III, 95.

55. Ibid., 91.

56. Michelet, III, 244.

57. Robertson, W., Charles V, 538.

58. Guizot, III, 105-6.

59. Ibid., 116.

60. Camb. Mod. Hy, III, 105.

61. Guizot, III, 129; Robertson, Charles V, II, 57–60.

62. Michelet, III, 316; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 77.

63. Janssen, VI, 358.

64. Michelet, III, 293-4.

65. Hackett, Francis I, 428.

66. Brantôme in Guizot, III, 192.

67. Sichel, Catherine, 51.

68. D’Orliac, The Moon Mistress, 186.

69. Janssen, VI, 359.

70. Michelet, III, 366.

71. Guizot, III, 281.

72. Pastor, XII, 486.

73. Batiffol, 175.

74. Robertson, Charles V, 11, 351.

75. Guizot, III, 261.

CHAPTER XXIII

1. Pollard, Henry VIII, 39.

2. Froude, Erasmus, 142.

3. Chambers, Thomas More, 99.

4. Erasmus, Epistles, I, 457.

5. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 30; Ep. 447 in Froude, Erasmus, 107.

6. Seebohm, Oxford Reformers, 261-6.

7. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 546.

8. Guicciardini, VIII, 126.

9. Pollard, 67.

10. Creighton, Cardinal Wolsey, 48.

11. Gasquet, Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, I, 69.

12. Robinson, J. H., Readings, 303.

13. Burnet, History of the Reformation, 1,6.

14. Chambers, More, 158; Hughes, Reformation, I, 80.

15. Ibid.

16. Creighton, Wolsey, 59.

17. Burnet, I, 15.

18. Lingard, IV, 192.

19. Robinson, Readings, 303.

20. Pollard, 110.

21. Robinson, i.e.

22. Lingard, IV, 193; Chambers, More, 173-4; Hughes, I, 109.

23. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 60; but cf. Hughes, I, 58 f.

24. Hughes, I, 103n.

25. Belloc, How the Reformation Happened, 117.

26. Seebohm, 230-46.

27. Coulton, Panorama, 718.

28. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 114-5.

29. Hughes, I, 49–50.

30. Froude, I, 350.

31. Hughes, I, 50–66.

32. Gasquet, Monasteries, II, 237; Trevelyan, English Social Hy, 73.

33. Ibid.

34. Hughes, I, 57-8.

35. Coulton, Panorama, 554.

36. Hughes, I, 150.

37. Ibid., 127-9.

38. 202.

39. Smith, Luther, 193.

40. Coulton, Life in the Middle Ages, II, 143; Gasquet, Eve, 213.

41. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 640.

42. Beard, Reformation, 305.

43. Ibid.

44. Hughes, I, 146.

45. Froude, I, 319, 336.

46. Burnet, I, 16.

47. Gasquet, Monasteries, I, 85-8.

48. Froude, I, 81.

49. Burnet, I, 26.

50. Hughes, I, 67–70.

51. Pollard, 174.

52. Burnet, I, 27.

53. Pollard, 76, 176.

54. Froude, I, 74n.

55. Pollard, 183.

56. Ibid., 135.

57. Froude, Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, 47.

58. Pastor, X, 241.

59. Froude, Divorce, 47.

60. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 431.

61. Pastor, X, 244.

62. Pollard, 207.

63. Ibid., 208.

64. Pastor, X, 257-8; Hughes, I, 175-9; Acton, 139.

65. Hughes, I, 176.

66. Pastor, X, 267,

67. Pollard, 225.

68. Burnet, I, 55.

69. Froude, Reign of Elizabeth, III, 259.

70. Froude, Divorce, 190.

71. Hughes, I, 181.

72. Cavendish, Life of Wolsey, in Froude, Henry VIII, III, 115.

73. Creighton, Wolsey, 186.

74. Pollard, 223-4.

75. Creighton, 185.

76. Burnet, I, 61.

77. Creighton, 194.

78. Froude, Divorce, 138.

79. Creighton, 205.

CHAPTER XXIV

1. Froude, Divorce, 166, 81.

2. Pollard, 250-1.

3. Trevelyan, Social Hy, 102.

4. Pollard, 237.

5. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 128-35.

6. Ibid., 139.

7. 162.

8. Sichel, Women, 176.

9. Lingard, IV, 273.

10. Prescott, H. F., Mary Tudor, 38.

11. Schuster, M. L., Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 77.

12. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 218.

13. Ibid., 265.

14. Pollard, 187.

15. Ibid., 300.

16. Gasquet, Monasteries, I, 122, 129, 134 f.

17. Pollard, 304-5.

18. Chambers, More, 323, 326; Lingard, IV. 19.

19. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 82.

20. Burnet, I, 123-5.

21. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 186.

22. Pollard, 305; Froude, Council of Trent, 116-7.

23. Chambers, More, 334.

24. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 60.

25. Roper, More, 46.

26. Hughes, I, 345.

27. Cf., e.g., Chambers, More, 191, 193,

28. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 427.

29. Jusserand, Wayfaring Life, 354.

30. Froude, Erasmus, 103-7; Chambers, More, 75.

31. Chapiro, 36.

32. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 423.

33. Chambers, More, 125.

34. More, Utopia, 168.

35. Ibid., 213.

36. 247.

37. Ibid.

38. 303.

39. 322-5.

40. 323.

41. 320.

42. 335.

43. 290-1.

44. 215–347, 209.

45. 178-9.

46. 343-4.

47. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 347.

48. Chambers, More, 276.

49. Ibid., 281.

50. Cf. Coulton, Panorama, 709.

51. More, English Works, 586, in Taylor, Thought and Expression, II, 68.

52. Roper, 89.

53. Ibid., 109.

54. Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Renaissance, 146.

55. Roper, 126.

56. Chambers, More, 349.

57. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 95.

58. Erasmus, Letters of Aug. 24 and 31,1535.

59. Roper, 127.

60. Chambers, 277.

61. Burnet, I, 143.

62. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 50; Pollard, 304.

63. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 142.

64. Burnet, I, 143.

65. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 70.

66. Pollard, 343.

67. Ibid.

68. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 159.

69. Lingard, V, 37.

70. Froude, II, 171.

71. Pollard, 346.

72. Ibid., 305.

73. Froude, Henry VIII, III, 26n.

74. Ibid., II, 204.

CHAPTER XXV

1. C. R. Beazley in Traill, Social England, III, 49.

2. Gasquet, Eve, 397-8.

3. Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, xii, 10.

4. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 116.

5. Ibid., 240.

6. Pollard, 337; Gasquet, Monasteries, I, 254–336.

7. Pollard, 339.

8. Froude, II, 119-26.

9. Ashley, Economic Hy, 312.

10. Gasquet, I, 341-3.

11. Ibid., 291-5.

12. Froude, II, 240.

13. Gasquet. II, 82.

14. Ibid., I, 408-9.

15. Froude, II, 56.

16. Gasquet, I, 363; II, 33, 323.

17. Ibid., II, 386-7, 438.

18. Hughes, I, 328.

19. Gasquet, II, 447-8.

20. Traill, III, 129.

21. Salzman, English Industries, 232; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 467.

22. Lecky, Rationalism, II, 126; Ashley, II, 316; Trevelyan, Social Hy, 112.

23. Traill, III, 128.

24. D’Alton, E. A., Hy of Ireland, II, 382-7; Joyce, Short Hy of Ireland, 317-20.

25. D’Alton, 530 f.; Froude, Henry VIII, III, 166.

26. Pollard, 438.

27. Froude, III, 280.

28. Pocock in English Historical Review, Vol. X, p. 421.

29. Froude, III, 280.

30. Id., II, 363.

31. III, 23-4; Pollard, 390-1.

32. Lingard, V, 73-4; Pollard, 400; Froude, III, 104.

33. Froude, Edward VI, 68.

34. Ashley, II, 351.

35. Froude, Edward VI, 69.

36. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 525; II, 137; Traill, III, 250; Marx, Capital, I, 806.

37. Trevelyan, Social Hy, 137,

38. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 16n.

39. Rogers, J., Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 78.

40. Hughes, I, 29.

41. Traill, III, 127.

42. Hughes, I, 159.

43. Lingard, V, 61.

44. Pollard, 403.

45. Lingard, V, 76.

46. Lees-Milne, Tudor Renaissance, 21.

47. Froude, Henry VIII, III, 281-2,

48. Ibid., 402-6.

49. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 459; Traill, iii, 65.

50. In Coulton, Medieval Village, who disagrees. Cf. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 43.

51. Rogers, 79 f.

CHAPTER XXVI

1. Stow’s Chronicle, in Froude, Edward VI, 21.

2. Ibid., 34.

3. Hughes, II, 162; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 490-1.

4. Rogers, 89.

5. Froude, Edward, 165.

6. Ibid., 183; Prescott, Mary Tudor, 25.

7. Hughes, II, 192-3.

8. Robertson, Freethought, I, 459.

9. Froude, Edward, 98-101-

10. Ibid., 163.

11. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 502,

12. Froude, Edward, 156.

13. Ibid., 278,

14. Ibid,

15. 163.

16. 176; Lingard, V, 22S,

17. Froude, 176.

18. Ibid., 209.

19. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 301.

20. Froude, 226.

21. Cf. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 17.

22. En. Brit., XIV, 1001.

23. Chapuys in Prescott, 50, 54.

24. Ibid.

25. En. Brit., XIV, 1000b.

26. Prescott, 122.

27. Ibid., 209.

28. Pastor, XIV, 399.

29. Froude, Mary Tudor, 44.

30. Prescott, 191-2.

31. Ibid., 194.

32. 196.

33. Froude, Mary Tudor, 66.

34. Hughes, I, 18.

35. Froude, 56.

36. Ibid., 50.

37. 56.

38. Prescott, 285.

39. Ibid., 247.

40. 266.

41. 284.

42. 315.

43. Froude, 325.

44. Prescott, 325.

45. Lingard, V, 230.

46. Prescott, 206.

47. Ibid., 302.

48. 304.

49. Pastor, XIV, 360.

50. Froude, 119.

51. Prescott, 307.

52. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 543.

53. Froude, no.

54. Prescott, 311.

55. Foxe, Acts and Monuments, I, 231 f.; Maitland, S. R., Essays on the Reformation, 409; Smith, Reformation, 586; Lee, Sidney, Dictionary of National Bioggraphy, XX, 146.

56. Hughes, II, 258-9.

57. Froude, Mary Tudor, 199.

58. Lingard, V, 231.

59. Pastor, XIV, 370.

60. Froude, 202.

61. Ibid., 233.

62. Foxe, VIII, 82 3.

63. Ibid., 88.

64. 90.

65. Froude, 235.

66. Beard, Reformation, 182.

67. Hughes, II, 198.

68. Hume, Spain: Its Greatness and Decay, 117.

69. Prescott, 332.

70. Ibid., 381.

71. 390.

CHAPTER XXVII

1. Cf. Buckle, Hy of Civilization, II, ch.ii.

2. Ibid., I, 150; Belloc, How the Reformation Happened, 188.

3. Ibid., 189.

4. Lang, Hy of Scotland, I, 425.

5. Froude, Elizabeth, I, 73.

6. Knox, Hy of the Reformation, Introd, by W. C. Dickinson, xvii.

7. Lang, I, 300.

8. Ibid., 476.

9. Froude, Henry VIII, III, 298.

10. Ibid., 295, 300.

11. Knox, History, I, 76.

12. Ibid., 78.

13. 8.

14. 55.

15. Lang, I, 484.

16. Knox, I, 84-5.

17. Muir, Knox, 119.

18. Ibid., 133.

19. 120.

20. 202.

21. Froude, Elizabeth, I, 257.

22. Allen, Political Thought, no.

23. Knox, History, Introd., lxxiii; Muir, 67.

24. Knox, I, 194 and note 2.

25. Knox, Introd., xlv; cf. Muir, 300.

26. Muir, 157.

27. Lang, II, 37.

28. Knox, II, 18.

29. Ibid., 4.

30. I, 6.

31. Knox, Introd., xli.

32. Ibid., xxxix.

33. Knox, Works, IV, 365, 373-7.

34. Ibid., 418-20.

35. Knox, Book of Discipline, in Allen, Political Thought, 113n.

36. Ibid., 113; Lecky, Rationalism, II, 16.

37. Knox, Introd., xlii, and Allen, 113.

38. In Muir, 142.

39. Ibid., 148-9.

40. Lang, II, 45.

41. Knox, I, 161-2.

42. Ibid.

43. 163.

44. Lang, II, 51-3.

45. Knox, I, 164.

46. Ibid., 171-2.

47. 182; Lang, II, 54-5.

48. Knox, I, 191.

49. Knox, II, Appendix VI.

CHAPTER XXVIII

1. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 602; En. Brit., VII, 210a.

2. Watson, P. B., Swedish Revolution under Gustavus Vasa, 123.

3. Ibid., 162.

4. 169.

5. Horn, Literature of the Scandinavian North, 147.

6. In Lednicki, Life and Culture of Poland, 107.

7. Kesten, Copernicus, 144.

8. Camb. Hy of Poland, I, 322-4.

9. Ibid., 329.

10. Lützow, Bohemia, 206n.

11. Tawney, 75.

12. Blok, II, 331.

13. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 63; Taine, Lectures on Art, 272.

14. Pirenne, H., Belgian Democracy, 218.

15. Motley, J. L., Rise of the Dutch Republic, I, 101.

16. Smith, Reformation, 240.

17. Blok, II, 314.

18. In Kautsky, 283.

19. Smith, 244.

20. Kautsky, 285 f.; Ranke, 75 f.

21. Motley, I, 222-5.

22. Smith, 245.

23. Draper, J. W., Intellectual Development of Europe, II, 226.

24. Smith, 245.

25. Armstrong, Charles V, II, 382-3; Robertson, Charles V, II, 137; Michelet, III, 293.

26. Ibid., 363.

27. 349.

28. Robinson, Readings, 317-9.

29. Altamira, Hy of Spanish Civilization, 135.

30. Hume, Spanish People, 222-3.

31. Vernadsky, G., Kievan Russia, 243,

32. Wilkins, Spanish Protestantism in the 16th Century, 19.

33. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, IV, 8-12.

34. Wilkins, 26; Camb. Mod. Hy, 1,403.

35. Lea, IV, 431-8.

36. Ibid., 441.

37. Prescott, W. H. in Robertson, Charles V, II, 648.

CHAPTER XXIX

1. Waliszewski, Ivan the Terrible, 95.

2. Rambaud, Hy of Russia, I, 286.

3. Waliszewski, Ivan, 68.

4. Eckhardt, Russia, 29.

5. Réau, L’art russe, I, 244.

6. Kluchevsky, Hy of Russia, I, 275.

7. Pokrovsky, Hy of Russia, 104.

8. Vernadsky, Hy of Russia, 55.

9. Rambaud, I, 253.

10. Kluchevsky, I, 75, 95.

11. Pokrovsky, 144.

12. Rambaud, I, 266; Waliszewski, Ivan, 267.

13. Ibid., 268, 272.

14. Pokrovsky, 157.

15. Waliszewski, 258.

16. Rambaud, I, 300.

17. Réau, I, 272.

18. Waliszewski, 374.

19. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 495.

20. Waliszewski, 381.

CHAPTER XXX

1. Browne, E. G., Literary Hy of Persia, III, 43.

2. Lamb, H., Tamerlane, 293.

3. Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 153.

4. Bulletin of the American Institute for Iranian Art, June, 1938, 248-52.

5. Arnold, T. W., Painting in Islam, 93.

6. Browne, III, 289.

7. Ibid., 277.

8. Hafiz, tr. Streit, 80.

9. In Gottheil, ed., Literature of Persia, I, 408.

10. Hafiz, tr. Streit, stanzas 10,11,19, 21, 49.

11. Bell, G. L., Poems from the Divan of Hafiz, xxiii.

12. Ouseley, G., Biographical Notices of Persian Poets, 23 f.

13. In Grousset, R., Civilizations of the East, I, 338-9.

14. Hafiz, tr. Streit, 65.

15. Ibid., stanza 38.

16. Bell, stanza xliii.

17. Clavijo, 181.

18. Ibid., 137.

19. Browne, III, 185. Some assign Timur’s lameness to a later period; so Clavijo, 210, and Sykes, P., History of Persia, II, 121.

20. Timur, Mulfuzat, v. 26.

21. Browne, III, 186.

22. Ibid., 178; Lamb, 150.

23. Browne, III, 189.

24. Ibid., 190.

25. Clavijo, 132.

26. Ibid., 151, 278.

27. Ibid., 249.

28. Pope, A. U., Masterpieces of Persian Art; 149.

29. Dawlatshah in Browne, III, 501,

30. Ibn Khaldun, Les Prolegomena, I, p. lxxii.

31. Lane-Poole, S., Cairo, 50.

32. Gibbons, H. A., Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, 150.

33. Froissart, J., Chronicles, iv, 90.

34. Lane-Poole, S., Story of Turkey, 97.

35. Cambridge Modern History, IV, 705.

36. Vambéry, A., Story of Hungary, 282.

37. Gibb, E. J., Ottoman Literature, 3.

38. Ibid., 209 f.

39. Browne, III, 455.

40. Jami, Mulla Nuru’ d-Din, tr. E. Fitzgerald, 69.

41. Pope, Masterpieces, 146.

42. Davis, F. H., Persian Mystics: Jami, 71.

43. Clavijo, 153.

44. Saladin, H., et Migeon, G., Manuel d’art musulmane, I, 357.

45. Cf. Pope, A. U., Survey of Persian Art, IV, 428 f.

46. Ibid., III, 1324.

47. Sykes, II, 155.

48. In Dimand, M. S., Handbook of Muhammadan Art, 42.

49. Arnold, T., and Guillaume, A., Legacy of Islam, 96.

50. Ibn Battuta, M., Travels, tr. H. A. Gibb, 148.

51. Ibid., 57.

52. Sarton, G., Introd. to the History of Science, II-2, 1100.

53. Arnold, Legacy of Islam, 340.

54. Ibn Khaldun, Prolegomènes, I, p. xxx.

55. Ibid., lxxiii.

56. Ibid., 4.

57. 71.

58. 12.

59. 67.

60. Boer, T., History of Philosophy in Islam, 203.

61. Ibid., 205.

62. De Vaux, C., Les penseurs de l’Islam, I, 288.

63. Ibn Khaldun, I, 175.

64. Ibid., 176 f.

65. 17 of.

66. Ibid., Introd., xxxii.

67. Ibid., 95.

68. Introd., xxxii.

69. Ibid., 324.

70. Ibid., III, 44.

71. I, 303.

72. I, 345; III, 300-5.

73. I, 333, 354.

74. III, 227, 233, 240.

75. III, 115-20, 184, 188; I, 218.

76. De Vaux, I, 282.

77. Ibn Khaldun, III, 249; I, 347.

78. III, 456.

79. III, 125.

80. Issawi, C., An Arab Philosophy of History, 21.

81. Toynbee, A., A Study of History, III, 321.

82. Sarton, III-2, 1770.

CHAPTER XXXI

1. Cambridge Mod. Hy, III, 112.

2. Sykes, II, 164; Browne, IV, 21.

3. Browne, IV, 62.

4. Ibid., 51.

5. Hughes, T. P., Dictionary of Islam, 572.

6. Doughty, Chas., Arabia Deserta, I, 59.

7. Sykes, II, 163.

8. Pope, A. U., Introduction to Persian Art, 224.

9. Browne, IV, 93.

10. Sykes, II, 168-9.

11. Dimand, M. S., Guide to an Exhibition of Islamic Miniature Painting, 34.

12. Pope, A. U., Catalogue of a Loan Exhibition of Early Oriental Carpets, 39.

13. Merriman, R. B., Suleiman the Magnificent, 33.

14. Ibid., 190.

15. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 92.

16. Guicciardini, F., History of the Wars in Italy, VIII, 12; Schevill, F., History of the Balkan Peninsula, 217; Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 93.

17. Merriman, 60.

18. Ibid., 61.

19. Bury, J. B., in Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 93.

20. Merriman, 72.

21. Camb. Mod. Hy, 94-5,

22. Ibid., 95.

23. Ranke, L. von, History of the Reformation in Germany, 579.

24. Merriman, 124.

25. Ibid., 141-2.

26. Camb. Mod. Hy, III, 123.

27. Gibbons, Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, 81; Schevill, 240.

28. Schevill, 233.

29. Merriman, 171.

30. Bury in Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 101.

31. Merriman, 202.

32. Ibid., 165.

33. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 101.

34. Creasy, E. S., History of the Ottoman Turks, 113; Merriman, 148.

35. Robertson, Wm., History of the Reign of Charles V, II, 367.

36. Schevill, 238.

37. Creasy, 109.

38. Lane-Poole, S., Saladin, 36.

39. Hitti, P. K., History of the Arabs, 19.

40. Merriman, 203.

41. Gibbons, 74; Creasy, 106.

42. Bacon, Fr., Philosophical Works, ed. Robertson, 749.

43. Creasy, 113.

44. Gibb, Ottoman Literature, 233.

45. Camb. Mod. Hy, VI, 420.

46. Creasy, 108.

47. Ibid., 109.

48. Gibb, 123-8.

49. Luther, To the Christian Nobility, in Works, II, 149.

50. Froude, J. A., The Reign of Henry VIII, II, 184n.

51. Lang, A., History of Scotland, II, 78.

52. Gibb., 218.

53. Merriman, 185-93; Robertson, Charles V. II, 365-73.

CHAPTER XXXII

1. Percy, Thos., Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, II, 116; Jewish Encyc., XII, 462.

2. Marcus, J., The Jew in the Medieval World, 395-7.

3. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, IV, 272.

4. Erasmus, Letter to Capito, March 13, 1518.

5. Graetz, IV, 296-9; Abbott, G. F., Israel in Europe, 198-9.

6. Abbott, 203.

7. Baron, Salo, Social and Religious History of the Jews, II, 58 f.

8. Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, III–I, 57.

9. Graetz, IV, 220.

10. Ibid., 407.

11. Pastor, L., History of the Popes, VIII, 444.

12. Id., X, 372.

13. Roth, C., in Finkelstein, L., ed., The Jews, 239.

14. Waxman, M., History of Jewish Literature, II, 66.

15. Roth, C., The Jewish Contribution to Civilization, 92.

16. Thompson, J. W., Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages, 30.

17. Newman, L. J., Jewish Influence in Christian Reform Movements, 436-50.

18. Dubnow, S. M., History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, I, 61.

19. Ibid., 85-7.

20. Abrahams, Israel, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, 403.

21. Newman, 483.

22. Ibid., 473.

23. Graetz, IV, 549-51.

24. Finkelstein, 241.

25. Coulton, G. G., Medieval Panorama, 185.

26. Sarton, III-2, 1059.

27. Coulton, G. G., From St. Francis to Dante, no.

28. Janssen, J., History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, II, 73.

29. Roth, Jewish Contribution, 25.

30. Graetz, IV, 286.

31. Ibid., 245.

32. Cf. e.g., Coulton, Life in the Middle Ages, II, 147.

33. Graetz, IV, 253.

34. Ibid., 55-7; Baron, II, 29.

35. Monmarché, M., ed., Châteaux of the Loire, 190.

36. Graetz, IV, 98.

37. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, I, 101; Abbott, 103; Graetz, 103.

38. Ibid., 101.

39. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 331.

40. Marcus, 44.

41. Cambridge Medieval History, VII, 657.

42. Baron, II, 29.

43. Lea, Inquisition in the Middle Ages, II, 379.

44. Graetz, 109-10.

45. Thompson, Economic and Social History, 214.

46. Kastein, J., History and Destiny of the Jews, 321.

47. Janssen, II, 78.

48. Ibid., 76.

49. Jew. Encyc., III, 554.

50. Graetz, 302-7.

51. Ibid., 513.

52. Ibid., 515.

53. Ibid., 52071.

54. Ibid., 523.

55. Prescott, W. H., History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, I, 517; Abbott, 191.

56. Burckhardt, J., Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, 488.

57. Sombart, W., The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 17.

58. Finkelstein, 240.

59. Roth, Jewish Contribution, 210.

60. Graetz, 500.

61. Ibid., 515.

62. Ibid., 525-7.

63. Ibid., 567; Pastor, XIV, 271-4.

64. Abbott, 203; Abrahams, Jewish Life, 67.

65. Pastor, XIV, 274.

66. Abbott, 204; Robertson, W., History of the Reign of Charles V, I, 206-7.

67. Pastor, i.e.

68. Graetz, 361-2.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid., 356.

71. Robertson, W., Charles V, I, 207.

72. Burton, R. F., The Jew, the Gypsy, and El Islam, 65.

73. Graetz, III, 511.

74. Durant, W., Age of Faith, 375.

75. Finkelstein, 229.

76. Abrahams, Jewish Life, 160.

77. Abbott, 202.

78. Marcus, 170 f.

79. Abrahams, I., Chapters on Jewish Literature, 226.

80. Waxman, II, 258.

81. Jew. Encyc., XII, 404.

82. Baron, II, 132.

83. Husik, I., History of Medieval Jewish Philosophy, 360; Waxman, 256.

84. Jew. Encyc., VIII, 29.

85. Baron, 85.

CHAPTER XXXIII

1. Mattingly, G., Catherine of Aragon, 109.

2. Agricola, De re metallica, 99, 100.

3. Ibid., xiii, 46-7, 52.

4. Usher, 274.

5. Toynbee, A., A Study of History, IX, 365-6.

6. Erasmus, «Diversoria,» in Colloquies, I, 288 f.

7. Merchant of Venice, III, iv, 271.

8. Smith, Reformation, 473.

9. Froude, Edward VI, 41-2; Marx, Capital, 808.

10. Smith, Reformation, 554-5.

11. Ibid., 469.

12. Thomas Aquinas, Summa theologica, II Ilae, lxvi, 7; cxviii, 1.

13. Lacroix, Manners, Customs, and Dress during the Middle Ages, 479.

14. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 436.

15. Kesten, Copernicus, 33.

16. Coulton, Medieval Village, 338.

17. Lecky, Rationalism, II, 113.

18. Hackett, Francis I, 406.

19. Smith, Reformation, 483.

20. Beard, Luther, 126.

21. Froude, Edward VI, 2.

22. Pollard, Henry VIII, 432.

23. Armstrong, Charles V, I, 59.

24. Starkey, Thos., Dialogue between Reginald Pole and Thomas Lupset, London, 1871, in Allen, Political Thought, 149.

25. Smith, Erasmus, 27.

26. Bakeless, Tragicall Hy of Christopher Marlowe, 50.

27. Friedländer, Roman Life and Manners, II, 93.

28. Janssen, XI, 239.

29. Brantôme, Lives of Gallant Ladies, 65,68.

30. Maulde, 391.

31. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1151.

32. Janssen, XI, 233.

33. Lacroix, II, 1162 f.

34. Brantôme, 133.

35. Lacroix, II, 1189.

36. Smith, Reformation, 321

37. Erasmus, Colloquies, I, 342.

38. Rabelais, iii, 48.

39. Ascham, The Scholemaster, 50.

40. In Smith, Reformation, 412.

41. Turner, Hy of Courting, 45-7; Briffauk, The Mothers, III, 415; Smith, Modern Culture, I, 531.

42. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici, 6.

43. Cf. Lippmann, W., The Public Philosophy, 117.

44. Cf. O’Brien, Economic Effects of the Reformation, 75.

45. Schapiro, Social Reform, 31.

46. Ibid.

47. Froude, Edward VI, 166.

48. Maulde, 66.

49. Sichel, Women, 230.

50. O’Brien, 55.

51. Janssen, III, 367.

52. Froude, Edward VI, 69.

53. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 327.

54. Froude, i.e.

55. Smith, Reformation, 559.

56. Ashley, II, 369.

57. Ibid., 342.

58. Watson, F., Luis Vives, 61.

59. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 372.

60. Lecky, Hy of European Morals, II, 54.

61. Ibid., 55.

62. Janssen, IV, 60 f.

63. Werke (Erlangen), I, 14, in Maritain, Three Reformers, 186.

64. O’Brien, 51, transposed.

65. Janssen, VI, 275; Smith, Luther, 416.

66. Janssen, VII, 301.

67. Lea, Auricular Confession, III, 428.

68. Calvin, Preface to the Geneva Catechism.

69. Lang, Hy of Scotland, II, 402.

70. Froude, Edward VI, 265.

71. Traill, III, 160.

72. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1213-4.

73. Maulde, 217.

74. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 722.

75. Wright, Thos., Womankind in Western Europe, 325.

76. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1205.

77. Ibid., 1204.

78. Allen, P. S., Age of Erasmus, 203-4; Smith, Reformation, 510.

79. Wright, Thos., Domestic Manners, 491.

80. Coulton, Social Life, 376; Medieval Panorama, 313.

81. Baedeker, Munich, 12.

82. Huizinga, Waning of Middle Ages, 289.

83. Smith, Reformation, 500,

84. Wright, Domestic Manners, 485-8.

85. In Nock & Wilson, Rabelais, 41.

86. In Bainton, Here I Stand, 343.

87. Rashdall, Universities, III, 422.

88. In Lacroix, Manners, 241.

CHAPTER XXXIV

1. Sichel, Women, 246.

2. Lang, Music in Western Civilization, 300.

3. Einstein, A., The Italian Madrigal, I, 7.

4. Grove, Dictionary of Music and Musicians, III, 459.

5. Whitcomb, Literary Source Book of the German Renaissance, 22.

6. Grove, III, 254.

7. McKinney and Anderson, Music in History, 210.

8. Blok, II, 377.

9. Kiesewetter, Hy of Music, in Grove, III, 684.

10. Bainton, Here I Stand, 343.

11. McKinney, 303.

12. Guizot, Hy of France, III, 123.

13. Bainton, Here I Stand, 344.

14. Janelle, Catholic Reformation, 218.

15. Froude, Erasmus, 122.

16. Grove, IV, 20 f.

17. Cf. Oxford Hy of Music, II, 243.

CHAPTER XXXV

1. Putnam, Books, II, 40-1.

2. Luther, Works, IV, 128.

3. Janssen, III, 355.

4. Ibid., 356.

5. 363.

6. Luther, IV, 156.

7. Richard, German Civilization, 289; Janssen, III, 358.

8. Paulsen, German Education, 56-7.

9. Luther, IV, 128.

10. Janssen, XIII, 260, 264.

11. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 468; Gasquet, Eve, 42.

12. Traill, III, 93.

13. Owen, J., Skeptics of the French Renaissance, 438.

14. Graves, F., Peter Ramus, 15.

15. Camb. Hy of Poland, I, 274.

16. Elyot, The Governour, i, 12.

17. Ibid., I, II.

18. Watson, F., Luis Vives, 33.

19. In Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 242.

20. Ibid., 199.

21. Sichel, Women, 47.

22. Marot, Rondeau 13, in Maulde, 165.

23. France, A., Rabelais, 6.

24. Smith, Erasmus, 414; France, Rabelais, 38.

25. Faguet, 211.

26. Rabelais, Gargantua, ed. Cluny, Introd., xxi.

27. Michelet, III, 300.

28. Rabelais, Introd., xxiii.

29. Owen, French Renaissance, 619.

30. Rabelais, Works, bk. ii, ch. 8.

31. Tilley, Studies in the French Renaissance, 85 f.

32. Nock, Rabelais, 105.

33. Brunetière, Manual of French Literature, 46n.

34. France, Rabelais, 216.

35. Smith, Reformation, 195n.

36. France, 124.

37. Sichel, Women, 239.

38. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici, 245

39. La Tour, Origines, IV, 413.

40. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 510.

41. Holzknecht, Backgrounds of Shakespeare, 270.

42. Camb. Hy of English Literature, III, 189.

43. Richard, German Civilization, 151.

44. Janssen, XIII, 467.

45. In Bainton, Reformation, 129.

46. En. Brit., IX, 675.

47. Putnam, Books, II, 243.

48. Janssen, XI, 317 f.

49. In Friedell, Cultural Hy of the Modern Age, I, 232.

50. Janssen, XII, 324 f

51. En. Brit., XXXIII, 1192.

52. In Trend, Civilization of Spain, 101.

53. Prescott, Ferdinand, II, 568n.

54. Ibid., 569n; Camb. Mod. Hy, V, 495.

55. Hefele, Ximenez, 101; Hume, The Spanish People, 348.

56. Allen, Political Thought, 119.

57. Diaz del Castillo, True Hy of the Conquest of Mexico, xi.

58. Mendoza, Lazarillo de Tormes, Introd., 3.

59. Ticknor, Spanish Literature, II, 512.

60. Mendoza, 71.

CHAPTER XXXVI

1. In Coulton, Art and the Reformation, 408.

2. Janssen, XI, 56.

3. Calvin, Institutes, I, xi, 12.

4. Michelet, III, 295.

5. Dimier, French Painting in the Sixteenth Century, 51.

6. Tavannes in Sichel, Catherine, 294.

7. Vasari, II, 355.

8. Ibid.

9. Blomfield, Hy of French Architecture, I, 81.

10. Lacroix, Arts of the Middle Ages, 151.

11. Ward, Architecture of the Renaissance in France, II, 125.

12. Sichel, Catherine, 394.

13. Réalitiés magazine, March, 1954, p. 27.

14. Conway, The Van Eycks, 494.

15. Glück, Pieter Brueghel le Vieux, 7.

16. Conway, 492.

17. Glück, Brueghel: Details from His Pictures, 10–11.

18. Craven, Treasury of Art Masterpieces, 112.

19. Smith, Luther, 176.

20. Bond, Fr., Westminster Abbey, 131.

21. Bacon, Fr., Henry VII, in Works, VI, 245.

22. Blomfield, Renaissance Architecture in England, 8; Lees-Milne, Tudor Renaissance, 31.

23. Ibid.

24. 45.

25. Blomfield, 11.

26. Ganz, P., The Paintings of Hans Holbein, 218.

27. So Stange, German Painting, 28; but Ganz, 223, assigns it to 1528-30.

28. En. Brit., VIII, 679a.

29. Stange, 22.

30. Janssen, XI, 48.

31. Ibid.

32. Ganz, 284.

33. Woltmann, Holbein and His Time, 454.

34. Calvert, Cordova, 97.

35. Dieulafoy, Art in Spain and Portugal, 230.

36. Calvert, Sculpture in Spain, 125; but Stirling-Maxwell, Annals of the Artists of Spain, I, 126, questions the story.

37. Dieulafoy, 336.

CHAPTER XXXVII

1. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 182.

2. Janssen, XII, 292.

3. Traill, III, 269.

4. Janssen, XII, 307.

5. Thorndike, Hy of Magic and Experimental Science, V, 231.

6. Coulton, Medieval Village, 268.

7. Janssen, XII, 372.

8. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 112.

9. In Kesten, Copernicus, 96.

10. Lacroix, Science and Literature in the Middle Ages, 211; Thorndike, V, 175, 255-9.

11. Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 112.

12. Smith, Luther, 310.

13. Roeder, Catherine de, Medici, 368.

14. Lecky, Rationalism, II, 3.

15. Lacroix, Military and Religious Life, 444; Smith, Reformation, 656.

16. Friedell, I, 283.

17. Lea, Studies in Church Hy, 588.

18. Lea, Inquisition in Spain, IV, 220.

19. Lecky, Hy of European Morals, II, 54.

20. Traill, III, 326; Froude, Henry VIII, III, 191.

21. Lea, IV, 212-25.

22. Janssen, XII, 355.

23. Spence, Cornelius Agrippa, 84.

24. Ibid.

25. Thorndike, V, 136-7.

26. Spence, 79.

27. Owen, Evenings with the Skeptics, II, 495-6.

28. Kesten, 196; Thorndike, V, 178 f.

29. Cath. En., IV, 352.

30. Leonardo, Notebooks, I, 310, 298.

31. Gassendi in Kesten, 109.

32. Kesten, 132.

33. Ibid., 153.

34. Commentariolus, in Rosen. Three Coperincan Treatises, 58.

35. Trattner, Architects of Ideas, 28.

36. Luther, Table Talk, 69, in Fosdick, Great Voices of the Reformation, xviii

37. In Russell, B., Hy of Western Philosophy, 52 %.

38. Kesten, 233.

39. Ibid., 382.

40. 309.

41. 295-6.

42. Rosen, 30.

43. Kesten, 297-8.

44. E.g., Kesten, 299; Trattner, 31,

45. Prefaces and Prologues, in Harvard Classics, XXXIX, 52 f.

46. Copernicus, De revolutionibus, i, 5.

47. Ibid., i, 10.

48. Josiah Royce in Fletcher, J. A., Dante, 236.

49. In White, Warfare of Science with Theology, I, 212.

50. In Agricola, De re metallica, 595.

51. Penrose, Travel and Discovery, 306.

52. R. I. Mantiri of Indonesia has argued unconvincingly that Magellan was not killed on Mactan, but chose to remain behind and to found a kingdom in the Celebes.

53. Castiglioni, Hy of Medicine, 421.

54. Sigerist, The Great Doctors, 125.

55. In Saunders & O’Malley, The Illustrations from the Works of Andreas Vesalius, 14.

56. Locy, Biology and Its Makers, 28.