Текст книги "На исходе дня. История ночи"

Автор книги: А. Роджер Экерч

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2. Herbert's Devotions… (London, 1657), 236; Robert Louis Stevenson, The Cevennes Journal: Notes on a Journey through the French Highlands, ed. Gordon Golding (Edinburgh, 1978), 79–82.

3. Я обнаружил 83 упоминания о «первом сне» в 72 разных источниках периода 1300–1800 годов. Примеры см. в тексте. Выражения «первая дремота» и «мертвый сон» см. в кн.: A. Roger Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-industrial Slumber in the British Isles,» AHR 106 (2001), 364. Меньшее количество упоминаний о сне, поделенном на части, найденных мною в старых американских источниках, позволяет предположить, что этот сон, хотя и встречается в Северной Америке, возможно, распространен там меньше, чем в Европе, по причинам, идущим от различий в пропорциональном отношении дня/ночи к более широкому использованию искусственного освещения в колониях. Два источника – Benjamin Franklin, "Letter of the Drum," PG, Apr. 23, 1730, and Hudson Muse to Thomas Muse, Apr. 19, 1771, in "Original Letters," WMQ 2 (1894), 240 – содержат в себе выражение «первая дремота». См. также: Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost,» 364.

4. Я нашел 21 упоминание этих выражений в 19 источниках XVII–XIX веков (Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost,» 364).

5. База данных ранней итальянской литературы Opera del Vocabolario, представленная консорциумом ItalNet (Web: www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/ARTFL/projects/ OVI/), содержит 57 упоминаний primo sonino и primo sono в 32 текстах только XIV века.

6. О primo sonno или незначительно отличающихся primus somnus либо «primi somni», встретившихся мне 19 раз в 16 текстах, половина из которых написана до XIII века, см., например: Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost,» 364–365. О concubia node см.: D. P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin Dictionary (London, 1982), 128.

7. Mid-Night Thoughts, Writ, as Some Think, by a London-Whigg, or a Westminster Tory… (London, 1682), A 2, 17; William Keatinge Clay, ed., Private Prayers, Put Forth by Authority during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (London, 1968), 440–441; OED, s. v. "watching."

8. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (Avon, Ct., 1974), 403; William Baldwin, Beware the Cat, ed. William Ringler, Jr., and Michael Flachmann (San Marino, Calif., 1988), 5.

9. George Wither, Iwenila (London, 1633), 239; Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (London, 1690), 589. См. также: Francis Peck, Desiderrata Curiosa… (London, 1732), II, 33. Упоминания о «первом сне» животных см., например: James Shirley, The Constant Maid (London, 1640); Samuel Jackson Pratt, Harvest-Home… (London, 1805), II, 457.

10. Raimundus Lullus, Liber de Regionibus Sanitatis et Informitatis (n. p., 1995), 107; Harrison, Description, 382. См. также: Crusius, Node, ch. 3.11.

11. The Dramatic Works of Sir William D'Avenant (New York, 1964), III, 75; J. Irvine Smith, ed., Selected Justiciary Cases, 1624–1650 (Edinburgh, 1974), III, 642; Taillepied, Ghosts, 97–98; Richard Hurst, trans., Endimion: An Excellent Fancy First Composed in French by Mounsieur Gombauld (London, 1639), 74; Shirley Strum Kenny, ed., The Works of George Farquhar (Oxford, 1988), 1,100.

12. Governai, In this Tretyse that Is Cleped Govemayle ofHelthe (New York, 1969); William Bullein, A Newe Boke of Phisicke Called y Goveriment of Health… (London, 1559), 90; Andrew Boorde, A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of Health… (London, 1547); André Du Laurens, A Discourse of the Preservation of the Sight…, ed. Sanford V. Larkey, trans. Richard Surfleet ([London], 1938), 190.

13. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, trans. Barbara Bray (New York, 1978), 277,227; Nicolas Rémy, La Démonolârie, ed. Jean Boës (1595; rpt. edn., Lyons, n. d), 125. См. также: Jean Duvemoy, ed., Le Registre d'inquisition de Jacques Fournier, Évêque de Pamiers (1318–1325) (Toulouse, 1965), 1,243.

14. Anthony C. Meisel and M. L. del Mastro, trans., The Rule of St. Benedict (Garden City, N.Y., 1975), 66; Alan of Lille, The Art of Preaching, trans. Gillian R. Evans (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1981), 136; Richard Baxter, Practical Works… (London, 1838), 1,339; Mid-Night Thoughts, 158–159; Abbot Gasquet, English Monastic Life (London, 1905), 111–112; С. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London, 1984), 28–30; John M. Staudenmaier, S. J., "What Ever Happened to the Holy Dark in the West? The Enlightenment Ideal & the European Mystical Tradition," in Leo Marx and Bruce Mazlish, eds., Progress: Fact or Illusion? (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996), 184.

15. Livy with an English Translation in Fourteen Volumes, trans. F. G. Moore (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), VI, 372–373; Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York, 1992), 43; Pausanias, Description of Greece, trans. W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerod (Cambridge, 1966), II, 311; Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, trans. John Dryden (New York, 1979), 630, 1208; Allardyce Nicoli, ed., Chapman's Homer: The Iliad, The Odyssey and the Lesser Homerica (Princeton, N. J., 1967), II, 73.

16. Paul Bohannon, "Concepts of Time among the Tiv of Nigeria," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9 (1953), 253; Paul and Laura Bohannan, Three Source Notebooks in Tiv Ethnography (New Haven, 1958), 357; Bruno Gutmann, The Tribal Teachings of the Chagga (New Haven, 1932); George B. Silberbauer, Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert (Cambridge, 1981), 111.

17. Thomas A. Wehr, "A 'Clock for All Seasons' in the Human Brain," in R. M. Buijs et al., eds., Hypothalamic Integration of Circadian Rhythms (Amsterdam, 1996), 319–340; Thomas A. Wehr, "The Impact of Changes in Nightlength (Scotoperiod) on Human Sleep," in F. W. Turek and P. C. Zee, eds., Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms (New York, 1999), 263–285; Natalie Angier, "Modem Life Suppresses Ancient Body Rhythm," New York Times, Mar. 14,1995; сведения сообщены Томасом Вером 23 и 31 декабря 1996 года.

18. Warren Е. Leary, "Feeling Tired and Run Down? It Could be the Lights," NYT, Feb. 8, 1996; Charles A Czeisler, "The Effect of Light on the Human Circadian Pacemaker," in Derek J. Chadwick and Kate Ackrill, eds., Circadian Clocks and Their Adjustment (Chichester, Eng., 1995), 254–302; William C. Dement, The Promise of Sleep (New York, 1999), 98—101. Вер, по его признанию, предположил, что иные, помимо темноты, условия экспериментов могли вызвать у его субъектов двойную форму покоя, к примеру скуку или непреднамеренный сон. «Необходимо дальнейшее исследование, – писал он, – чтобы определить, является ли сама по себе темнота или факторы, связанные с состоянием темноты, и в какой степени причиной различий, которые мы наблюдали в сне субъектов» (Thomas A. Wehr et al., «Conservation of Photoperiod-responsive Mechanisms in Humans,» American Journal of Physiology 265 [1993], R855). Но именно такие факторы, как правило, не преобладают в большинстве упоминаний первого и второго сна. Сон в этих случаях не был непроизвольным, также он не являлся и следствием однообразного окружения.

19. Dec. 14,1710, George Aitken, ed., The Tatler (1899; rpt. edn., New York, 1970), IV, 337, 339; Apr. 9,1664, Pepys, Diary, V, 118; Mar. 19,1776, Charles Ryskamp and Frederick A. Pottle, eds., Boswell: The Ominous Years, 1774–1776 (New York, 1963), 276.

20. Edward MacCurdy, ed., The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (New York, 1938), II, 256–257.

21. Boorde, Compendyous Regyment, viii; John Dunton, Teague Land, or A Merry Ramble to the Wild Irish: Letters from Ireland, 1698, ed. Edward MacLysaght (Blackrock, Ire., 1982), 25.

22. Thomas Jubb, Nov. 17, 1740, Assi 45/22/1/102; Nov. 12, 1729, Nov 30,1726, Jan. 4, 1728, Robert Sanderson, Diary, St. John's College, Cambridge; Francis James Child, ed., The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (New York, 1965), П, 241; Robert Boyle, Works… (London, 1772), V, 341; Richard Wiseman, Eight Chirurgical Treatises… (London, 1705), 505; Lyne Walter, An Essay towards a… Cure in the Small Pox (London, 1714), 37.

23. Tobias Venner, Via Recta ad Warn Longam… (London, 1637), 272; Walter Pope, The Life of the Right Reverend Father in God Seth, Lord Bishop of Salisbury… (London, 1697), 145; Best, Books, 124; Vosgien, An Historical and Biographical Dictionary…, trans. Catharine Collignon (Cambridge, 1801), IV.

24. Jane Allison, Mar. 15, 1741, Assi 45/22/2/64B; Stephen Duck, The Thresher's Labour (Los Angeles, 1985), 16; A. R. Myers, ed., English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 (London, 1969), 1190.

25. Notes and Queries, 2nd Ser., 5, no. 115 (Mar. 13,1858), 207; Tobias Smollett, Peregrine Pickle (New York, 1967), U, 244.

26. Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York, 1987), 835.

27. JRAI, II, 376; Thomas Nicholson, June 2,1727, Assi 45/18/4/39—40; Herbert's Devotions, 237; Anthony Homeck, The Happy Ascetick, or, the Best Exercise ([London], 1680), 414; Mary Atkinson, Mar. 9, 1771, Assi 45/30/1/3; Jane Rowth, Apr. 11, 1697, Assi 45/17/2/93.

28. Nicolas Rémy, Demonolatry, ed. Montague Summers and trans. E. A. Ashwin (Secaucus, N. J., 1974), 43–46; Francesco Maria Guazzo, Compendium Maleficarum, ed. Montague Summers and trans. E. A. Ashwin (Secaucus, N. J., 1974), 33–48.

29. Homeck, Happy Ascetick, 415; M. Lopes de Almeida, Diàlogos de D. Frei Amador Arrais (Porto, 1974), 19; The Whole Duty of Prayer (London, 1657), 13; Richard and John Day, A Booke of Christian Praiers… (London, 1578), 440–441; R. Sherlock, The Practical Christian: or, the Devout Penitent… (London, 1699), 322–323; Frederick James Fumivall, ed., Phillip Stubbes's Anatomy of the Abuses in England in Shakespeare's Youth, A. D. 1583 (London, 1877), 221.

30. Cowper, The Works (London, 1836), IX, 45–50; Danielle Regnier-Bohler, "Imagining the Self," in HPLII, 357; Mid-Night Thoughts.

31. Dorothy Rhodes, Mar. 18, 1650, York Depositions, 28. См. также: Geoffroy de La Tour-Landry, Book of the Knight of La Tour Landry (London, 1906), fo. 3b.; Jan. 4, 1728, Sanderson, Diary.

32. The Deceyte of Women… (n. p., 1568); Helen Simpson, ed. and trans., The Waiting City: Paris, 1782–1788. Being an Abridgement of Louis-Sébastian Mercier's "Le Tableau de Paris" (Philadelphia, 1933), 76; Aviel Orenstein, ed., Mishnah Berurah: Laws Concerning Miscellaneous Blessings, the Minchah Service, the Ma’ariv Service and Evening Conduct… (Jerusalem, 1989), 435.

33. Laurent Joubert, Popular Errors, trans. Gregory David de Rocher (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1989), 112–113; Thomas Cogan, The Haven of Health (London, 1588), 252. См. также: Boorde, Compendyous Regyment; Orenstein, ed., Mishnah Berurah, 441.

34. Cardano, The Book of My Life (New York, 1962), 82; Thomas Jefferson, Writings, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (New York, 1984), 1417; Francis Quarles, Enchiridion… (London, 1644), ch. 54.

35. Everie Woman in Her Humor (London, 1609); Wilson, English Proverbs, 566. См. также: July 12,1702, Cowper, Diary; May 24,1595, Richard Rogers and Samuel Ward, Two Elizabethan Puritan Diaries, ed. Marshall Mason Knappen (Gloucester, Mass., 1966), 105.

36. Oliver Lawson Dick, ed., Aubrey's Brief Lives (London, 1950), 131; Crusius, Node, ch. 1.5; GM 18 (1748), 108; G and NDA, Feb. 11,1769; Rita Shenton, Christopher Pinchbeck and His Family (Ashford, Eng., 1976), 29.

37. Régnier-Bohler, "Imagining the Self," 390; Edmund Spenser, The Works…, ed. Edwin Greenlaw (Baltimore, 1947), II, 249; Richard Brome, The Northern Lasse (London, 1632); William Davenant, The Platonick Lovers (London, 1636); Cowper, Works, IX, 45.

38. Roy Harvey Pearce, ed., Nathaniel Hawthorne: Tales and Sketches… (New York, 1982), 200–201; John Wade, Redemption of Time… (London, 1692), 187. Другой моралист, обеспокоенный тем, что многие мастурбируют по ночам, предупреждал, что спящему необходимо «привыкнуть вставать сразу после первого сна» (S. A. D. Tissot, Onanism: Or a Treatise upon the Disorders Produced by Masturbation… [London, 1767], 122).

39. Mercier, The Night Cap (Philadelphia, 1788), 4.

40. Tertullian, Apologetical Works, trans. Rudolph Arbesmann et al. (New York, 1950), 288; Sidney J. H. Herrtage, ed., Early English Versions of the Gesta Romanorum (London, 1879), 207; Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 403–404; Mar. 11,1676, Jane Lead, A Fountain of Gardens… (London, 1697), 121; Jan. 6,1677, Heywood, Diaries, 1,340; Peter Corbin and Douglas Sedge, eds., Ram Alley (Nottingham, 1981), 56.

41. Hubert, Egypts Favourite. The History of Joseph… (London, 1631). См. также, например: William Vaughan, Naturali and Artificial Directions for Health… (London, 1607), 55.

42. Looker-On, May 22,1792, 234; Geoffrey Keynes, ed., The Works of Sir Thomas Browne (London, 1931), V, 185; Nashe, Works, I, 355.

43. Thomas Tryon, A Treatise of Dreams & Visions… (London, 1689), 9; WR or UJ, Dec. 30, 1732; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 128–130.

44. Keynes, ed., Browne Works, V, 185; James K. Hosmer, ed., Winthop's Journal: "History of New England," 1630–1649 (New York, 1908), 1,121.

45. "Somnifer," PA, Oct. 24,1767, S. R. F. Price, "The Future of Dreams: From Freud to Artemidorous," PP 113 (1986), 31–32; Thomas Hill, The Most Pleasaunt Arte of the Interpretation ofDremes… (London, [1571]); Nocturnal Revels: or, a General History of Dreams…, 2 vols. (1706–1707).

46. Thomas Johnson, trans., The Werkes ofthat Famous Chirurgion Ambrose Parey (London, 1649), 27; Ripa, Nocturno Tempore, ch. 9.27; Levinus Lemnius, The Touchstone of Complexions…, trans. T. Newton (London, 1576), 113–114.

47. Feltham, Resolves (London, 1628), 18,163; Thomas Tryon, Wisdom's Dictates: or, Aphorisms & Rules… (London, 1691), 68.

48. Sept. 12,1644, Josselin, Diary, 20; Mar. 8, 1626, The Works of the Most Reverend Father in God, William Laud… (Oxford, 1853), III, 201; July 31,1675, Sewall, Diary, 1,12.

49. Lemnius, Touchstone, trans. Newton, 114; Phillipe Martin, "Corps en Repos ou Corps en Danger? Le Sommeil dans les Livres de Piété (Seconde Moitié du XVIIIe Siècle)," Revue d’Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses 80 (2000), 255; Aug. 15,1665, Feb. 7,1669, Pepys, Diary, VI, 191, IX, 439; Cannon, Diary, 344. Пенис обычно поднимается во время сновидения независимо от содержания сна; в действительности мужчины имеют в среднем «четыре-пять эрекций за ночь (когда они спят), каждая из которых продолжается от пяти до десяти минут» (Kenneth Jon Rose, The Body in Time [New York, 1989], 54,95).

50. Charles Carlton, "The Dream Life of Archbishop Laud," History Today 36 (1986), 9—14; Alan Macfarlane, The Family Life of Ralph Josselin, a Seventeenth-Century Clergyman (Cambridge, 1970), 183–187.

51. Cardano, Book of My Life, 156, 161; July 24, 1751, James MacSparran, A Letter Book and Abstract of Out Services, Written during the Years 1743–1751, ed. Daniel Goodwin (Boston, 1899), 45; James Strachey, ed., The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London, 1975), XXI, 203.

52. Torrington, Diaries, 1,165; Aug. 2,1589, Aug. 6,1597, J. O. Halliwell, ed., The Private Diary of Dr. John Dee (London, 1842), 31,59.

53. Jan. 2,1686, Sewall, Diary, 1,91; Henry Fishwick, ed., The Note Book of the Rev. Thomas Jolly, A.D. 1671–1693 (Manchester, 1894), 100; Jean Bousquet, Les Thèmes du Rêve dans la Littérature Romantique (Paris, 1964).

54. Lady Marchioness of Newcasde, Orations of Divers Sorts… (London, 1662), 300.

55. Apr. 4,1706, Aug. 22,1716, Sewall, Diary, 1,544, II, 829.

56. Sept. 4,1625, Laud Works, III, 173; Oct. 17,1588, Halliwell, ed., Dee Diary, 29; Mar. 20, 1701, Robert Wodrow, Analecta; or, Materials for a History of Remarkable Providences…, ed. Matthew Leishman (Edinburgh, 1842), I, 6; Feb. 17, 1802, Woodforde, Diary, V, 369.

57. Nov. 20, 1798, Drinker, Diary, II, 112. См., например: Cardano, Book of My Life, 89; Wodrow, Analecta, II, 315, III, 339; July 15, 1738, Benjamin Hanbury, An Enlarged Series of Extracts from the Diary, Meditations and Letters of Mr. Joseph Williams (London, 1815), 131.

58. Jan. 7,1648, C.H. Josten, ed., Elias Ashmole (1617–1692)… (Oxford, 1967), II, 467, Jan. 6,1784, Irma Lustig and Frederick Albert Pottle, eds., Boswell, The Applause of the Jury, 1782–1785 (New York, 1981), 175.

59. Feb. 10,1799, William Warren Sweet, Religion on the American Frontier, 1782–1840: The Methodists… (Chicago, 1946), IV, 217–218.

60. June 30, 1654, Feb. 15, 1658, Josselin, Diary, 325, 419; June 16, 1689, Mar. 18, 1694, Feb. 13,1705, Sewall, Diary, 1,219,328,518; May 28,1789, Woodforde, Diary, III, 108; Dec. 2, 1720, William Byrd, The London Diary (1717–1721) and Other Writings, ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (Oxford, 1958), 481; Oct. 12,1582, Halliwell, ed., Dee Diary, 17; Jan. 29,1708, J. E. Foster, ed., The Diary of Samuel Newton (Cambridge, 1890), 118; Aug. 27, Oct. 14,1773, Frederick A. Pottle and Charles H. Bennett, eds., Boswell's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, LLD, 1773 (New York, 1961), 87–88, 303–304; Feb. 3, 15, 1776, Ryskamp and Pottle, eds., Ominous Years, 230,235.

61. May 30,1695, Foster, ed., Newton Diary, 109; Dec. 21,1626, Laud Works, III, 197; Carlton, "Dream Life of Laud," 13.

62. Mid-Night Thoughts, 34; Mark R. Cohen, ed. and trans., The Autobiography of a Seventeenth-Century Venetian Rabbi: Leon Modena's Life of Judah (Princeton, N. J., 1988), 94, 99; James J. Cartwright, The Wentworth Papers, 1705–1739 (London, 1883), 148; Wolfgang Behringer, Shaman of Oberstorf: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Night, trans. H. C. Erik Midelfort (Charlottesville, Va., 1998); Boyereau Brinch, The Blind African Slave… (St. Albans, Vt., 1810), 149–150; Michael Craton, Testing the Chains: Resistance to Slavery in the British West Indies (Ithaca, N. Y, 1982), 250.

63. Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi…, trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 3; Jean de La Fontaine, Selected Fables, ed. Maya Slater and trans. Christopher Wood (Oxford, 1995), 283; Jacques Le Goff, The Medieval Imagination, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago, 1988), 234. См. также: Tornano, Proverbi, 261.

64. David P. French, comp., Minor English Poets, 1660–1780; A Selection from Alexander Chalmers' The English Poets (New York, 1967), II, 259; "Meditations on a Bed," US and WJ, Feb. 5,1737; Enid Porter, The Folklore of East Anglia (Totowa, N. J., 1974), 126–127; David Simpson, A Discourse on Dreams and Night Visions; with Numerous Examples Ancient and Modern (Macclesfield, Eng., 1791), 61.

65. Отсюда пустые угрозы нациста Роберта Лея: «Единственный человек в Германии, по-прежнему живущий личной жизнью, – это человек, который спит» (George Steiner, No Passion Spent: Essays 1978–1996 [London, 1996], 211); Augustine FitzGerald, ed., The Essays and Hymns of Synesius of Cyrene… (London, 1930), 345; Carlo Ginzburg, The Night Battles: Witchcraft & Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries, trans. John and Anne Tedeschi (London, 1983).

66. RB, VII, 11–12; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 148; Mercier, Night Cap, I, 4; Robert L. Van De Castle, Our Dreaming Mind (New York, 1994), 333–334.

67. О «беспорядке в режиме сна» см. сообщение Джонатана Вулфсона от 30 октября 1997 года: Н-Albion; D. М. Moir, ed., The Life of Mansie Wauch: Tailor in Dalkeith (Edinburgh, 1828), 273–274; Dement, Promise of Sleep, 208–211.

68. Erika Bourguignon, "Dreams and Altered States of Consciousness in Anthropological Research," in Francis L. K. Hsu, ed., Psychological Anthropology (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 403–434; Vilhelm Aubert and Harrison White, "Sleep: A Sociological Interpretation. I," Acta Sociologica 4 (1959), 48–49; Beryl Larry Bellman, Village of Curers and Assassins: On the Production of Fala Kpelle Cosmological Categories (The Hague, 1975), 165–178; Cora Du Bois, The People ofAlor: A Social-Psychological Study of an East Indian Island (New York, 1961), 1,45–46.

69. John Ashton, ed., Chap-Books of the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1966), 85; Franklin, Writings, ed. Lemay, 118–122. См. также: Jan. 5,1679, Josselin, Diary, 617.

70. Sept. 16, 1745, Parkman, Diary, 124; "On Dreams," Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly Museum, 1776,119–122; July 2,1804, Drinker, Diary, III, 1753. Cm. также: Simpson, Discourse on Dreams, 59; John Robert Shaw, An Autobiography of Thirty Years, 1777–1807, ed. Oressa M. Teagarden and Jeanne L. Crabtree (Columbus, Ohio, 1992), 131.

71. Patricia Crawford, "Women's Dreams in Early Modern England," History Workshop Journal 49 (2000), 140; "Titus Trophonius," Oct. 4, 1712, Donald F. Bond, ed., The Spectator (Oxford, 1965), V, 293–294; Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America (Ithaca, N.Y., 2000), 128–129; Cartwright, ed., Wentworth Papers, 538; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 130.

72. Lacey, "Hannah Heaton," 286; Aug. 20,1737, Kay, Diary, 12,39; Mechal Sobel, "The Revolution in Selves: Black and White Inner Aliens," in Ronald Hoffman et al., eds., Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1997), 180–200; David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989), 519.

73. William Philips, The Revengeful Queen (London, 1698), 39; Jan. 1723, Wodrow, Analecta, ed. Leishman, III, 374; SWA or LJ, Sept. 3,1770; OBP, June 4,1783,590.

74. John Whaley, A Collection of Original Poems and Translations (London, 1745), 257; John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee, Oedipus (London, 1679), 14.

75. Marcel Foucault, Le Rêve: Études et Observations (Paris, 1906), 169–170; Jan. 16,1780, Joseph W. Reed and Frederick A. Pottle, eds., Boswell: Laird of Auchinleck, 1778–1782 (New York, 1977), 169; The New Art of Thriving or, the Way to Get and Keep Money… (Edinburgh, 1706); Van De Castle, Dreaming Mind, 466.

76. Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, The Physiology of Taste, or, Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy, trans. M. F. K. Fisher (New York, 1949), 222; Wehr, "Clock for All Seasons," 338; Wehr, "Changes in Nightlength," 269–273; личные сообщения Вера от 23 и 31 декабря 1996 года.

77. Carter A. Daniel, ed., The Plays of John Lyly (Lewisburg, Pa., 1988), 123; Breton, Works, II, 12; Barbara E. Lacey, ed., The World of Hannah Heaton: The Diary of an Eighteenth-Century New England Farm Woman (DeKalb, II1,2003), 83; Aug. 20,1737, Kay, Diary, 12, 39. Несмотря на меньшую вероятность того, что сновидения можно вспомнить и усвоить, они, конечно, тоже приходят во время «утреннего», или «второго», сна (Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost,» 382).

Рассвет

1. GM 25 (1755), 57.

2. M. De Valois d'Orville, Les Nouvelles Lanternes (Paris, 1746), 4; May 10,1797, Drinker, Diary, II, 916; R. L. W., Journal of a Tour from London to Elgin Made About 1790… (Edinburgh, 1897), 74; Hans-Joachim Voth, Time and Work in England, 1750–1830 (Oxford, 2000), 67–69.

3. Elkan Nathan Adler, ed., Jewish Travellers: A Treasury of Travelogues from 9 Centuries (New York, 1966), 350; Robert Semple, Observations on a Journey through Spain and Italy to Naples… (London, 1808), II, 83; Humphrey Jennings, Pandaemonium, 1660–1886: The Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers (New York, 1985), 115; Boston Newsletter, Feb. 27, 1772; Duke de la Rochefoucault Liancourt, Travels through the United States of North America… (London, 1799), II, 380.

4. PA, July 15, 1762; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 650–655; James Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in England, 1550–1750 (New York, 1996), 229–230, 257–275,290—293; Alan Macfarlane, The Culture of Capitalism (Oxford, 1987), 79–82, 100–101.

5 DUR, Sept. 4,1788; SAS, XII, 244; "Your Constant Reader," and "A Bristol Conjuror," BC, Feb. 17,1762; "Crito," LEP, Mar. 15,1762; Jonathan Barry, "Piety and the Patient: Medicine and Religion in Eighteenth Century Bristol," in Roy Porter, ed., Patients and Practitioners: Lay Perceptions of Medicine in Pre-Industrial Society (Cambridge, 1985), 160–161.

6. Diary of James Robson, 1787, Add. Mss. 38837, fo. 9, BL; Winslow C. Watson, ed., Men and Times of the Revolution; or, Memoirs of Elkanah Watson, Including Journals of Travels (New York, 1856), 96; Bryan Edwards, "Description of a Nocturnal Sky, as Surveyed Nearly Beneath the Line," Massachusetts Magazine 7 (1795), 370; "Vaiverdi," Literary Magazine 7 (1807), 449; Macfarlane, Culture of Capitalism, 80–81,102–103. О широком распространении телескопов см., например: Nov. 12, 1720, The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley, M. D…. (London, 1882), I, 75; Sept. 30,1756, J. B. Paul, ed., Diary of George Ridpath (Edinburgh, 1910), 92; June 22,1806, Drinker, Diary, III, 1940.

7. M. D'Archenholz, A Picture of England… (London, 1789), 1,136; Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, Letters of a Russian Traveler, 1789–1790… (New York, 1957), 181, 268; Mr. Pratt, Gleanings through Wales, Holland, and Westphalia (London, 1798), 167; Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660–1770 (Oxford, 1989), 22,34.

8. Torrington, Diaries, II, 195,196,1, 20; John Henry Manners, Journal of a Tour through North and South Wales (London, 1805), 64; Gary Cross, A Social History of Leisure since 1600 (State College, Pa., 1990), 59.

9. James Essex, Journal of a Tour through Part of Flanders and France in August 1773, ed. W. M. Fawcett (Cambridge, 1888), 2.

10. Pierre Goubert, The Ancien Régime: French Society, 1600–1750, trans. Steve Cox (London, 1973), 223; William Edward Mead, The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1972), 222,359; Christopher Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450–1750 (London, 1995), 25.

11. Midnight the Signal: In Sixteen Letters to a Lady of Quality (London, 1779), 1,147, passim; Koslofsky, "Court Culture," 744; Barbara DeWolfe Howe, Discoveries of America: Personal Accounts of British Emigrants to North America during the Revolutionary Era (Cambridge, 1997), 217; Pinkerton, Travels, II, 790.

12. US and WJ, Oct. 13,1733; A Humorous Description of the Manners and Fashions of Dublin (Dublin, 1734), 5; The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz… (London, 1739), I, 411; Robert Anderson, The Works of John Moore, M. D…. (Edinburgh, 1820), 171; Roy Porter, The Creation of the Modem World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment (New York, 2000), 435–436; Peter Clark, British Clubs and Societies, 1580–1800: The Origins of an Associational World (Oxford, 2000).

13. British Journal, Sept. 12,1730.

14. Henry Fielding, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers and Related Writings, ed. Malvin R. Zirker (Middletown, Ct, 1988), 231; LC, Sept. 9,1758, Mar. 19, 1785; J. Hanway, Letter to Mr. John Spranger… (London, 1754), 34; Frédérique Pitou, "Jeunesse et Désordre Social: Les 'Coureurs de Nuit' à Laval au XVIIIe Siècle," Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 47 (2000), 70; G & NDA, Nov. 27, 1767; Horace Walpole, Correspondence with Sir Horace Mann, ed. W. S. Lewis et al. (New Haven, 1967), VIII, 47; Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker, "The State, the Community and the Criminal Law in Early Modem Europe," in V. A. C. Gatrell et al., eds., Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980), 38; J. Paul De Castro, The Gordon Riots (London, 1926); Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 (Oxford, 1971), 300–303.

15. DUR, Nov. 30, 1785; Borsay, Urban Renaissance, passim; Peter Clark, The English Alehouse: A Social History (London, 1983), 256–259.

16. 9 George II. c. 20; "Mémoire sur Nécessité d'Éclairer la Ville, Présenté par Quelques Citoyens au Conseil," Jan. 26, 1775, Archives Genève, Geneva; J. M. Beattie, Policing and Punishment in London, 1660–1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror (Oxford, 2001), 221–223; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century, trans. Angela Davies (Berkeley, Calif., 1988), 9—14.

17. Times, May 14,1807; "F. W," LM, Jan. 6,1815; Jane Austen, Sanditon (Boston, 1975), 221; O'Dea, Lighting, 98; Pounds, Home, 388; Brian T. Robson, Urban Growth An Approach (London, 1973), 178–183; John A. Jakle, City Lights: Illuminating the American Night (Baltimore, 2001), 26–37.

18. LC, Jan. 17,1758; "Case of the Petitioners against the Bill, for Establishing a Nightly-Watch within the City of Bristol," 1755, BL; PA, July 15, 1785; Alan Williams, The Police of Paris, 1718–1789 (Baton Rouge, 1979), 71; Ruff, Violence, 88–91.

19. BC, Aug. 11, 1762; David Philips and Robert D. Storch, Policing Provincial England, 1829–1856: The Politics of Reform (London, 1999), 63; Beattie, Crime, 67–72; Elaine A. Reynolds, Before the Bobbies: The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1720–1830 (Stanford, Calif., 1998); Stanley H. Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780–1850 (Cambridge, 1988), passim; David Philips, "'A New Engine of Power and Authority': The Institutionalization of Law-Enforcement in England 1780–1830," in Gatrell et al., eds., Crime and the Law, 155–189; James F. Richardson, Urban Police in the United States (Port Washington, N. Y, 1974), 19–28.

20. "Night Hawk," Mechanics Free Press (Philadelphia), Nov. 7, 1829; Louis Bader, "Gas Illumination in New York City, 1823–1863" (Ph. D. diss., New York Univ., 1970), 334; Mary Lee Mann, ed., A Yankee Jeffersonian: Selections from the Diary and Letters of William Lee of Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), 37; Pounds, Home, 388; Johan Goudsblom, Fire and Civilization (London, 1992), 150, 176–178. О благотворном воздействии уличного освещения и снижении уровня преступности см.: Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York, 1961), 41–42; Kate Painter, "Designing Out Crime – Lighting, Safety and the Urban Realm," in Andrew Lovatt et al., eds., The 24—Hour City… (Manchester, 1994), 133–138.

21. Maurice Rollinat, Oeuvres (Paris, 1972), II, 282. Allan Silver, "The Demand for Order in Civil Society; A Review of Some Themes in the History of Urban Crime, Police and Riot," in D. Bordua, ed., The Police: Six Sociological Essays (New York, 1967), 1—24; Anna Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770–1845 (New York, 1987), 118.