Текст книги "На исходе дня. История ночи"

Автор книги: А. Роджер Экерч

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17. Thoresby, Diary, 1,345; George Murray, Jan. 10,1778, Assi 45/33/2/150; Oct. 25,1704, A. H. Quint, "Journal of the Reverend John Pike," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, 1st Ser., 14 (1875–1876), 139; The Province and Court Records of Maine (Portland, Maine, 1958), IV, 341.

18. OED, s. V. "bandog"; Harrison, Description, 339–348; Thomas Kirk and Ralph Thoresby, Tours in Scotland 1677 & 1681, ed. P. Hume Brown (Edinburgh, 1892), 27; OBP, Apr. 9—11, 1746, 118; Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World (New York, 1983), 101–104; Mrs. Reginald Heber, The Life of Reginald Heber… (New York, 1830), 1,217; George Sand, Story of My Life…, ed. Thelma Jurgrau (Albany, 1991), 631.

19. Augustin Gallo, Secrets de la Vraye Agriculture… (Paris, 1572), 204; Harrison, Description, 343; Daniel Defoe, Street-Robberies Consider'd…. (1728; rpt. edn. Stockton, N. ]., 1973), 68; M. Conradus Heresbachius, comp., Foure Bookes of Husbandry, trans. Barnabe Googe, (London, 1577), fo. 154–156; Charles Stevens and John Liebrault, Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme, trans. Richard Surflet (London, 1616), 120–122; Worlidge, Systema Agriculturae, 162,222; Times, Jan. 16,1790.

20. Campion, The Discription of a Maske (London, 1607).

21. Aug. 2, 1708, Cowper, Diary; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, passim, esp. 493–497.

22. George Peele, The Old Wives Tale, ed. Patricia Binnie (Manchester, 1980), 42 n. 104; Edward Young, Night Thoughts, ed. Stephen Comford (Cambridge, 1989), 121; Casey, ed., Jean Paul, trans. Casey, 338; R. Sherlock, The Practical Christian… (London, 1699), 322; Taillepied, Ghosts, 169.

23. W. M., Hesperi-neso-graphia: or, a Description of the Western Isle… (London, 1716), 8; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 496–497; Robert Muchembled, "Popular Culture," in Robert Muchembled et al., Popular Culture (Danbury, Ct., 1994), II.

24. SAS, V, 335; C. Scott Dixon, The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603 (Cambridge, 1996), 183, 180–181, 194–195; George Saintsbury, ed., The Works of John Dryden (Edinburgh, 1884), IX, 443; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 222–231; Burke, Popular Culture, passim.

25. OED, s. V. "night-spell"; Minor White Latham, The Elizabethan Fairies: The Fairies of Folklore and the Fairies of Shakespeare (1930; rpt. edn., New York, 1972), 38; Ralph Merrifield, The Archaeology of Ritual and Magic (London, 1987), 137–158.

26. Scott, Witchcraft, 27; Catherine Maloney, "A Witch-Bottle from Dukes Place, Aldgate," Transactions of the London & Middlesex Archaeological Society 31 (1980), 157–159; John Demos, Remarkable Providences: Readings on Early American History (Boston, 1991), 437–438; Merrifield, Archaeology, 159–178.

27. Roderick A. McDonald, The Economy and Material Culture of Slaves: Goods and Chattels on the Sugar Plantations of Jamaica and Louisiana (Baton Rouge, 1993), 40; Carla Mulford et al., eds., Early American Writings (New York, 2002), 508.

28. Anna Brzozowska-Krajka, Polish Traditional Folklore: The Magic of Time (Boulder, Colo, 1998), 122; Matthiessen, Natten, 100; Anonymous, Travel Diary, 1795, Chetham's Library, Manchester, Eng.; OED, s. v. "mezuzah."

29. Sewall, Diary, 1,400; David D. Hall, "The Mental World of Samuel Sewall," in David Hall et al., eds., Saints & Revolutionaries: Essays on Early American History (New York,

1984), 80; Brand 1848, II, 73, III, 20–21; Kingsley Palmer, The Folklore of Somerset (Totowa, N. J., 1976), 45; Mrs. Gutch, County Folk-Lore: Examples of Printed Folk-Lore Concerning the East Riding of Yorkshire (London, 1912), 64; Karl Wegert, Popular Culture, Crime, and Social Control in 18th Century Württemberg (Stuttgart, 1994), 71.

30. Trenchard, The Natural History of Superstition (London, 1709), 24; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 636–637,647—648.

31. UM, May, 1751,220.

32. Henry Bull, comp., Christian Prayers and Holy Meditations… (Cambridge, 1842), 75.

33. ВС, July 1, 1761; Brand 1848, III, 180–182, 228; Brzozowska-Krajka, Polish Folklore, 67,204; R.W. Scribner, Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (London, 1987), 32; Mrs. M. MacLeod Banks, British Calendar Customs: Scotland (London, 1941), III, 112, 116–117; e-mail of Jan. 29, 2002 from David Bromwich, Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton, Eng.; Muchembled, "Popular Culture," 24.

34. Dec. 7,1758, Dyer, Diary; June 3,1662, Pepys, Diary, III, 101; Ian Cameron, Crime and Repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720–1790 (Cambridge, 1981), 127.

35. Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford, Calif., 1976), 161; Pounds, Culture, 109–117; Roche, Consumption, 125–130; Raffaella Sarti, Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 92–93.

36. William Carr, ed., The Dialect of Craven, in the West-Riding of the County of York (London, 1828), 1,30; Joseph Lawson, Letters to the Young on Progress in Pudsey during the Last Sixty Years (Stanningley, Eng., 1887), 23; Annik Pardailhe Galabrun, The Birth of Intimacy: Privacy and Domestic Life in Early Modern Paris, trans. Jocelyn Phelps (Philadelphia, 1991), 120.

37. Pounds, Culture, 110–112; Roche, Consumption, 130–131; Tobias George Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, ed. Frank Felsentein (Oxford, 1979), 209.

38. John Earl Perceval, The English Travels of Sir John Percival and William Byrd II, ed. Mark R. Wenger (Columbia, Mo., 1989), 137; Defoe, Tour, II, 676; Mr. Ozell, trans., M. Misson's Memoirs and Observations in His Travels over England (London, 1719), 37–39; Celia Fiennes, The Illustrated Journeys of Celia Fiennes, c. 1685–1712 (London, 1982), 147,161; Joan Thirsk, The Agrarian History of England and Wales (London, 1967), IV, 453.

39. Caroline Davidson, A Woman's Work is Never Done; A History of Housework in the British Isles, 1650–1950 (London, 1982), 73–75; SAS, V, 424, XII, 297, 747; SAI, I, 4, 198; James Ayres, Domestic Interiors: The British Tradition, 1500–1850 (New Haven, 2003), 16.

40. SAS, XVIII, 480; Edward Ward, A Journey to Scotland… (London, 1699), 9; Thirsk, Agrarian History, PV, 453; Davidson, Woman’s Work, 81–87; E. Veryard, An Account of Divers Choice Remarks… in a Journey… (London, 1701), 19; Paul Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt’s Holland (New York, 1963), 45–46,302.

41. Robert W. Malcolmson, Life and Labour in England, 1700–1780 (New York, 1981), 46–47; Davidson, Woman's Work, 76–77; Carl Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (New York, 1967), 99.

42. Llewellynn Jewitt, ed., The Life of William Hutton… (London, 1872), 160; Davidson, Woman's Work, 101.

43. Pounds, Culture, 120; A. Alvarez, Night: Night Life, Night Language, Sleep, and Dreams (New York, 1995), 6.

44. Anne Elizabeth Baker, comp., Glossary of Northamptonshire Words and Phrases (London, 1854), 1,89; Wilson, English Proverbs, 377.

45. Joan Wildeblood and Peter Brinson, The Polite World: A Guide to English Manners and Deportment from the Thirteenth to the Nineteenth Century (London, 1965), 84; Witold Rybczynski, Home: A Short History of an Idea (New York, 1986), 138; O'Dea, Lighting, 217. В то время 28 тысяч ливров примерно равнялись 900 фунтам стерлингов. W. S. Lewis et al., eds., Horace Walpole's Correspondence with Hannah More… (New Haven, 1961), 80. О цене на свечи см.: Lord Beveridge et al., Prices and Wages in England: From the Twelfth to the Nineteenth Century (London, 1939), I, passim.

46. Eric Sloane, Seasons of America Past (New York, 1958), 107; Shakespeare, Cymbeline, I, 6, 110–111; O'Dea, Lighting, 35–37, 43; Crowley, Comfort, 112–115; Davidson, Woman's Work, 104–105, 110; R. D. Oliver Heslop, comp., Northumberland Words… (London, 1894), II, 666; S. K. Tillyard, Aristocrats: Caroline, Emily, Louisa, and Sarah Lennox, 1740–1832 (New York, 1994), 202.

47. Nov. 1, 1794, Dee. 25,1799, Woodforde, Diary, TV, 150, V, 231.

48. 8 Anne c. 9; Sarti, Europe at Home, trans. Cameron, 105.

49. Cobbett, Cottage Economy… (1926; rpt. edn., New York, 1970), 144; SAS, V, 335; Gilbert White, The Natural History and Antiquities of Selbome… (1789; rpt. edn., Menston, Eng., 1972), 197–199; John Caspall, Making Fire and Light in the Home Pre-1820 (Woodbridge, Eng., 1987), 171–179.

50. "A Dissertation on the Instruments that Communicate Light," UM, May, 1749, 229; Max J. Okenfuss, ed., The Travel Diary of Peter Tolstoi, a Muscovite in Early Modern Europe (DeKalb, III., 1987), 304; Oct. 8, 1773, Frederick A Pottle and Charles H. Bennett, eds., Boswell's Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides with Samuel Johnson, L.L.D., 1773 (New York, 1961), 281; Pinkerton, Travels, 1,766, П1,587; O⁷!^, Lighting, 40–41; Crowley, Comfort, 111–113; Davidson, Woman's Work, 106,109; Maurice Vaussard, Daily Life in Eighteenth Century Italy, trans. Michael Heron (New York, 1963), 194.

51. Caspall, Malting Fire and Light, 176; Journal of James Robertson, 1767, 91–92, Manuscripts, National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; "16th Century Lighting in Sweden," Rushlight 15 (1949), 4; Rushlight 39 (1973), 8; Jean Kathryn Berger, "The Daily Life of the Household in Medieval Novgorod (Russia)" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Minnesota, 1998), 92–94; Davidson, Woman's Work, 107–108; James Brome, Travels over England, Scotland and Wales (London, 1700), 99,218; Perceval, English Travels, ed. Wenger, 139; Burt, Letters, II, 127–128; Ménétra, Journal, 32.

52. Everett Emerson, ed., Letters from New England: The Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1629–1638 (Amherst, Mass., 1976), 36; Thomas Coulson, "The Story of Domestic Lighting," Journal of the Franklin Institute 256 (1953), 207–208; Caspall, Fire and Light, 262.

53. Tilley, Proverbs in England, 144; June 6, 1712, Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling, eds., The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover, 1709–1712 (Richmond, 1941), 540.

54. Gamert, Lampan, 104–105, 278–279; Magnus Gislason, Kvällsvaka: En Isländsk Kulturtradition Belyst Genom Studier i Bondebefolkningens Vardagsliv… (Uppsala, 1977), 144,149; Jonathan Swift, Directions to Servants: and Miscellaneous Pieces, 1733–1742, ed. Herbert John Davis (Oxford, 1959), 20.

55. George Washington Greene, ed., The Works of Joseph Addison (Philadelphia, 1883), I, 314; O'Dea, Lighting, 2; Domestic Management… (London, n. d), 22,48.

56. J. J. Evans, ed., Welsh Proverbs: A Selection, with English Translations (Llandysul, Wales, 1965), 31; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile: or On Education, trans. Allan Bloom (New York, 1979), 133; Craufurd Tait Ramage, Ramage in South Italy…, ed. Edith Clay (London, 1965), 150; Gamert, Lampan, 76–77; Robert Cleaver, A Godly Forme of Houshold Government (London, 1621); Tour of Sotterley Plantation, Md., Oct. 11,1992.

57. Alice Morse Earle, Customs and Fashions in Old New England (1893; rpt. edn., Detroit, 1968), 127; Henry Davidoff, World Treasury of Proverbs… (New York, 1946), 81; UM, May, 1751, 220; Peter Thornton, The Italian Renaissance Interior, 1400–1600 (New York, 1991), 276; Moryson, Itinerary, TV, 201–202.

58. Cotgrave, Dictionarie.

59. Ruff, Violence, 76; Rétif de la Brétonne, My Father's Life, trans. Richard Veasey (Gloucestet, Eng., 1986), 6; Rudolf Dekker, Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland: From the Golden Age to Romanticism (New York, 2000), 33.

60. Apr. 30,1645, Josselin, Diary, 39; May 18,1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 204.

61. James Gregory, Nov. 26, 1773, Assi 45/31/2; Sept. 6,11,1794, June 6,1795, Drinker, Diary, 1,590,592,689; Dec. 2,1766 and Feb. 8,1767, Cole, Diary, 161,184.

62. Vittore Branca, ed., Mercanti Scrittori: Ricordi Nella Firenze Tra Medioevo e Rinascimento (Milan, 1986), 379; Mar. 31, 1771, Carter, Diary, I, 554–555; Dec. 15, 1780, Apr. 14, 1781, Apr. 13,1785, Dec. 28,1794, Mar. 14,17,1795, Woodforde, Diary, l, 298,307, II, 184, IV, 163,182,183.

63. Pinkerton, Travels, II, 94; May 20,1786, Diary of Dr. Samuel Adams, 1758–1819, New York Public Library, and passim; June 7,1745, Kay, Diary, 97, and passim.

64. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, "Martha Ballard and Her Girls: Women's Work in Eighteenth-Century Maine," in Stephen Innés, ed., Work and Labor in Early America (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1988), 70; D. B. Horn and Mary Ransome, eds., English Historical Documents, 1714–1783 (New York, 1957), 671–672; Apr. 10, 1785, Oct. 1, 1804, "Mrs. Ballard's Diary," in Charles E. Nash, The History of Augusta, Maine (Augusta, Maine, 1904), 237,421, and passim; PL, Oct. 22,1765; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812 (New York, 1990), 203; Anthony F. Aveni, Empires of Time: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures (New York, 1989), 35.

65. Apr. 1,1657, Josselin, Diary, 395; Apr. 14,1768, Woodforde, Diary, 1,74.

66. Abel Boyer, Dictionaire Royal… (Amsterdam, 1719); Marvin Lowenthal, trans., The Memoirs of Glückei of Hameln (n.p., 1932), 120; Frank D. Prager, ed., The Autobiography of John Fitch (Philadelphia, 1976), 41; Mary J. Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England (New York, 1997), 274–276.

67. Paroimiographia (English), 8; Apr. 6,1669, East Anglian Diaries, 119; Benjamin Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York, 1987), 221; Thoresby, Diary, 1,7.

68. Smith, De Republica Anglorum, ed. Mary Dewar (Cambridge, 1982), 107; OBP, passim; Brettone, Father's Life, trans. Veasey, 119; Henry Brisker, Apr. 9, 1766, Assi 45/28/2/124; Elizabeth S. Cohen, "Honor and Gender in the Streets of Early Modem Rome," J1H 22 (1992), 614.

69. Dec. 13, 1672, Isham, Diary, 175; Henry Preston, Assi 45/14/1/135; OBP, Apr. 24–27, 1745,137.

70. OBP, May 10,1722,7; Select Trials, 1,305.

71. ECR, VIII, 101; OBP, Oct. 16–21,1728, Apr. 15,1724,4–5, Apr. 8-14,1752,131.

72. Jean-Louis Flandrin, Families in Former Times: Kinship, Household and Sexuality, trans. Richard Southern (Cambridge, 1979), 44; Oct. 5,1725, Sanderson, Diary, 80–81; OBP, Jan. 16–18, 1745, 62–63; Samuel H. Baron, ed. and trans., The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia (Stanford, Calif, 1967), 150. См. также: A. Voisin, "Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV Siècle: Dijon la Nuit," Annales de Bourgogne 9 (1937), 276.

73. Bonaventure Des Périers, Cymbalum Mundi: Four Very Ancient Joyous and Facetious Poetic Dialogues (New York, 1965), 66. См. также: OBP, May 2–5, 1739, 86; Select Trials, III, 336; The Authentick Tryals at large of John Swan and Elizabeth Jeffryes… (London, 1752), 10,11.

Глава пятая

1. Devenant, The Platonick Lovers (London, 1636).

2. Aug. 28, 1624, Beck, Diary, 159–160; Nov. 27, 1683, Heywood, Diaries, II, 341; Sandford Fleming, Children & Puritanism (New York, 1969), 148.

3. Suzanne Chantal, La Vie Quotidienne au Portugal après le Tremblement de Terre de Lisbonne de 1755 (Paris, 1962), 245.

4. Dec. 24, 1647, Yorkshire Diaries & Autobiographies in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Durham, Eng., 1886), 81–82; Jan. 5,1763, Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell's London Journal, 1762–1763 (New York, 1950), 125; Aug. 7—31, 1732, Clegg, Diary, 1, 151–152.

5. Samuel Briggs, The Essays, Humor, and Poems of Nathaniel Ames, Father and Son, of Dedham, Massachusetts, from Their Almanacks, 1726–1775 (Cleveland, 1891), 67; May 21,1707, Cowper, Diary; Robert W. Malcolmson, Life and Labour in England, 1700–1780 (New York, 1981), 95–96; Burke, Popular Culture, Robert Muchembled, Popular Culture and Elite Culture in France, 1400–1750, trans. Lydia Cochrane (Baton Rouge, 1985), 1-107.

6. Rousseau, Emile: or On Education, trans. Allan Bloom (New York, 1979), 63.

7. Bacon, Essays (Oxford, 1930), 3; Le Loyer, Specters, fo. 105; Lucretius, On the Nature of Things: De Rerum Natura, ed. and trans. Anthony M. Esolen (Baltimore, 1995), 93; Leon Battista Alberti, The Family in Renaissance Florence, trans. Renée Neu Watkins (Columbia, S. C, 1969), 63.

8. Bacon, Essays, 3; Scott, Witchcraft, 139; Herman W. Roodenburg, "The Autobiography of Isabella de Moerloose: Sex, Childrearing, and Popular Belief in Seventeenth Century Holland," JSH 18 (1985), 522, 521, 523–524; Rudolf Dekker, Childhood, Memory and Autobiography in Holland: From the Golden Age to Romanticism (New York, 2000), 28, 81–84; Mark Motley, Becoming a French Aristocrat: The Education of the Court Nobility, 1580–1715 (Princeton, N. J., 1990), 48–49.

9. H. C. Barnard, trans., Fénelon on Education (Cambridge, 1966), 8; Pinkerton, Travels, II, 757; Timothy J. Casey, ed., Jean Paul: A Reader, trans. Erika Casey (Baltimore, 1992), 339; Olwen Hufton, "Women, Work, and Family," in HWW Ш, 40; Linda A. Pollock, "Parent-Child Relations," in FLEMT, 197.

10. Thomas Bewick, A Memoir of Thomas Bewick, ed. Iain Bain (London, 1975), 16.

11. Dialogues on the Passions, Habits, and Affections Peculiar to Children… (London, 1748), 40; William Hazlitt and Abridge Colby, eds., The Life of Thomas Holcroft (New York, 1968), 1, 14–15. См. также: Hibernicus; or Memoirs of an Irishman… (Pittsburgh, 1828).

12. Rousseau, Emile, trans. Bloom, 137; Mollie Harris, A Kind of Magic (London, 1969), 104–105; Restif de la Bretonne, Monsieur Nicolas; or, the Human Heart Laid Bare (London, 1966), 29; Autobiography of John Younger, Shoemaker, St. Boswells (Kelso, Eng., 1881), 45; Mrs. Laura M., Oct. 7,14,1938, "Game Songs and Rhymes," American Life Histories: Manuscripts from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936–1940, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Percy B. Green, A History of Nursery Rhymes (1899; rpt. edn., Detroit, 1968), 78–80.

13. Thomas Balston, The Life of Jonathan Martin… (London, 1945), 3. См. также, например: Joseph Bougerel, Vie de Pierre Gassendi… (1737; rpt. edn., Geneva, 1970), 3.

14. Tornano, Proverbi, 171.

15. Mar. 7, 1787, Diary of Dr. Samuel Adams, Diary, 1758–1819, New York Public Library; Jan. 4,1705, Cowper, Diary.

16. Griffiths, Youth, 135; Robert Morgan, My Lamp Still Burns (Llandysul, Wales, 1981), 64; Bräker, Life, 57–58, 63, 67; Ménétra, Journal, 24; Valentin Jamerey-Duval, Mémoires: Enfance et Éducation d'un Paysan au XVIIIe Siècle, ed. Jean Marie Goulemot (Paris, 1981), 114; Pounds, Culture, 273–274,409.

17. Joachim Shlôr, Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London 1840–1930, trans. Pierre Gottfried Imhof and Dafydd Rees Roberts (London, 1998), 57; Alberti, Family in Renaissance Florence, trans. Watkins, 107.

18. PG, Feb. 11, 1789.

19. OED, s.v. "cat's eye"; T. Row, "Hints for Constructing Glasses to Shew Objects in the Night," GM, 1777, 59; Lorus Johnson Milne and Margery Joan Milne, The World of Night (New York, 1956), 8–9; Faber Birren, The Power of Color… (Secaucus, N.J., 1997), 228–229. См. также: С. E. Roybet, ed., Les Serées de Guillaume Bouchet Sieur de Brocourt (Paris, 1874), Ш, 238–239.

20. John Caspall, Making Fire and Light in the Home Pre-1820 (Woodbridge, Eng., 1987), 223–227; O'Dea, Lighting, 70–76.

21. Nov. 15, 1729, Sanderson, Diary, 30; OBP, Apr. 4, 1733, 119; Thomas Wright, The Homes of Other Days: A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England… (New York, 1871), 460.

22. Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of the Underworld… (New York, 1950), 448; Eugène Defrance, Histoire de TÉlclairage des Rues de Paris (Paris, 1904), 30–33; Christopher Hibbert, Venice: The Biography of a City (New York, 1989), 166; Jeremy D. Popkin, ed., Panorama of Paris: Selections from Le Tableau de Paris, Louis-Sébastien Mercier (University Park, Pa., 1999), 132.

23. Defoe, Second Thoughts Are Best… (London, 1729), 15; G. C. Faber, ed., The Poetical Works of John Gay… (London, 1926), 81; Popkin, ed., Panorama of Paris, 132; The Novels and Miscellaneous Works of Daniel Defoe (London, 1885), 515.

24. OBP, Oct. 4,1719,5.

25. Donald E. Crawford, ed., Journals of Sir John Lauder (Edinburgh, 1900), 120; Harry Ross-Lewin, With "The Thirty-Second" in the Peninsular and other Campaigns, ed. John Wardell (Dublin, 1904), 146.

26. Tornano, Proverbi, 89; Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis, 825–826. Местные власти также старались ограничивать использование факелов. Из-за угрозы возникновения пожара от открытого пламени в городах конца XVII века предпочтение отдавалось фонарям. В 1725 году в Стокгольм? факелы были оставлены только для использования королевской семьей. Matthiessen, Natten, 28.

27. Tilley, Proverbs in England, 471; Anne Elizabeth Baker, comp. Glossary of Northamptonshire Words and Phrases… (London, 1854), 95; G. F. Northall, comp., A Warwickshire Word-Book… (1896; rpt. edn., Vaduz, Liecht, 1965), 167; J. W. Goethe, Italian Journey, 1786–1788 (New York, 1968), 325; OED, s. v. "night-sun."

28. Victor Hugo Paltsits, "Journal of Benjamin Mifflin on a Tour from Philadelphia to Delaware and Maryland, July 26 to Aug. 14, 1762," Bulletin of the New York Public Library 39 (1935), 438; Mary Yates, Dec. 11,1764, Assi 45/28/1/16.

29. William Dickinson, comp., A Glossary of Words and Phrases Pertaining to the Dialect of Cumberland (London, 1878), 103; OBP, Sept. 15–18,1762,164; Street Lighting Manual. Prepared by the Street and Highway Lighting Committee of the Edison Electric Institute (New York, 1969), 63–64; Milne and Milne, World of Night, 10.

30. Robert Bator, Masterworks of Children 's Literature, 1740–1836: The Middle Period (New York, 1983), 254; "A. B.," SJC, Sept. 13, 1764; Margaret Spufford, Small Booh and Pleasant Histories: Popular Fiction and Its Readership in Seventeenth-Century England (Athens, Ga., 1981), 2; Michael O'Malley, "Time, Work and Task Orientation: A Critique of American Historiography," Time & Society 1 (1992), 350.

31. Bradford Torrey, ed. The Writings of Henry David Thoreau (Boston, 1906), II, 372; Nov. 21, 1786, Woodforde, Diary, II, 284; Edward Browne, Journal of a Visit to Paris in the Year 1664, ed. Geoffrey Keynes (London, 1923), 22; Feb. 28,1664, Pepys, Diary, V, 68, I–IX, passim; Swift, Journal, I, 356, passim; Nov. 9, 1792, Dorothy Heighes Woodforde, ed., Woodforde Papers and Diaries (London, 1932), 80.

32. OBP, Dec. 8,1742,16; OED, s. v. "shepherd's lamp"; John Clare, Cottage Tales, ed. Eric Robinson et al. (Manchester, 1993), 88; Baker, comp., Northamptonshire Glossary, III, 225; H. J. Deverson, ed., Journey into Night (New York, 1966), 138; OBP, May 30–31, 1745.

33. Universal Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure 12 (Jan. 1753), 3; OED, s. v. "Milky Way," "Walsingham," "Watling-street"; Eveline Camilla Gurdon, Suffolk (London, 1893), 166; "Impressions of a Night Sky Unaffected by Light Pollution," International Dark-Sky Association, Information Sheet № 111, Web: www.darksky.org.

34. Torrey, ed., Thoreau Writings, II, 383.

35. June 24, 1801, Drinker, Diary, II, 1422; M. McGrath, ed., Cimine Amhiaoibh Ui Shuileabhdin: The Diary of Humphrey O'Sullivan (London, 1936–1937), I–IV, passim; Peter Barber, "Journal of a Traveller in Scotland, 1795–1796," Scottish Historical Review 36 (1957), 43.

36. Mansie Wauch, The Life of Mansie Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith (Edinburgh, 1827), 85; ECR, VIII, 387; William H. Cope, ed., A Glossary of Hampshire Words and Phrases (1883; rpt. edn., Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 23; Walter W. Skeat, ed., A Collection of English Words… (London, 1874), 57,87, 93; Baker, comp., Northamptonshire Words and Phrases, II, 119; Frederic Thomas Elsworthy, comp., The West Somerset Word-Book… (1886; rpt. edn., Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 575; Jan. 18,1666, Pepys, Diary, VII, 18; Giuseppe Marco Antonio Baretti, A Dictionary, Spanish and English… (London, 1794); OBP, Apr. 24—May 1, 1754,183.

37. Jan. 23, 1786, Woodforde, Diary, II, 226; William Hazlitt, Notes of a Journey through France and Italy (London, 1826), 179.

38. Diary of Robert Moody, 1660–1663, Bodl., Rawlinson Coll. D. 84; Crawford, ed., Lauder Journals, 177; George P. Rawick, ed., The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography (Wesport, Ct., 1972) XIII, 109. См. также: Oct. 9,1662, Pepys, Diary, III, 217; Oct. 1,1794, Woodforde, Diary, IV, 138; Barber, "Traveller," 49.

39. William Cobbett, Rural Rides in Surrey, Kent, and Other Counties (London, 1948), II, 139; Winslow C. Watson, ed., Men and Times of the Revolution; or, Memoirs ofElkartah Watson, Including Journals of Travels (New York, 1856), 59. См. также: Thomas Hardy, The Woodlanders (1887; rpt. edn., London, 1991), 12.

40. George Edward Dartnell and Edward Hungerford Goddard, comps., A Glossary of Words Used in the County of Wiltshire (London, 1893), 192; Autobiography of the Rev. Dr Alexander Carlyle, Minister of Inveresk… (Edinburgh, 1860), 125–126; Barber, "Traveller," 48.

41. Burton E. Stevenson, ed., The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases (New York, 1948), 168; Walter W. Skeat, ed., Five Reprinted Glossaries… (London, 1879), 95; Bernard J. Hibbitts, "Making Sense of Metaphors: Visuality, Aurality and the Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse," Cardozo Law Review 16 (1994), 229–356; Donald M. Lowe, History of Bourgeois Perception (Brighton, Eng., 1982), 6–8.

42. Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream, III, 2; Bruce R. Smith, The Acoustic World of Early Modern England: Attending to the О-Factor (Chicago, 1999), 58–59.

43. John M. Hull, Touching the Rock: An Experience of Blindness (New York, 1990), 166, 83; Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind (Boston, 1977), 96–97.

44. Barber, "Traveller," 39; Diary of Rev. William Bennet, 1785, Bodl., Eng. Mise. f. 54, fo. 74; E. P. Thompson, Customs in Common (New York, 1991), 362; Joshua Lucock Wilkinson, The Wanderer… through France, Germany and Italy in 1791 and 1793 (London, 1798), I, 58; Jasper Danckaerts, Journal of a Voyage to New York and a Tour in Several of the American Colonies in 1679–1680, ed. and trans. Henry C. Murphy (New York, 1867), 125.

45. Sept. 20,1791, Walter Johnson, ed., Gilbert White's Journals (1931; rpt. edn., New York, 1970), 394; Milne and Milne, World of Night, 13–14,94; Claire Murphy and William Cain, "Odor Identification: The Blind are Better," Physiology & Behavior 37 (1986), 177–180. Воспоминания о резких запахах остаются в памяти гораздо дольше, чем большая часть образов, однажды виденных нами. J. Douglas Porteous, Landscapes of the Mind: Worlds of Sense and Metaphor (Toronto, 1990), 34–36.

46. W. Carew Hazlitt, ed., English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases… (London, 1882), 94; Edward Ward, The London Spy (1709; rpt. edn., New York, 1985), 40; Barber, "Traveller," 39; M. Betham-Edwards, ed., The Autobiography of Arthur Young (1898; rpt. edn., New York, 1967), 194. См. также: Sept. 15, 1779, Andrew Oliver, ed., The Journal of Samuel Curwen, Loyalist (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 560.

47. OED, s. V. "blind road"; Sept. 16,1795, "Dr. Pierce's Manuscript Journal," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings, 2nd Ser., 3 (1886–1887), 52; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812 (New York, 1990), 202; Hull, Touching the Rock, 103.

48. Faber, ed., Gay Works, 83.

49. Descartes, Selected Philosophical Writings, trans. John Cottingham et al. (Cambridge, 1988), 58; Harry Porter, The Pleasant History of the Two Angry Women ofAbington (n. p., 1599); Oct. 2,1724, Parkman, Diary, 6.

50. Cecil Aspinall-Oglander, ed., Admiral’s Wife: Being the Life and Letters of the Hon. Mrs. Edward Boscawen from 1719 to 1761 (London, 1940), 235; Monique Savoy, Lumières sur la Ville: Introduction et Promotion de l'Elecricité en Suisse: L'Éclairage Lausannois, 1881–1921 (Lausanne, 1988), 50.

51. L'Estrange, Fables of Aesop and Other Eminent Mythologists: With Morals and Reflections (London, 1699), 1,103.

52. Torrey, ed., Thoreau Writings, III, 340.

53. Farley's Bristol Journal, Feb. 18, 17°9; Ward, London Spy, III, 48–49; Aileen Riberio, Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789 (New Haven, 2002), 85.

54. OBP, July 9—11,1740,174; Joseph Lawson, Letters to the Young on Progress in Pudsey during the Last Sixty Years (Stanningley, Eng., 1887), 33; Tornano, Proverbi, 170.

55. Hadrianus Junius, The Nomenclator… (London, 1585), 160–161; OED, s. v. "greatcoat"; John Owen, Travels into Different Parts of Europe, in the Years 1791 and 1792… (London, 1796), II, 81; Tobias Smollett, The Life and Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves (London, 1762), 239; Daniel Defoe, The Life of… Robinson Crusoe (London, 1729), 180; Henry Swinburne, Travels in the Two Sicilies… (London, 1783), II, 308; Jonas Hanway, An Historical Account of the British Trade over the Caspian Sea… (London, 1753), II, 336; Riberio, Dress, 22–24,30—31,87.

56. W. Hooper, ed., Letters of Baron Bielfeld… (London, 1768), IV, 166; OED, s.v. "night-kerchief," "mob"; Tilley, Proverbs in England, 296; John Owen, Travels into Different Parts of Europe, in the Years 1791 and 1792… (London, 1796), II, 81; Apr. 24, 25,1665, Pepys, Diary, VI, 89; F. Pomey and A. Lovell, Indiculus Universalis; or, the Universe in Epitome… (London, 1679), 68; Riberio, Dress, 49.

57. Thomas Burke, English Night-Life: From Norman Curfew to Present Black-Out (New York, 1971), 54; Andrew Henderson, ed., Scottish Proverbs (Edinburgh, 1832), 69; OBP, Oct. 4,1719,6; Cohens, Italy, 49.

58. Torrington, Diaries, III, 290.

59. Nov. 28, 1785, Woodforde, Diary, II, 216; James Peller Malcolm, Anecdotes of the Manners and Customs of London during the Eighteenth Century… (London, 1810), 1,145. См. также: July 30,1755, Parkman, Diary, 293.

60. LC, Aug. 18,1785.

61. Varrò, On the Latin Language, trans. Roland G. Kent (Cambridge, Mass., 1957), I, 177–179; Censorinus, De Die Natale, trans. William Maude (New York, 1900), 40; Henry Hibbert, Syntagma Theologicum… (London, 1662), 30.

62. Augustin Gallo, Secrets de la Vraye Agriculture… (Paris, 1572), 213; Leonard Lawrence, A Small Treatise betwixt Arnalte and Lucenda (London, 1639), 7; Nina Gockerell, "Telling Time without a Clock," in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds., The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650 (New York, 1980), 137. Эта хронология составлена на основе многочисленных первоисточников.

63. Ralph Knevet, Rhodon and Iris… (London, 1631); OED, s. v. "hen and chickens," "seven stars"; Weinsberg, Diary, 1,59; Gockerell, "Telling Time," 137.