Текст книги "На исходе дня. История ночи"

Автор книги: А. Роджер Экерч

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Глава десятая

1. WR or UJ, Sept. 22,1738

2. Cogan, The Haven of Health (London, 1588), 232–233; Karl H. Dannenfeldt, "Sleep: Theory and Practice in the Late Renaissance," Journal of the History of Medicine 41 (1986), 422–424.

3. Vaughan, Naturali and Artificial Directions for Health… (London, 1607), 53; Henry Davidoff, ed., World Treasury of Proverbs… (New York, 1946), 25; Dannenfeldt, "Renaissance Sleep," 7—12.

4. John Trusler, An Easy Way to Prolong Life… (London, 1775), 11; F. K. Robinson, comp., A Glossary of Words Used in the Neighbourhood of Whitby (London, 1876), 55; Tilley, Proverbs in England, 36.

5. Wilson, English Proverbs, 389.

6. The Whole Duty of Man… (London, 1691), 188–189; Stephen Innés, Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England (New York, 1995), 124; The Schoole of Vertue, and Booke of Good Nourture… (London, 1557); An Essay on Particular Advice to the Young Gentry… (London, 1711), 170; David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York, 1989), 160–161.

7. Andrew Boorde, A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of Health… (London, 1547); Levinus Lemnius, Touchstone of Complexions…, trans. T. Newton (London, 1576), 57.

8. Robert Macnish, The Philosophy of Sleep, ed. Daniel N. Robinson (Washington, D. C, 1977), 279; Boorde, Compendyous Regyment; Lawrence Wright, Warm and Snug: The History of the Bed (London, 1962), 195.

9. William Bullein, A Newe Boke of Phisicke Called у Goveriment of Health… (London, 1559), 91; Boorde, Compendyous Regyment; Tobias Venner, Via Recta ad Warn Longam… (London, 1637), 279–280; Directions and Observations Relative to Food, Exercise and Sleep (London, 1772), 22; Dannenfeldt, “Renaissance Sleep," 430.

10. Wilson, English Proverbs, 738; Tornano, Proverbi, 76; Wright, Warm and Snug, 194; Gratarolus, A Direction for the Health of Magistrates and Studentes (London, 1574); Sir Thomas Elyot, The Castel of Helthe (New York, 1937), iii; Dannenfeldt, "Renaissance Sleep," JHM, 420.

11. Jan. 29,1624, Beck, Diary, 39.

12. John Wilson, The Projectors (London, 1665), 45.

13. Nov. 27, 1705, Cowper, Diary; Schindler, Rebellion, 216; Lean, Collectanea, I, 503; Wright, Warm and Snug, 117; Matthiessen, Natten, 8–9.

14. Eric Sloane, The Seasons of Amecrica Past (New York, 1958), 26; Feb. 8,1756, Dec. 26, 1763, Turner, Diary, 26–27,283; Carol M. Worthman and Melissa K. Melby, "Toward a Comparative Developmental Ecology of Human Sleep," in Mary A. Carskadon, ed., Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences (Cambridge, 2002), 79.

15. W. F., The Schoole of Good Manners (London, 1609).

16. "Letter of M. Brady," LC, July 31, 1764; Arthur Friedman, ed., Collected Works of Oliver Goldsmith (Oxford, 1966), II, 214–218; James Boswell, The Hypochondriack, ed. Margery Bailey (Stanford, Calif., 1928), II, 110; George Steiner, No Passion Spent: Essays, 1978–1996 (London, 1996), 211–212; Simon B. Chandler, "Shakespeare and Sleep," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 29 (1955), 255–260.

17. Tornano, Proverbi, 77; "Wits Private Wealth," in Breton, Works, II, 9; Another Collection of Philosophical Conferences of the French Virtuosi…, trans. G. Havers and J. Davies (London, 1665), 419; Richard Oliver Heslop, comp., Northumberland Words… (1892; rpt. edn., Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 1,248, П, 659; Alexander Hislop, comp., The Proverbs of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1870), 346.

18. William Rowley, All's Lost By Lust (London, 1633); Thomas Shadwell, The Amorous Bigotte (London, 1690), 43; The Dramatic Works of Sir William D'Avenant (New York, 1964), 146; Boswell, Hypochondriack, ed. Bailey, II, 112; Erik Eckholm, "Exploring the Forces of Sleep," New York Times Magazine, Apr. 17,1988,32.

19. James Hervey, Meditations and Contemplations… (London, 1752), П, 42; Boswell, Hypochondriack, ed. Bailey, II, 110; N. Caussin, The Christian Diary (London, 1652), 35; June 2, 1706, Cowper, Diary; Alan of Lille, The Art of Preaching, trans. G. R. Evans (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1981), 135. О важной дискуссии Фрейда по поводу «невротических обрядов», относящихся ко сну, см.: "Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices," in James Strachey, ed. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London, 1975), IX, 117–118; Barry Schwartz, "Notes on the Sociology of Sleep," Sociological Quarterly 11 (1970), 494–495.

20. Herbert's Devotions… (London, 1657), 237; Walter L. Straus, ed., The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550–1600; A Pictorial Catalogue (New York, 1975), II, 739; Stephen Bateman, A Christall Glasse of Christian Reformation… (London, 1569).

21. Eugen Weber, My France: Politics, Culture, Myth (Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 85; Thomas Moffett, The History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents… (London, 1658), II, 956–957; July 16, 1678, John Lough, ed., Locke's Travels in France, 1675–1679 (Cambridge, 1953), 207; John Southall, A Treatise ofBuggs… (London, 1730); J. F. D. Shrewsbury, The Plague of the Philistines and Other Medical-Historical Essays (London, 1964), 146–161.

22. July 16, 1784, Torrington, Diaries, 1, 174; James P. Horn, Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1994), 318–319. За день до приезда домой из путешествия Сайлас Невилл отправил записку с просьбой о том, чтобы его экономка со своей дочерью спали в эту ночь на его кровати, дабы «просушить» ее (Basil Cozens-Hardy, ed., The Diary of Sylas Neville, 1767–1788 [London, 1950], 162).

23. Carolyn Pouncy, ed., The "DomostroiRules for Russian Households in the Time of Ivan the Terrible (Ithaca, N. Y., 1994), 170; Anna Brzozowska-Krajka, Polish Traditional Folklore: The Magic of Time (Boulder, Colo, 1998), 119; PA, Mar. 20,1764.

24. Steven Bradwell, A Watch-man for the Pest… (London, 1625), 39; Oct. 20,1763, Frederick A Pottle, ed., Boswell in Holland 1763–1764 (New York, 1952), 49–50; Venner, Via Recta, 275; Israel Spach, Theses Medicae de Somno et Vigilia… (Strasburg, 1597).

25. Jon Cowans, ed., Early Modem Spain: A Documentary History (Philadelphia, 2003), 121; Alan Macfarlane, The Justice and the Mare's Ale: Law and Disorder in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 1981), 56; John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington… (Washington, D. C, 1931), 1, 17. Сведения о спальной одежде встречаются редко, однако см.: С. Willett and Phillis Cunnington, The History of Underclothes (London, 1951), 41–43, 52, 61; Almut Junker, Zur Geschichte der Unterwäsche 1700–1960: eine Ausstellung des Historischen Museums Frankfurt, 28 April bis 28 August 1988 (Frankfurt, 1988), 10–78; Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: The Development of Manners…, trans. Edmund Jephcott (New York, 1978), I, 164–165. Об отсутствии одежды у спящих см.: Edmond Cottinet, "La Nudité au Lit Selon Cathos et l'Histoire," Le Moliériste (April 1883), 20–25 (June 1883) 86–89; Dannednfeldt, "Renaissance Sleep," 426.

26. Randle Cotgrave, A Dictionaire of the French and English Tongues (London, 1611); Laurence Sterne, The Life & Opinions ofTristam Shandy, Gentleman (New York, 1950), 568; Sept. 22, 1660, Pepys, Diary, I, 251; Alison Weir, Henry VIII: The King and His Court (New York, 2001), 84.

27. The Queens Closet Opened… (London, 1661), 60–61,101–102; Aug. 11,1678, Michael Hunter and Annabel Gregory, eds., An Astrological Diary of the Seventeenth Century: Samuel JeakeofRye, 1652–1699 (Oxford, 1988), 140; Christof Wirsung, Praxis Medicinae Universalis; or a Generali Practise of Phisicke… (London, 1598), 618.

28. Moryson, Itinerary, IV, 44; "T.C.," PL, Dec. 5, 1765. В книге «Celestina: A Novel in Dialogue», написанной Фернандо де Рохасом и опубликованной на английском языке в переводе Лесли Бёрд Симпсон (Berkeley, Calif., 1971), главный герой говорит о вине: «В зимнюю ночь нет лучше грелки. Если, перед тем как лечь спать, я выпиваю три небольших кувшина вина наподобие этих, я не чувствую холода в течение всей ночи» (104).

29. Bradwell, Watch-man, 38; "W," LC, Oct. 9, 1763; Henry G. Bohn, A Hand-book of Proverbs… (London, 1855), 28; May 25,1767, Cozens-Hardy, ed., Neville Diary, 8; Feb. 29,1756, Turner, Diary, 32.

30. Thomas Elyot, The Castel ofHelthe (London, 1539), fo. 46; Governai, In this Tretyse that Is Cleped Govemayle ofHelthe (New York, 1969); Bullein, Goveriment of Health, 90.

31. Sept. 29, 1661, Pepys, Diary, II, 186; East Anglian Diaries, 51; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 113–128; François Lebrun, "The Two Reformations: Communal Devotion and Personal Piety," in HPL III, 96–97. Упоминания о ночном «затворе» можно найти в кн.: Owen Feltham, Resolves (London, 1628), 406; Oct. 2, 1704, Cowper, Diary; Andrew Henderson, ed., Scottish Proverbs (Edinburgh, 1832), 48.

32. John Bartlett, Familiar Quotations…, ed. Emily Morison Beck et al. (Boston, 1980), 320; Whole Duty of Man, 388; Thomas Becon, The Early Works…, ed. John Ayre (Cambridge, 1843), 403.

33. Thankfull Remembrances of Gods Wonderful Deliverances… (n. p., 1628). См. также: July 18,1709, Cowper, Diary. Хорошо известна древняя корнуоллская молитва: «От вампиров, и призраков, и ползучих тварей, и от вещей, о которые можно удариться ночью, избавь нас, Милосердный Боже!» (Bartlett, Familiar Quotations, ed. Beck et al., 921).

34. Martine Segalen, Love and Power in the Peasant Family: Rural France in the Nineteenth Century, trans. Sarah Matthews (Chicago, 1983,124–125; Phillipe Martin, "Corps en Repos ou Corps en Danger? Le Sommeil dans les Livres de Piété (Second Moitié du XVIIIe Siècle)," Revue d'Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses 80 (2000), 253.

35. Gwyn Jones, comp., The Oxford Book of Welsh Verse in English (Oxford, 1977), 78; July 15,1705, Cowper, Diary; Gervase Markham, Countrey Contentments… (London, 1615), 31; William Lilly, A Groatsworth of Wit for a Penny; or, the Interpretation of Dreams (London, [1750?]), 18.

36. Cogan, Haven of Health, 235.

37. Harrison, Description, 200–201; Raffaella Sard, Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 120; John E. Crowley, The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities & Design in Early Modern Britain & Early America (Baltimore, 2001), 73–76; Anne Fillon, "Comme on Fait son Lit, on se Couche 300 Ans d'Histoire du Lit Villageois," in Populatiens et Cultures… Etudes Réunies en l'Honneur de François Lebrun (Rennes, 1989), 153–161.

38. Stephanie Grauman Wolf, As Various as Their Land: The Everyday Lives of Eighteenth-Century Americans (New York, 1993), 66; Carole Shammas, "The Domestic Environment in Early Modem England and America," JSH14 (1990), 169,158; Dannenfeldt, "Renaissance Sleep," 426 n. 31; Crowley, Comfort, passim; F. G. Emmison, Elizabethan Life: Home, Work & Land (Chelmsford, Eng., 1976), 12–15; Roche, Consumption, 182–185.

39. Bartlett, Familiar Quotations, ed. Beck et al., 290; Lemnius, Touchstone of Complexions, trans. Newton, 73; Cogan, Haven of Health, 235; Brad well, Watch-man, 39.

40. Alan Everitt, "Farm Labourers," in Joan Thirsk, ed., The Agrarian History of England and Wales, IV, 1500–1640 (London, 1967), 449; Horn, Adapting to a New World, ЗЮЗИ, 324–325.

41. A Browning, ed., English Historical Documents, 1660–1714 (New York, 1953), 729; [Ward], A Trip to Ireland… (n. p., 1699), 5.

42. Harrison, Description, 201; OBP, Sept. 9—16,1767,259; Feb. 19,1665, Pepys, Diary, VI, 39; Cissie Fairchilds, Domestic Enemies: Servants & Their Masters in Old Regime France (Baltimore, 1984), 39; Steven L. Kaplan, The Bakers of Paris and the Bread Question, 1700–1775 (Durham, N. C, 1996), 259. Слуга в колониальном Мэриленде жаловался: «Завернуться в одеяло и лечь на землю – вот и весь отдых, который мы можем себе позволить» (Elizabeth Sprigs to John Sprigs, Sept. 22, 1756, in Merrill Jensen, ed., English Historical Documents: American Colonial Documents to 1776 [New York, 1955], 489). Такая судьба ожидала большинство американских рабов в раннее Новое время. Несмотря на то что в некоторых жилищах имелись «кровати из досок», чаще рабы спали на земле среди соломы, тряпья или, если повезет, нескольких грубых одеял (Morgan, Slave Counterpoint, 114).

43. OED, s. V. "bulkers"; John Heron Lepper, The Testaments of François Villon (New York, 1926), 12; Order of Nov. 28, 1732, London Court of Common Council, BL; Menna Prestwich, Cranfield: Politics and Profits Under the Early Stuarts (Oxford, 1966), 529;

Paroimiographia (French), 18; H. S. Bennett, Life on the English Manor: A Study of Peasant Conditions, 1150–1400 (Cambridge, 1967), 233; Richard Parkinson, ed., The Private Journal and Literary Remains off John Byrom (Manchester, 1854), I, Part 2,407.

44. RB, VI, 220; Tornano, Proverbi, 127.

45. Alain Collomp, "Families: Habitations and Cohabitations," in HPL III, 507; Flandrin, Families, trans. Southern, 98–99; Flaherty, Privacy, 76–79.

46. Constantia Maxwell, Country and Town in Ireland under the Georges (London, 1940), 123: Ménétra, Journal, 137; Flandrin, Families, trans. Southern, 100.0 выражении «to pig» cm.: OED; Journal of Twisden Bradboum, 1693–1694,1698,19, Miscellaneous English Manuscripts c. 206, Bodl.; Edward Peacock, comp., A Glossary of Words Used in the Wapentakes of Manley and Corringham, Lincolnshire (Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 191.

47. John Dunton, Teague Land, or a Merry Ramble to the Wild Irish: Letters from Ireland 1698, ed. Edward MacLysaght (Blackrock, Ire., 1982), 21; Howard William Troyer, Five Travel Scripts Commonly Attributed to Edward Ward (New York, 1933), 5, 6; Maxwell, Ireland, 125; Patricia James, ed., The Travel Diaries of Thomas Robert Malthus (London, 1966), 188, Pinkerton, Travels, III, 667.

48. James E. Savage, ed., The "Conceited Newes" of Sir Thomas Overbury and His Friends (Gainesville, Fla., 1968), 260.

49. Elias, Civilizing Process, trans. Jephcott, 1,160–163; Abel Boyer, The Compleat French-Master… (London, 1699), 6; Elborg Forster, ed. and trans., A Woman's Life in the Court of the Sun King: Letters of Liselotte von der Pfalz, 1652–1722 (Baltimore, 1984), 149.

50. John Greaves Nail, ed., An Etymological and Comparative Glossary of the Dialect and Provincialism of East Anglia (London, 1866), 512; Elias, Civilizing Process, trans. Jephcott, 1,166–168.

51. May 4, 1763, Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell's London Journal, 1762–1763 (New York, 1950), 253; June 14, 1765, Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle, eds., Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica, and France, 1765–1766 (New York, 1955), 253; Isaac Heller, The Life and Confession of Isaac Heller… (Liberty, Ind., 1836). См. также: Mary Nicholson, Feb. 28,1768, Assi 45/29/1/169; Mar. 23,1669, Pepys, Diary, IX, 495.

52. Milly Harrison and О. M. Royston, comps., How They Lived (Oxford, 1965), II, 235; OBP, Sept. 13–16,1758, 291.

53. Thomas Newcomb, The Manners of the Age… (London, 1733), 454; June 22, 1799, Drinker, Diary, II, 1180; Thomas A Wehr, "The Impact of Changes in Nightlength (Scotoperiod) on Human Sleep," in F. W. Turek and P. C. Zee, eds., Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms (New York, 1999), 263–285.

54. LDA, June 10,1751; Sidney Oldall Addy, comp., A Supplement to the Sheffield Glossary (Vaduz, Liecht., 1965), 19; Kenneth J. Gergen et al., "Deviance in the Dark," Psychology Today 7 (October 1973), 130.

55. Richard Bovet, Pandaemonium (Totowa, N. J., 1975), 118; James Orchard Halliwell, ed., The Autobiography and Personal Diary of Dr. Simon Forman… (London, 1849), 8–9; The Princess Cloria: or, the Royal Romance (London, 1661), 530; Dec. 15,1710, Cowper, Diary.

56. Helmut Puff, Sodomy in Reformation Germany and Switzerland, 1400–1600 (Chicago, 2003), 77–78; OBP, Sept. 10–16,1755,309; G. R Quaife, Wanton Wenches and Wayward Wives: Peasants and Illicit Sex in Early Seventeenth-Century England (London, 1979), 73; Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York, 1996), 156.

57. The English Rogue… (London, 1671), Part II1,31; David P. French, comp., Minor English Poets, 1660–1780 (New York, 1967), III, 318; Elias, Civilizing Process, trans. Jephcott, I, 161; Maza, Servants and Masters, 184.

58. J. C. Ghosh, ed., The Works of Thomas Otway: Plays, Poems, and Love-Letters (Oxford, 1968), II, 340; Joanna Brooker, Nov. 21, 1754, Suffolk Court Files № 129733b, Suffolk County Court House, Boston.

59. Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (Avon, Ct., 1974), 440–441; George Morison Paul, ed., Diary of Sir Archibald Johnston of Wariston (Edinburgh, 1911), 56; Jan. 1, 1663, Pepys, Diary, IV, 2; Nov. 29, 1776, Charles McC. Weiss and Frederick A. Pottle, eds., Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778 (New York, 1970), 62; Dec. 28,1780, Joseph W. Reed and Frederick A. Pottle, eds., Boswell: Laird of Auchinleck, 1778–1782 (New York, 1977), 281.

60. Joshua Swetman, The Arraignment of Lewd, Idle, Froward [sic], and Unconstant Women… (London, 1702), 43–44; May 11,1731, Clegg, Diary, 1,118; Rudolph M. Bell, How to Do It: Guides to Good Living for Renaissance Italians (Chicago, 1999), 232; The Fifteen Joys of Marriage, trans. Elisabeth Abbott (London, 1959), 22–24, 72–84.

61. Edward Jemingham, The Welch Heiress (London, 1795), 70; Diary of John Eliot, 1768, 3, passim, Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford; July 21, 1700, Diary of John Richards, Dorsetshire Record Office, Dorchester. См. также: Autobiography of the Rev. Dr Alexander Carlyle, Minister of Inveresk… (Edinburgh, 1860), 545.

62. P. J. P. Goldberg, Women in England, c. 1275–1525: Documentary Sources (Manchester, 1995), 142; Ulinka Rublack, The Crimes of Women in Early Modem Germany (Oxford, 1999), 227; Boston Post-Boy, Aug. 17,1752; NYWJ, Dec. 12,1737.

Глава одиннадцатая

1. C. E. Roybet, ed., Les Serees de Guillaume Boucher Sieur de Brocourt (Paris, 1874), 1П, 154.

2. William C. Dement, The Promise of Sleep (New York, 1999), 101.

3. Adventurer 39, Mar. 20,1753,228; Christof Wirsung, Praxis Medicinae Universalis; or a Generali Practise of Phisicke… (London, 1598), 618.

4. T. D. Gent, Collin's Walk through London and Westminster… (London, 1690), 43; Shakespeare, Macbeth, II, 2, 35; William Mountfort, The Injur'd Lovers… (London, 1688), 49.

5. Sylvain Matron, "Le Rêve Dans les «Secrètes Sciences»: Spirituels, Kabbalistes Chrétiens et Alchimistes," Revue des Sciences Humaines 83 (1988), 160; Adventurer 39, Mar. 20, 1753, 229. Конечно, в греческой мифологии «сон» (hypnos) и «смерть» (thantos) считались близнецами – сыновьями «ночи».

6. J. С. Smith and E. De Selincourt, eds., Spenser: Poetical Works (London, 1969), 606; Burton E. Stevenson, ed., The Home Book of Proverbs, Maxims and Familiar Phrases (New York, 1948), 2134; Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella… (London, 1591); Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, The Adventures of Don Quixote, trans. J. M. Cohen (Baltimore, 1965), 906.

7. Joshua Sylvester, trans., Du Bartas: His Divine Weekes and Workes (London, 1621), 465; Shakespeare, King Henry V, IV, 1, 264–267; Verdon, Night, 203–206. В Екклесиасте говорится: «Сладок сон работящего», 5:12.

8. George Laurence Gomme, ed., The Gentleman's Magazine Library: Being a Classified Collection of the Chief Contents of the Gentleman's Magazine from 1731 to 1868: Popular Superstitions (London, 1884), 122; July 22, Feb. 13,1712, Cowper, Diary; Oct. 4,1776, Charles McC. Weiss and Frederick A. Pottle, eds., Boswell in Extremes, 1776–1778 (New York, 1970), 39.

9. Jean-François Senault, Man Become Guilty, or the Corruption of Nature by Sinne, trans. Henry Earle of Monmouth (London, 1650), 243; Philip D. Morgan, "British Encounters with Africans and African Americans, c. 1600–1780," in Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds., Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1991), 206; Nov. 16, 1664, Oct. 6,1663, Pepys, Diary, V, 322, TV, 325.

10. Nashe, Works, I, 355; July 22,1712, Oct. 12,1703, Cowper, Diary; Dement, Promise of Sleep, 17.

11. Spenser, Amoretti and Epithalamion (1595; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1969).

12. Herbert's Devotions… (London, 1657), 1; Alexander B. Grosart, ed., The Complete Works in Prose and Verse of Francis Quarles (New York, 1967), II, 206; Apr. 4,1782, Journal of Peter Oliver, Egerton Manuscripts, BL; Benjamin Mifflin, "Journal of a Journey from Philadelphia to the Cedar Swamps & Back, 1764," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 52 (1928), 130–131.

13. Kenneth Jon Rose, The Body in Time (New York, 1989), 87–88; Jane Wegscheider Hyman, The Light Book: How Natural and Artificial Light Affect Our Health, Mood and Behavior (Los Angeles, 1990), 140–141; Gay Gaer Luce, Body Time (London, 1973), 151,178.

14. Nov. 21, 1662, Pepys, Diary, III, 262; May 25, 1709, Cowper, Diary; OED, s. v. "spitting"; SAS, XI, 124–125; Jan. 1, Feb. 21,1706, Raymond A. Anselment, ed., The Remembrances of Elizabeth Freke, 1671–1714 (Cambridge, 2001), 84; Hyman, Light Book, 140–141; Mary J. Dobson, Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 1997), 242, 252–253; Carol M. Worthman and Melissa K. Melby, "Toward a Comparative Developmental Ecology of Human Sleep," in Mary A. Carskadon, ed., Adolescent Sleep Patterns: Biological, Social, and Psychological Influences (Cambridge, 2002), 74.

15. Charles Severn, ed., Diary of the Rev. John Ward… (London, 1839), 199; Sept. 24,1703, Oct. 18, 1715, Cowper, Diary; Suellen Hoy, Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness (Oxford, 1995), 5; Henry Vaughan, Welsh Proverbs with English Translations (Felin-fach, Wales, 1889), 85; Legg, Low-Life, 9.

16. Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy (New York, 1938), 597; Bräker, Life, 82; Nov. 28, 1759, James Balfour Paul, ed., Diary of George Ridpath… 1755–1761 (Edinburgh, 1922), 288; Oct. 1, 1703, Cowper, Diary; Michael MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam: Madness, Anxiety, and Healing in Seventeenth-Century England (Cambridge, 1981), 245.

17. Piero Camporesi, Bread of Dreams: Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Europe, trans. David Gentilcore (Chicago, 1989), 64; John Wilson, The Projectors (London, 1665), 18; Lydia Dotto, Losing Sleep: How Your Sleep Habits Affect Your Life (New York, 1990), 157.

18. M. Andreas Laurentius, A Discourse of the Preservation of the Sight…, trans. Richard Surphlet (London, 1938), 104, 96; Dagobert D. Runes, ed., The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush (New York, 1974), 200; Hyman, Light Book, 87,96–97, passim.

19. Thomas Overbury, The "Conceited Newes" of Sir Thomas Overbury and His Friends, ed. James E. Savage (1616; rpt. edn., Gainesville, Fla., 1968), 262; Henry Nevil Payne, The Siege of Constantinople (London, 1675), 51; Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Aphorisms, trans. R. J. Hollingdale (London, 1990), 83–84; Luce, Body Time, 204–210.

20. Stevenson, ed., Proverbs, 2132; Henry Bachelin, Le Serviteur (Paris, 1918), 216; Nov. 6, 1715, William Matthews, ed., The Diary of Dudley Ryder, 1715–1716 (London, 1939), 105; May 20,1624, Beck, Diary, 99. См. также: Jan. 30,1665, Pepys, Diary, VI, 25.

21. Heaton, "Experiences or Spiritual Exercises" (typescript), 4, North Haven Historical Society, North Haven, Ct.; Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, 465; Barbara E. Lacey, The World of Hannah Heaton: The Autobiography of an Eighteenth-Century Connecticut Farm Woman," WMQ, 3rd Ser., 45 (1988), 284–285.

22. M. A. Courtney and Thomas Q. Couch, eds., Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall (London, 1880), 39; OED, s. v. "nightmare"; Edward Phillips, The Chamber-Maid… (London, 1730), 57; The Works of Benjamin Jonson (London, 1616), 951.

23. Joseph Angus and J. C. Ryle, eds., The Works of Thomas Adams… (Edinburgh, 1861), II, 29.

24. Charles P. Poliak, "The Effects of Noise on Sleep," in Thomas H. Fay, ed., Noise and Health (New York, 1991), 41–60.

25. Wilson, English Proverbs, 169; R. Murray Schafer, The Tuning of the World (Philadelphia, 1977), 59; Luce, Body Tune, 141.

26. Thomas Shadwell, Epsom-Wells (London, 1672), 83; The Works of Monsieur Boileau (London, 1712), 1, 193–194, 200–201; The Works of Mr. Thomas Brown in Prose and Verse… (London, 1708), III, 15; Bruce R. Smith, The Acoustic World of Early Modem England Attending to the О-Factor (Chicago, 1999), 52–71. Конечно, некоторые шумы раннего Нового времени, как заметил Френсис Бэкон, способствовали сну, среди них капающая вода и тихое пение. James Spedding et al., eds., The Works of Francis Bacon (London, 1859), II, 579–580.

27. Joseph Leech, Rural Rides of the Bristol Churchgoer, ed. Alan Sutton (Gloucester, Eng., 1982), 70; Mar. 16,1706, Cowper, Diary.

28. Oct. 24,1794, Oct. 19,1796, Drinker, Diary, II, 610,853.

29. William Beckford, Dreams, Waking Thoughts and Incidents, ed. Robert J. Gemmett (Rutherford, N. J., 1972), 165; Robert Forby, comp., The Vocabulary of East Anglia (Newton Abbot, Eng., 1970), 1, 43; June 15, 1800, Jack Ayres, ed., Paupers and Pig Killers: The Diary of William Holland, a Somerset Parson (Gloucester, Eng., 1984), 38.

30. P. Hume Brown, ed., Tours in Scotland 1677 & 1681… (Edinburgh, 1892), 33; Donald Gibson, ed., A Parson in the Vale of White Horse George Woodward's Letters from East Hendred 1753–1761 (Gloucester, Eng., 1982), 37; Nov. 26, 1703, Doreen Slatter, ed., The Diary of Thomas Naish (Devizes, Eng., 1965), 51; Pounds, Culture, 364–365; Smith, Acoustic World, 71–82.

31. Alice Morse Earle, Customs and Fashions in Old New England (1893; rpt. edn., Detroit, 1968), 128; LEP, Jan. 12,1767; Dec. 19,1799, Woodforde, Diary, V, 230; Brian Fagan, The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850 (New York, 2000), 113–147; Stanley Coren, Sleep Thieves: An Eye Opening Exploration into the Science and Mysteries of Sleep (New York, 1996), 164.

32. Legg, Low-Life, 4; John Ashton, comp., Modern Street Ballads (New York, 1968), 51; Stevenson, ed., Proverbs, 280; Lynne Lamberg, Bodyrhythms: Chronobiology and Peak Performance (New York, 1994), 111–112; Remarks 1717, 193–194; Aug. 3, 1774, Edward Miles Riley, ed., The Journal of John Harrower: An Indentured Servant in the Colony of Virginia, 1773–1776 (Williamsburg, 1963), 52.

33. Torrington, Diaries, Ш, 317; Evelyn, Diary, П, 507; Robert Southey, Journal of a Tour in Scotland (1929; rpt. edn. Edinburgh, 1972), 91–92.

34. John Locke, The Works… (London, 1963), IX, 23; Coren, Sleep Thieves, 160–161.

35. Apr. 4, 1624, Beck, Diary, 71; Lawrence Wright, Warm and Snug The History of the Bed (London, 1962), 199–200; Oct. 22,1660, Pepys, Diary, I, 271; Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1948), 195; F. P. Pankhurst and J. A Home, "The Influence of Bed Partners on Movement during Sleep," Sleep 17 (1994), 308–315.

36. A. Aspinall, ed., Lady Bessborough and Her Family Circle (London, 1940), 111–112; John S. Farmer, ed., Merry Songs and Ballads Prior to the Year A. D. 1800 (New York, 1964), I, 202–203; Lawrence Wright, Clean and Decent: The Fascinating History of the Bathroom & the Water Closet… (New York, 1960), 78; Pounds, Culture, 366–367.

37. См., например: Thomas Brewer, The Merry Devili of Edmonton (London, 1631), 44; OED, s. V. "urinal"; Mar. 27,1706, Sewall, Diary, I, 543; Jonathan Swift, Directions to Servants… (Oxford, 1959), 61; Burt, Letters, II, 47.

38. James T. Henke, Gutter Life and Language in the Early "Street" Literature of England: A Glossary of Terms and Topics Chiefly of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (West Cornwall, Ct., 1988), 51; Sept. 28,1665, Pepys, Diary, VI, 244; John Greenwood, Mar. 9,1771, Assi 45/30/1/70; Paroimiographia (Italian), 16.

39. Cibber and Vanbrugh, The Provok'd Husband; or a Journey to London (London, 1728), 76.

40. Peter Thornton, The Italian Renaissance Interior 1400–1600 (New York, 1991), 248, 249–251, and Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration in England, France, and Holland (New Haven, 1978), 324–326,328.

41. Boileau Works, 1,201.

42. Benjamin Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York, 1987), 1121–1122; Feb. 16,17,1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 73, 75; Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling, ed., Quebec to Carolina in 1785–1786: Being the Travel Diary and Observations of Robert Hunter Jr…. (San Marino, Calif., 1943), 278–279; Raffaella Sarti, Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 122.

43. July 9,1774, Philip Vickers Fithian, Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian, 1773–1774: A Plantation Tutor of the Old Dominion, ed. Hunter Dickinson Farish (Williamsburg, 1943), 178.

44. Nicholas James, Poems on Several Occasions (Truro, Eng., 1742), 13; Herbert's Devotions, 223; Sarah C. Maza, Servants and Masters in Eighteenth-Century France: The Uses of Loyalty (Princeton, N. J., 1983), 183, n. 61. Автор, пишущий о рабочем классе, – Джон Янгер позднее высмеивал «тупоголовых писателей благородных романов… изображающих счастливое неведение храпящего крестьянства, которому совсем ничего не известно о таких человеческих делах» (Autobiography of John Younger, Shoemaker, St. Boswells… [Edinburgh, 1881], 133).

45. Poliak, "Effects of Noise," 43.

46. Apr. 13, 1719, William Byrd, The London Diary (1717–1721) and Other Writings, ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (Oxford, 1958), 256; Oct. 9,1647, Yorkshire Diaries and Autobiographies in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Durham, Eng., 1875), 1,67; Coren, Sleep Thieves, 72–74, 286. Неудивительно, что среди низших классов в Европе раннего Нового времени мифическая «страна Кокаин» пользовалась большой популярностью. Кроме прочих удовольствий, в этом утопическом рае мужчины и женщины спали в «мягких постелях», а «кто лучше спит, тот больше зарабатывает» (Piero Camporesi, The Land of Hunger, trans. Tania Croft-Murray [Cambridge, Mass., 1996], 160–164).

47. Medial Sobel, The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (Princeton, N.J., 1987), 24; James Scholefield, ed., The Works of James Pilkington, B. D., Lord Bishop of Durham (New York, 1968), 446; E. P. Thompson, "Time, Work-Disdpline, and Industrial Capitalism," PP 38 (1967), 56–97.

48. Camporesi, Bread of Dreams, 68–69; Coren, Sleep Thieves, passim.

Глава двенадцатая

1. Philip Wheelwright, Heraclitus (Princeton, N. J., 1959), 20.