Текст книги "На исходе дня. История ночи"

Автор книги: А. Роджер Экерч

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50. Stephen Porter, "Fires in Stratford-upon-Avon in the Sixteenth & Seventeenth Centuries," Warwickshire History 3 (1976), 103, passim.

51. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 333; Mar. 16, 1701, Cowper, Diary; Matthiessen, Natten, 121–122.

52. Sir Richard Blackmore, Prince Arthur (London, 1695), 190; E. L. Jones et al., A Gazetteer of English Urban Fire Disasters, 1500–1900 (Norwich, 1984).

53. Roy Porter, London, a Social History (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 85; Sept. 4,1666, Evelyn, Diary, III, 454; Neil Hanson, The Great Fire of London: In that Apocalyptic Year (Hoboken, N. J., 2002).

54. NYWJ, Sept. 26,1737; SJC, Aug. 4,1785; Roberts, "Fire in French Cities," 9—27.

55. Mar. 30,1760, "Stow, and John Gate's Diary," Worcester Society of Antiquity Proceedings (1898), 270; Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742 (Oxford, 1971), 55–63,206–213,364-372; Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 (Oxford, 1971), 18,100–105, 292–294.

56. Ludwig Holberg, Moral Reflections & Epistles, ed. P. M. Mitchell (Norvik, Eng., 1991), 169; "The Diary of George Booth," Journal of the Chester and North Wales Architectural Archaeological and Historic Society, New Ser., 28 (1928), 40; Enid Porter, Cambridgeshire Customs and Folklore (New York, 1969), 205.

57. John Bancroft, The Tragedy of Sertonius (London, 1679), 20. См. также: Benjamin Keach, Spiritual Melody (London, 1691), 28; Rowlands, Night Raven.

58. Benjamin Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A Leo Lemay, ed. (New York, 1987), 220–221; "Philanthropos," LEP, Jan. 25,1763; Carl Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (New York, 1967), 144; The Life and Errors of John Dunton… (London, 1818), 11,606.

59. Paroimiographia (English), 5; Thomas Tusser, Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie, eds. V. Payne and J. Sidney (London, 1878), 179; Jan. 13, 1669, Josselin, Diary, 545; Nov. 3, 1710, Raymond A. Anselment, ed., The Remembrances of Elizabeth Freke, 1671–1714 (London, 2001), 270; Mar. 22,1683, J. E. Foster, ed., The Diary of Samuel Newton (Cambridge, 1890), 84; PG, Feb. 18,1729.

60. Hugh Platte, The Jewell House of Art and Nature… (1594; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1979), 50.

61. July 20,1709, Sewall, Diary, II, 622; George Lyman Kittredge, The Old Farmer and His Almanack… (Cambridge, Mass., ca. 1904), 147; DUR, July 11,1787.

62. Matybeth Carlson, "Domestic Service in a Changing City Economy: Rotterdam, 1680–1780" (Ph. D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1993), 157–158; Wilson, English Proverbs, 167.

63. Grub Street Journal (London), May 16,1734.

64. PA, July 15, 1763; William Langland's Piers Plowman: The C Version, trans. George Economou (Philadelphia, 1996), 25; Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450–1750 (London, 1995), 276–277.

65. William Hector, ed., Selections from the Judicial Records of Renfrewshire… (Paisley, Scot., 1876), 239; Bernard Capp, "Arson, Threats of Arson, and Incivility in Early Modem England," in Peter Burke et al., eds.. Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (Oxford, 2000), 197–213; Matthiessen, Natten, 121.

66. Goudsblom, Fire and Civilization, 158; Roberts, "Fire in French Cities," 22; Country Journal: or the Craftsman (London), June 24,1738.

67. S/C, May 25, 1769; Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1989), 85; Ruff, "Crime, Justice, and Public Order," 262; BC, May 20,1761.

68. Augustus Jessopp, ed., The Autobiography of the Hon. Roger North (London, 1887), 41; WJ, Aug. 15,1724; Effectual Scheme, 69–70.

69. Bob Scribner, "The Mordbrenner Fear in Sixteenth-Century Germany: Political Paranoia or the Revenge of the Outcast?" in Evans, ed., German Underworld, 29–56; Penny Roberts, "Arson, Conspiracy and Rumor in Early Modem Europe," Continuity and Change 12 (1997), 9-29.

70. Jacqueline Simpson, The Folklore of Sussex (London, 1973), 135–136; Capp, "Arson," 204; Thomas D. Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619–1860 (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1996), 330–332.

71. Weinsberg, Diary, 1,125; SJC, Nov. 4, 1769; Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, 531–533.

72. Grose, Dictionary; 6 Anne c. 31; PG, Apr. 30, 1730. См. также: Effectual Scheme, 69; Michael Kunze, Highroad to the Stake: A Tale of Witchcraft, trans. William E. Yuill (Chicago, 1987), 147.

73. Nashe, Works, 1,386.

74. Rudolph Braun, Industrialisation and Everyday Life, trans. Sarah Hanbury Tenison (Cambridge, 1990), 84.

ЧАСТЬ ВТОРАЯ

Прелюдия

1. James M. Houston, ed., The Mind on Fire: An Anthology of the Writings of Blaise Pascal (Porland, Ore., 1989), 165.

2. [Foxton], The Night-Piece: A Poem (London, 1719), 10. Об институтах повседневной жизни см., например: Pounds, Culture, 255–301; Cohens, Italy, 51–52, 116–125; David H. Flaherty, "Crime and Social Control in Provincial Massachusetts," Historical Journal 24 (1981), 339–360.

3. Ken Krabbenhoft, trans., The Poems of St. John of the Cross (New York, 1999), 19; James Scholefield, ed., The Works of James Pilkington, B. D, Lord Bishop of Durham (London, 1842), 340; Verdon, Night, 199–215; Paulette Choné, L'Atelier Des Nuits: Histoire et Signification du Nocturne dans l'Art d'Occident (Nancy, France, 1992), 146–150; John M. Staudenmaier, "Denying the Holy Dark: The Englightenment Ideal and the European Mystical Tradition," in Leo Marx and Bruce Mazlish, eds., Progress: Fact or Illusion (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996), 184–185.

4. Daniello Bartoli, La Ricreazione del Savio (Parma, 1992), 191–192; John Northbrooke, A Treatise wherein Dicing, Dauncing, Vaine Playes or Enterluds with Other Idle Pastimes… (London, 1577), 20; John Clayton, Friendly Advice to the Poor… (Manchester, 1755), 38.

5. Piero Camporesi, Exotic Brew: The Art of Living in the Age of Enlightenment (Maiden, Mass., 1994), 13.

6. Thomas Amory, Daily Devotion Assisted and Recommended… (London, 1772), 20; George Economou, trans., William Langland's Piers Plowman: The C Version (Philadelphia, 1996), 188; Cotton Mather, Meat Out of the Eater (Boston, 1703), 129; Keith Thomas, Man and the Natural World: A History of the Modem Sensibility (New York, 1983), 40.

Глава третья

1. Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 350.

2. Lean, Lean's Collectanea, I, 352; Gerhard Dohm-van Rossum, History of the Hour: Clocks and Modem Temporal Orders, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Chicago, 1996), 204; Remarks 1717, 160; Sigridin Maurice and Klaus Maurice, "Counting the Hours in Community Life of the 16th Century," in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds., The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650 (New York, 1980), 148.

3. T. P. Wiseman, Remus: A Roman Myth (Cambridge, 1995), 125; James D. Tracy, ed., City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective (Cambridge, 2000); R. A. Butlin, "Land and People, c. 1600," in T. W. Moody et al., eds., Early Modem Ireland, 1534–1691 (Oxford, 1991), 160–161; Remarks 1717, 160; Matthiessen, Natten, 18; Ripae, Nocturno Tempore, ch. 19.

4. Adam Walker, Ideas… in a Late Excursion through Flanders, Germany, France and Italy (London, 1790), 69; Verdon, Night, 81; Batavia: or the Hollander Displayed… (Amsterdam, 1675), 50; Alexander Cowan, Urban Europe, 1500–1700 (London, 1998), 138–142.

5. John Chamberlayne, Magna Britannia Notitia: or, the Present State of Great Britain… (London, 1723), 1,255; Cowan, Urban Europe, 39–40.

6. Anglicus, On the Properties of Things, trans. John Trevisa (Oxford, 1975), I, 539; Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modem City, 1450–1750 (London, 1995), 23.

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8. OED, s.v. "curfew"; Raphael Holinshed, Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, ed. Charles Lethbridge (1807; rpt. edn., New York, 1965), II, 9.

9. Toulin Smith, ed., English Gilds: The Original Ordinances of More than One Hundred Early English Gilds… (1870; rpt. edn., London, 1963), 194; Falkus, "Lighting," 249—

251; William M. Bowsky, "The Medieval Commune and Internal Violence: Police Power and Public Safety in Siena, 1287–1355," AHR 73 (1967), 6; A Voisin, "Notes sur la Vie Urbaine au XV Siècle: Dijon la Nuit," Annales de Bourgogne 9 (1937), 267.

10. Matthiessen, Natten, 21–22; Gerald Strauss, Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century: City Politics and Life Between Middle Ages and Modem Times (Bloomington, Ind., 1976), 190–191; J. R. Hale, "Violence in the Late Middle Ages: A Background," in Lauro Martines, ed., Violence and Civil Disorder in Italian Cities, 1200–1500 (Berkeley, Calif., 1972), 23; Verdon, Night, 81; Journal of Sir John Finch, 1675–1682, Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on the Manuscripts of Allan Finch, Esq… (London, 1913), 1,69.

11. Paul Griffiths, "Meanings of Nightwalking in Early Modem England," Seventeenth Century 13 (1998), 224–225; The Lawes of the Market (1595; rpt. edn., Amsterdam, 1974); Falkus, "Lighting," 250–251, passim.

12. W. O. Hassall, comp., How They Lived: An Anthology of Original Accounts Written Before 1485 (Oxford, 1962), 207; Griffiths "Nightwalking," 218, passim; Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, Controlling Misbehavior in England, 1370–1600 (Cambridge, 1998), 66–67; Bronislaw Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris, trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge, 1987), 126, 217; Moryson, Itinerary, I, 196; Walker, "Genève," 75; T. Platter, Journal, 204; Christopher Black, Early Modem Italy: A Social History (London, 2001), 102.

13. Benjamin Ravid, "The Venetian Government and the Jews," in Robert C. Davis and Benjamin Ravid, eds., The Jews of Early Modern Venice (Baltimore, 2001), 8, 21; Orest and Patricia Ranum, comps., The Century of Louis XIV (New York, 1972), 168; Black, Early Modern Italy, 154–156; R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950—1250 (Oxford, 1987), 87.

14. Dekker, Lanthome and Candle-Light (London, 1608); Kathryn Norberg, Rich and Poor in Grenoble, 1600–1814 (Berkeley, Calif., 1985), 44; Griffiths, "Nightwalking," passim; Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725 (Cambridge, 1991), 179–181; Luigi Cajan and Silva Saba, "La Notte Devota: Luci e Ombre Delle Quarantore," in Mario Sbriccoli, ed., La Notte. Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna (Florence, 1991), 74.

15. 13 Edward I c. 4; Sir Andrew Balfour, Letters Written to a Friend (Edinburgh, 1700), 86; Bartholomäus Sastrow et al., Social Germany in Luther’s Time: Being the Memoirs of Bartholomew Sastrow, trans. H. A. L Fisher (Westminster, Eng., 1902), 172; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 405, 163; Ruth Pike, "Crime and Punishment in Sixteenth-Century Spain," Journal of European Economic History 5 (1976), 695; Andrew Trout, City on the Seine: Paris in the Time of Richelieu and Louis XIV (New York, 19 %), 173–174, 217.

16. A. R. Myers, ed., English Historical Documents, 1327–1485 (London, 1969), 1073; David Chambers and Trevor Dean, Clean Hands and Rough Justice: An Investigating Magistrate in Renaissance Italy (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1997), 100; Elisabeth Pavan, "Recherches sur la Nuit Vénitienne à la Fin du Moyen Age, " Journal of Medieval History 7 (1981), 354–355.

17. Verdon, Night, 75; Pavan, "Nuit Vénitienne," 353.

18. E. S. De Beer, "The Early History of London Street-Lighting," History 25 (1941), 311–324; Falkus, "Lighting," 251–254; O'Dea, Lighting, 94; Paul Zumthor, Daily Life in Rembrandt's Holland (New York, 1963), 20.

19. Angelo Raine, ed., York Civic Records (Wakefield, Eng., 1942), III, 110; Falkus, "Lighting," 251–254; J. H. Thomas, Town Government in the Sixteenth Century… (London, [1933]), 56–57; Carl Bridenbaugh, Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (New York, 1967), 153–154.

20. Charles Knight, London (London, 1841), I, 104; De Beer, "London Street-Lighting," 311–324; Matthiessen, Natten, 26.

21. Jean Shirley, trans., A Parisian Journal, 1405–1449 (Oxford, 1968), 51; Thoresby, Diary, 1,190; Matthiessen, Natten, 24,118; David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (London, 1989), 74; Bargellini, "Vita Notturna," 79.

22. James S. Amelang, ed., A Journal of the Plague Year: The Diary of the Barcelona Tanner Miquel Parets, 1651 (New York, 1991), 86; Koslofsky, "Court Culture," 746; Lord Herbert, ed., Henry, Elizabeth and George (1738–1780): Letters and Diaires of Henry, Tenth Earl of Pembroke and His Circle (London, 1939), 371; Luca Landucci, ed., A Florentine Diary from 1450 to 1516, trans. Alice De Rosen Jervis (London, 1927), 161, 29; May 29,1666, Pepys, Diary, VII, 136; Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, 85–92.

23. A. W. Verity, ed., Milton's Samson Agonistes (Cambridge, 1966), 7; Phillip Stubbes, Anatomy of the Abuses in England…, ed. Frederick J. Fumivall (London, 1877), I, 342; Dec. 6, 1764, Frederick A. Pottle, ed., Boswell on the Grand Tour: Germany and Switzerland, 1764 (New York, 1953), 243; Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England, c. 1400–1580 (New Haven, 1992), 407,419. См. также: Moryson, Itinerary, 1, 167,235,310.

24. Schindler, Rebellion, 196; Remarks 1717, 69; John McManners, Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1999), II, 219.

25. John Ray, Observations Topographical, Moral & Physiological… (London, 1673), 317; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 448; J. W. Goethe, Italian Journey, 1786–1788 (New York, 1968), 344; Schindler, Rebellion, 195–201; Roche, Consumption, 116–118.

26. Apr. 16,1708, Cowper, Diary; Stewart E. Fraser, ed., Ludwig Holberg's Memoirs… (Leiden, 1970), 115; "Decription of the City of Rome," Town and Country Magazine 24 (1792), 260; Henry Swinburne, Travels in the Two Sicilies… (London, 1783), II, 72–73; Cohens, Italy, 156–157; Sara T. Nalle, God in La Mancha: Religious Reform and the People of Cuenca, 1500–1650 (Baltimore, 1992), 154–156.

27. J. M. Beattie, Policing in London, 1660–1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror (Oxford, 2001), 172; Edward MacLysaght, Irish Life in the Seventeenth Century (New York, 1969), 197; Eugène Defrance, Histoire de l’Éclairage des Rues de Paris (Paris, 1904), 36; Falkus, "Lighting," 254–264; Lettie S. Multhauf, "The Light of Lamp-Lanterns: Street Lighting in 17th-Century Amsterdam," Technology and Culture 26 (1985), 236–252; Ruff, Violence, 3; Cohens, Italy, 116–117; Jonathan Irvine Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (New York, 1995), 681–682; Voisin, "Dijon la Nuit," 278.

28. J. P. Marana, Lettre Sicilienne (1700; rpt. edn., Paris, 1883), 50–51; Martin Lister, A Journey to Paris in the Year 1698, ed. Raymond Phineas Steams (Urbana, Ш., 1967), 25; John Beckman, A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, trans. William Johnston (London, 1846), 180–182; Koslofsky, "Court Culture," 748–752; Defrance, Histoire de l'Éclairage, 35–38; Leon Bernard, The Emerging City: Paris in the Age of Louis XIV (Durham, N. С., 1970), 162–166; Falkus, "Lighting," 254–260; Peter Borsay, The English Urban Renaissance: Culture and Society in the Provincial Town, 1660–1770 (Oxford, 1989), 72–74.

29. S/C, Oct. 25,1783; De Beer, "Street-Lighting," 317–320; Beckman, Discoveries, trans. Johnston, 180; Matthiessen, Natten, 26.

30. John Scott, A Visit to Paris in 1814… (London, 1815), 40; Defrance, Histoire de l’Éclairage, 47; G. E. Rodmell, ed., "An Englishman's Impressions of France in 1775," Durham University Journal (1967), 78. См. также: Maurice Délibéré and Paulette Délibéré, Préhistoire et Histoire de la Lumière (Paris, 1979), 117.

31. Koslofsky, "Court Culture," 759; Corinne Walker, "Du Plaisir à la Nécessité: l'Apparition de la Lumière dans les Rues de Genève à la Fin du XVHIe Siècle," in François Walter, ed., Vivre et Imaginer la Ville XVllle – XIXe Siècles (Geneva, 1988), 107; Henry Hibbert, Syntagma Theologcum… (London, 1662), 31; Beattie, Policing, 170.

32. Smollett, Humphry Clinker… (New York, 1983), 113.

33. R. G. Bury, trans., Plato in Twelve Volumes (Cambridge, Mass., 1963), XI, 69; Crusius, Node, ch. 5.5.

34. 13 Edward I c. 4; Beckman, Discoveries, trans. Johnston, 188; Joachim Schlör, Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London 1840–1930, trans. Pierre Gottfried Imhof and Dafydd Rees Roberts (London, 1998), 73.

35. Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 365–366; Clare Williams, ed., Thomas Platter's Travels in England, 1599 (London, 1937), 174; Raine, ed., York Civic Records, V, 102; Bowsky, "Medieval Commune," 9—10; Alan Williams, The Police of Paris, 1718–1789 (Baton Rouge, 1979), 67.

36. Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness: The First Century of Urban Life in America, 1625–1742 (Oxford, 1971), 64–67.

37. Beckman, Discoveries, trans. Johnston, 189; Schlör, Nights in the Big City, trans. Imhof and Roberts, 74; Duke of Ormond, "Whereas by the good and wholsome lawes of this realm… night-watches should be kept…" (Dublin, 1677); Ruff, Violence, 92; M. De La Lande, Voyage en Italie… (Paris, 1786), 154.

38. Memoirs of François-René Vicomte de Chateaubriand, trans. Alexander Teixera de Mattos (New York, 1902), IV, 27; William Young, The History of Dulwich College… with a Life of the Founder, Edward Alleyn, and an Accurate Transcript of His Diary, 1617–1622 (London, 1889), II, 356; A.F.J. Brown, Essex People, 1750–1900 (Chelmsford, Eng., 1972), 40; Robert C. Davis, Shipbuilders of the Venetian Arsenal: Workers and Workplace in the Preindustrial City (Baltimore, 1991), 157.

39. Mr. Ozell, trans., M. Misson's Memoirs and Observations in His Travels over England (London, 1719), 358–359; Beattie, Policing, 169–197; Williams, Police of Paris, 67; e-mail of Nov. 16, 2003, from Paul Griffiths; Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England (London, 1989).

40. NHCR 1,33; Beattie, Policing, 181; Matthiessen, Natten, 52; Thomas Forester, ed., Norway and Its Scenery… the journal of a Tour by Edward Price… (London, 1853), 181–182; Pinkerton, Travels, I, 265; John Carr, A Northern Summer or Travels Round the Baltic… (Hartford, Ct., 1806), 129; An Accurate Description of the United Netherlands… (London, 1691), 65; Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness, 64–67.

41. Robert Poole, A Journey from London to France… (London, 1741), 10; Moryson, Itinerary, 1,18, 413; Moryson; Unpublished Itinerary, 365–366, 385; Sir Richard Camac Temple and Lavina Mary Anstey, eds., The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608–1667 (London, 1914), IV, 169; Mr. Nugent, The Grand Tour, or, a Journey through the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and France… (London, 1756), I, 87; A Tour through Holland etc. (London, 1788), 80–81; John Barnes, A Tour throughout the Whole of France… (London, 1815), 6; NHCR I, 485; Matthiessen, Natten, 13, 31–32; Theodor Hampe, Crime and Punishment in Germany… trans. Malcolm Letts (London, 1929), 7–8.

42. Thomas Dekker, Villanies Discovered by Lanthorne and Candle-Light… (London, 1616); Walter George Bell, Unknown London (London, 1966), 213; Félix-L. Tavernier, La Vie Quotidienne à Marseille de Louis XIVà Louis-Philippe (Paris, 1973), 96; Hana Urbancovâ, "Nightwatchmen's Songs as a Component of the Traditional Musical Culture," Studies, 48 (2000), 14; John F. Curwen, Kirkbie-Kendall… (Kendall, Eng., 1900), 116. См. также: Einar Utzon Frank, ed., De Danske Vaegtervers (Copenhagen, 1932).

43. Matthiessen, Natten, 48; Moryson, Unpublished Itinerary, 350.

44. Samuel Rowlands, Heavens Glory, Seeke It (London, 1628); Henry Alexander, trans., Four Plays by Holberg… (Princeton, N. J., 1946), 170; "Insomnis," PA, Oct. 8,1767; Colm Lennon, Richard Stanyhurst the Dubliner, 1547–1618 (Blackrock, Ire., 1981), 147.

45. Second Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Containing the Boston Records 1634–1660… (Boston, 1877), 151; Louis-Sébastien Mercier, The Picture of Paris Before & After the Revolution (New York, 1930), 132; Pounds, Culture, 132–134; Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness, 374; Schindler, Rebellion, 218; Jacques Rossiaud, "Prostitution, Youth, and Society in the Towns of Southeastern France in the Fifteenth Century," in Robert Forster and Orest Ranum, eds., Deviants and the Abandoned in French Society: Selections from the Annales Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, trans. Elborg Forster and Patricia Ranum (Baltimore, 1978), 45 n. 85; Matthiessen, Natten, 115,117.

46. Awnsham Churchill, comp., A Collection of Voyages and Travels… (London, 1745), 1, 147; Sept. 11,1663, Pepys, Diary, IV, 304.

47. Thomas Pennington, Continental Excursions… (London, 1809), 1,242; Fabian Philipps, Regale Necessarium: or the Legality, Reason and Necessity of the Rights and Priviledges Justly Claimed by the Kings Servants… (London, 1671), 580; William Edward Hartpole Lecky, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1892), II, 106–107; Edward Ward, Nuptial Dialogues and Debates… (London, 1723), 258; Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment, 264–265.

48. N. M. Karamzin, Letters of a Russian Traveler: 1789–1790…, trans. Florence Jonas (New York, 1957), 305.

49. The Midnight-Ramble; or, the Adventures of Two Noble Females… (London, 1754), 20; Sept. 19,1771, Basil Cozens-Hardy, ed., The Diary ofSylas Neville, 1767–1788 (London, 1950), 117; Matthiessen, Natten, 23.

50. New England Courant (Boston), Nov. 16, 1724. О правоохранительных органах Лондона см. блестящее исследование: Beattie, Policing, 77—225.

51. Walter Rye, ed., Extracts from the Court Books of the City of Norwich, 1666–1688 (Norwich, 1905), 140–141; OBP, May 1,1717,5; A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Containing the Boston Records from 1660 to 1701 (Boston, 1895), 8; The Way to be Wiser… (London, 1705), 28; Urbancova, "Nightwatchmen's Songs," 6; Beattie, Policing, 172–174.

52. The Humourist: Being Essays Upon Several Subjects… (London, 1724), II, 88; Dekker, Writings, 107; Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Ш, 3,56–57.

53. Thomas Brennan, Public Drinking and Popular Culture in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Princeton, N.J., 1988), 304; Legg, Low-Life, 15; Edward Phillips, The Mysteries of Love & Eloquence… (London, 1658), 101; ECR, VI, 439–440; Matthiessen, Natten, 41, 46; Walker, "Genève," 76; Keith Wrightson, "Two Concepts of Order: Justices, Constables and Jurymen in Seventeenth-Century England," in John Brewer and John Styles, eds., An Ungovernable People: The English and Their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1980), 21–46, passim.

54. Augusta Triumphans: or, the Way to Make London the Most Flourishing City in the Universe… (London, 1728), 47; Richard Mowery Andrews, Law, Magistracy, and Crime in Old Regime Paris, 1735–1789 (Cambridge, 1994), 521; Margaret J. Hoad, Portsmouth Record Series: Borough Sessions Papers, 1653–1688 (London, 1971), 50; Janekovick-Römer, "Dubrovniks," 107; Matthiessen, Natten, 137–139; Schindler, Rebellion, 218–219; De La Lande, Voyage en Italie, 122.

55. Herbert, Jaculum Prudentium or Outlandish Proverbs… (London, 1651), 54.

56. Jean Carbonnier, Flexible Droit: Textes Pour une Sociologie de Droit sans Rigueur (Paris, 1976), 46–51.

57. S. P. Scott, ed. and trans., The Civil Law. Including the Twelve Tables… (New York, 1973), 1, 58; Crusius, Node, ch. 7.3, 7 passim, 13.6, 15.3; Ripae, Nodunro Tempore, passim; Nina Gockerell, "Telling Tune without a Clock," in Maurice and Mayr, eds., Clockwork Universe, 137.

58. Matthew Hale, Historia Placitorum Coronae: The History of the Pleas of the Crown (1736; rpt. edn., London, 1971), 1, 547; David H. Flaherty, Privacy in Colonial New England (Charlottesville, Va., 1972), 88; Matthew Bacon and Henry Gwillim, A New Abridgement of the Law (London, 1807), 11,346.

59. Legg, Low-Life, 101.

60. Ripae, Nodurno Tempore, ch. 91.11; DUR, Dec. 23, 1785; Tommaso Astarita, Village Justice: Community, Family, and Popular Culture in Early Modern Italy (Baltimore, 1999), 153–154; Patricia H. Labalme, "Sodomy and Venetian Justice in the Renaissance," Legal History Review 52 (1984), 221–222; Samuel Cohn, "Criminality and the State in Renaissance Florence, 1344–1466," JSH 14 (1980), 222; Guido Ruggiero, Violence in Early Renaissance Venice (New Brunswick, N. J., 1980), 6,19; Matthiessen, Natten, 137; Aug. 17,1497, Landucci, ed., Florentine Diary, trans. Jervis, 125–126.

61. Bowsky, "Medieval Commune," 4; Ripae, Nodurno Tempore, ch. 24:3, passim; JRAI, I and II, passim; High Court of Justiciary, Small Papers, Main Series, JC 26/42—43, passim, Scottish Record Office, Edinburgh; Julius R. Ruff, Crime, Justice and Public Order in Old Regime France: The Sénéchaussées of Libourne and Bazas, 1696–1789 (London, 1984), 115; Matthiessen, Natten, 129.

62. Beattie, Crime, 148; Ian W. Archer, The Pursuit of Stability: Social Relations in Elizabethan London (Cambridge, 1991), 247; Ian Cameron, Crime and Repression in the Auvergne and the Guyenne, 1720–1790 (Cambridge, 1981), 155–156; Edgar J. McManus, Law and Liberty in Early New England Criminal Justice and Due Process, 1620–1692 (Amherst, Mass., 1993), 30–31.

63. "Justus Sed Humanus," London Magazine, April 1766, 204; Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, ed. William Draper Lewis (Phildadelphia, 1902), IV, 1579; Scott, ed. and trans., Civil Law, 59; Katherine Fischer Drew, trans., The Lombard Laws (Philadelphia, 1973), 58; F. R. P. Akehurst, ed., The Coutumes de Beauvaisis of Philippe de Beaumanoir (Philadelphia, 1992), 429–430; Ripae, Nodurno Tempore, ch. 24; Crusius, Node, ch. 11.5–8; Samuel E. Thome, ed., Bradon on the Laws and Customs of England (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), II, 408; Porret, Crime et ses Circonstances, 288–289.

64. Lottin, Chavatte, 356; JRAI, II, 488; Blackstone, Commentaries, ed. Lewis, IV, 1618.

65. An Effectual Scheme for the Immediate Preventing of Street Robberies, and Suppressing All Other Disorders of the Night… (London, 1731), 62; Edmond-Jean-François Barbier, Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris sous le Règne de Louis XV (Paris, 1963), 169; Matthiessen, Natten, 12; Jeffry Kaplow, The Names of Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York, 1972), 22–23.

Глава четвертая

1. Apr. 6,1745, Parkman, Diary, 114.

2. Bräker, Life, 67; John Milton, Complete Prose Works (New Haven, 1953), 1, 228; Nina Gockerell, "Telling Time without a Clock," in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds., The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650 (New York, 1980), 131–143.

3. Giambattista Basile, The Pentamerone…, ed. and trans. Strith Thompson (1932; rpt. edn., Westport, Ct., 1979), I, 297; Randle Cotgrave, A Didionarie of the French and English Tongues (London, 1611), Muchembled, Violence, 53; Thomas Hardy, The Woodlanders (1887; rpt. edn., London, 1991), 99—100; Gockerell, "Telling Time," 134–136.

4. Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, or the Isle of Man (n. p., 1633), 46; Wilson J. Litchfield, The Litchfield Family in America (Southbridge, Mass., 1906), V, 344; Sept. 30, 1774, Patten, Diary, 330,385.

5. Henry Swinburne, Travels in the Two Siciliies… (London, 1783), II, 269; William Sewell, A Large Dictionary English and Dutch (Amsterdam, 1708), 79; Shakespeare, Macbeth, 1, 5,51.

6. "Fantasticks," Breton, Works, П, 15.

7. Oct. 23,1676, Sewall, Diary, I, 28; May 10, 1776, Andrew Oliver, ed., The Journal of Samuel Curwen, Loyalist (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), 156; Philippe Contamine, "Peasant Hearth to Papal Palace: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries," in HPL II, 499; W. Carew Hazlitt, ed., English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases… (London, 1882), 291.

8. Barbara A. Hanawalt, The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England (New York, 1986), 44; Sir Edward Coke, The Reports… (London, 1658), 453; Burt, Letters, II, 206.

9. OBP, Apr. 29-May 1, 1747, 152, May 14, 1741, 12, July 15–17, 1767, 244; David Ogbome, The Merry Midnight Mistake, or Comfortable Conclusion (Chelmsford, Eng., 1765), 34; Timothy J. Casey, ed., Jean Paul: A Reader, trans. Erika Casey (Baltimore, 1992), 338; FLEMT, xi-xii.

10. Pounds, Home, 184–186; Hanawalt, Ties That Bound, 38; A Warning for House-Keepers… (n.p., 1676), 4.

11. Pinkerton, Travels, I, 517; John E. Crowley, The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities & Design in Early Modem Britain & Early America (Baltimore, 2001), 36–44, 62–69; Pounds, Culture, 118–120.

12. Edward Clarke, Letters Concerning the Spanish Nation… (London, 1763), 344; June 20, 1766, Diary of Mr. Tracy and Mr. Dentand, Bodl.; John Fielding, Thieving Detected… (London, 1777), 9; Monsieur du Sorbiere, A Voyage to England… (London, 1709), 11.

13. Paolo Da Certaldo, Libro di Buoni Costumi, ed. Alfredo Schiaffini (Florence, 1945), 30; Nov. 12, Oct. 21, 1666, Pepys, Diary, VII, 367, 336; Ann Feddon, Apr. 20, 1751, Assi 45/24/3/42; John Cooper, Dee. 13,1765, Assi 45/28/2A37; Contamine, "Peasant Hearth to Papal Palace," 502; Eugen Weber, "Fairies and Hard Facts; The Reality of Folktales," Journal of the History of Ideas 42 (1981), 101–102.

14. Dec. 13,1672, Isham, Diary, 175; John Worlidge, Systema Agricultural, The Mystery of Husbandry Discovered… (1675; rpt. edn., Los Angeles, 1970), 221; London Gazette, Oct. 1,1694; John Houghton, A Collection for Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, July 20, 1694; William Hamlet, The Plan and Description of a Machine… against Fire and Housebreaking (Birmingham, 1786).

15. C. G. Crump, ed., The History of the Life of Thomas Ellwood (New York, 1900), 7; An Account of a Most Barbarous Murther and Robbery… 25th of October, 1704 (London, 1704/1705); OED, s. v. "bedstaff"; Francis Bamford, ed., A Royalist's Notebook: The Commonplace Book of Sir John Oglander (New York, 1971), 55; Ruff, Violence, 49.

16. Mar. 21,1763, Frederick A Pottle, ed., Boswell’s London Journal, 1762–1763 (New York, 1950), 224; Leonard R. N. Ashley, ed., A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Charlotte Charke… (1755; rpt. edn., Gainesville, Fla., 1969), 45; J. S. Cockbum, "Patterns of Violence in English Society; Homicide in Kent, 1560–1985," PP130 (1991), 86–87.