Текст книги "Гендерное общество"
Автор книги: Киммел Майкл
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1972. Vol. 77. № 6.
13 Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P. 56.
14 National Television Violence Study: In 2 vols. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998. Vol. 2. P. 97.
15 Об IQ см.: Terman L., Oden M. The Promise ofYouth // Genetic Studies of Genius / Ed. L.Terman. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935. О том, как девочек оценивают за внешность, а не за успехи, см.: Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 55, 134. О принижении одаренных девочек см.: How Schools Shortchange Girls. P. 48; Кэролайн
Хейлбран цит. по: Orenstein P. Schoolgirls. P. 37.
16 Hostile Hallways: The AAUW Survey on Sexual Harassment in America's Schools. Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women, 1993; Садлер цит. по: Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 111.
17 Smolowe J. Sex with a Scorecard // Time. 1993. .'.pril 5. P. 41; Gross J. Where «Boys Will Be Boys» and Adults Are Bewildered // The New York Times. 1993. March 29. P. Al.
18 Соммерс цит. по: Viadero D. Behind the Mask of Masculinity // Education Week. 1998. May 13; Томпсон цит. по: Combs M. What about the Boys? // Boston Globe. 1998. July 26; Koerner B. Wheri the Boys Aren't // U.S. News and World Report. 1999. February 8. P. 26. Подробнее об этой аргументации см.: Gurian M. The Wonder of Boys. New York: Jeremy Tarcher; Putnam, 1997. Несогласие с этой точкой зрения см. в рецензиях на книгу: Kimmel M. Boys to Men // San Francisco Chronicle. 1997. January 12; Idem. What about the Boys // Ms. 1999. October; Connell R.W.
Teaching the Boys // Teachers College Record. 1996. Vol. 98. № 2.
19 Gilligan C. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982; Brown L.M., Gilligan C. Meeting at the Crossroads.
New York: Ballantine, 1992.
l5* 435
20 Поллак иит. по: Viadero D. Behind the Mask of Masculinity. См. также: Pollack W. Real Boys: Rescuing Our Sons from the Myths of Boyhood. New York: Random House, 1998.
21 Martino W. Masculinity and Learning: Exploring Boys' Underachievement and Under-representation in Subject English //Interpretation. 1994. Vol. 27. № 2; Idem. Boys and Literacy: Exploring the Construction of Hegemonic Masculinities and the Formation of Literate Capacities for Boys in the English Classroom // English in Australia.
1995. Vol. 112; Idem. Gendered Learning Experiences: Exploring the Costs of Hegemonic Masculinity for Girls and Boys in Schools // Gender Equity: A Framework for Australian Schools. Canberra: Publications and Public Communications, Department of Urban Services, ACT Government, 1997. Кэтрин Стимпсон иит. по: Lewin Т.
American Colleges Begin to Ask, Where Have All the Men Gone? // The New York Times. 1998. 6 December.
Martino W. Gendered Learning Experiences. P. 133—134.
7Я
Mac an Ghaill M. The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling. Buckinghamshire, England: Open University Press, 1994. P. 59; Gillborne D. Race, Ethnicity and Education. London: Unwin Hyman, 1990. P. 63; Coleman J. The Adolescent Society. New York: Harper and Row, 1961.
24 Цит. no: Kimmel M.S. The Struggle for Gender Equality: How Men Respond // Thought and Action: The NEA Higher Education Journal. 1993. Vol. 8. № 2.
Кеттел цит. по: O'Neit W. Divorce in the Progressive Era. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967. P. 81; Chadwick F.E. The Woman Peril // Educational Review. 1914. February. P. 47 (цит. по: Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness).
26 United States Department of Education, 1996.
Riordan C. The Future of Single-Sex Schools // Separated by Sex: A Critical Look at Single-Sex Education for Girls.
Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women Educational Foundation, 1998. P. 54.
28 Orenstein P. Schoolgirls. P. 27.
Tidball E. Perspective in Academic Women and Affirmative Action // Educational Record. 1973.
Epstein C.F. Deceptive Distinctions. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
Crosby F. et al. Taking Selectivity into Account, How Much Does Gender Composition Matter?: A Reanalysis of M.
E.Tidball's Research // National Women's Studies Association Journal. 1994. № 6; см. также: Epstein C.F. The Myths and Justifications of Sex Segregation in Higher Education: VMI and The Citadel // Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy.
1997. № 4; Idem. Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation // New York Law School Journal of Human Rights.
1998. № 14.
Jencks C., Riesman D. The Academic Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977. P. 298, 300; Riesman D. A Margin of Difference: The Case for Single-Sex Education // Social Roles and Social Institutions: Essays 436
in Honor of Rose Laub Coser / Eds. J.R.BIau, N.Goodman. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991. Несмотря на свои
исследования, Д.Рисман поддерживал политику военных вузов.
Tavris C. The Mismeasure of Woman. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992. P. 127; Priest R., Vitters A., Prince H. Coeducation at West Point // Armed Forces and Society. 1978. Vol. 4. № 4. P. 590.
4 Epstein C.F. Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation. P. 191.
Dewey J. Is Coeducation Injurious to Girls? // Ladies Home Journal. 1911. June 11. P. 60.
36 Higginson T.W. Sex and Education // The Woman's Journal. 1874. P. 1 (перепечатано в: History of Woman Suffrage: In 6
vols. / Eds. S.B.Anthony, E.C.Stanton. Rochester, N.Y.: National American Woman Suffrage Association Press, 1881-1922. Vol.
3).
37 IMI I. 766 Fed. Supp. P. 1435; VMI V. 116 S. St. 2264. См. также: Vojdik V.K. Girls' Schools after VMI: Do They Make the Grade? // Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy. 1997. № 4. P. 85; Epstein C.F. Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation. P 108.
38 Faulkner v. Jones, 858 Fed. Supp. 552 1994; Citadel Defendants' Proposed Findings of Fact. P. 1434.
39 См.: Vojdik V.K. Girls' Schools after VMI. P. 76. (Как и всякий, кто начинал учиться в колледже для юношей, а
продолжал учебу в колледже смешанного обучения, я готов под присягой подтвердить, что мужчин в мужском классе
гораздо сильнее отвлекало отсутствие женщин, чем их присутствие в классе совместного обучения. Когда рядом нет
женщин, большинство молодых людей только о них и думают!)
40 Epstein C,F. Multiple Myths and Outcomes of Sex Segregation. P. 206.
41 IMI. 852. Fed. Supp. P. 484; The New York Times, 1994. 9 May.
42 U.S. v. Virginia Military Institute, 116 S. Ct. 2285.
43 Henry T. VMI Cadets of Both Sexes Found «Kit Line* Equal // USA Today. 1998. March 18, P. 8D.
44 Gorman M.O. Front and Center // Runner's World. 1998. March. P. 90.
45 Bowler M. All-Male, All-Black, All Learning // The Baltimore Sun. 1995. October 15; Estrich S. For Girls' Schools and Women's College, Separate Is Better // The New York Times. 1994. May 22.
46 Harlem Girls School vs. The Three Stooges // The New York Observer. 1998. March 30. P. 4.
47 Haag P. Single-Sex Education in Grades K-12: What Does the Research Tell Us? // Separated by Sex. P. 34; Lee V. Is Single-Sex Secondary Schooling a Solution to the Problem of Gender Inequity // Ibid. P. 43; Riordan C. The Future of Single-Sex Schools // Ibid. P. 53; Leslie C. Separate and Unequal? // Newsweek. 1998. March 23. P. 55; Кларк цит. по: Whitaker С. Do Black Males Need Special Schools? // Ebony. 1991. March. P. 18.
48 Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 125-126.
437
35 Hartmann H. Capitalism, Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex // Signs. 1976. Vol. l.№ 3. P. 139.
36 Цит. по: Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P, 144.
37 MacKinnon C. Sexual Harassment of Working Women. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.
38 Henson v. Dundee. 682 F 2d. 897. P. 902.
39 Crawford S. Sexual Harassment at Work Cuts Profits, Poisons Morale // Wall Street Journal. 1993. April 19. P.
llff; Stanko E. Intimate Intrusions. London: Routledge, 1985; Couric E. An NJL/West Survey, Women in the Law: Awaiting Their Turn //National Law Journal. 1989. December 11.
40 Neuborne E. Complaints High from Women in Blue Collar Jobs // USA Today. 1996. May 3-4.
41 De'Ann W Slow Healing at Mitsubishi // US News and World Report. 1997. September 22. P. 74, 76.
42 Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P 28.
Цит. по: Stanko E. Intimate Intrusions. P. 61.
Crawford S. Sexual Harassment at Work Cuts Profits, Poisons Morale. P, llff.
Steinberg R. How Sex Gets into Your Paycheck. P. 2. 46 См.: Reskin В., Padavic I. Women and Men at Work.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 1995.
Evans S., Nelson B. Wage Justice: Comparable Worth and the Paradox of Technocratic Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. P. 13; Reskin B. Bringing the Men Back In. P. 21.
48 Цит. по: Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. P. 165, 169.
См., напр.: Schwartz F., Anders G. The Mami Track // Hispanic. 1993. July.
Steinberg R., Cook A. Policies Affecting Women's Employment in Industrial Countries // Women Working / Ed.
A.Stromberg, S.Harkess. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1988. P. 326.
Mason K.O. Commentary: Strober's Theory of Occupational Sex Segregation // Sex-Segregation in the Workplace / Ed. B.Reskin. P. 169.
Crosby F. Spouse, Parent, Worker: On Gender and Multiple Roles. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990; Peters J. When Mothers Work; Loving Our Children without Sacrificing Ourselves. New York: Addison Wesley, 1997.
Глава 9
Цит. по: Sherrod D. The Bonds of Men: Problems and Possibilities in Close Male Relationships // The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies / Ed. H.Brod. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987, P. 230; цит. по: Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. P. 59.
440
I Wollstonecraft M. A Vindication of the Rights of Women [1792]. London: Penguin, 1969. P. 56; Beauvoir S. de.
The Second Sex. New York: Vintage, 1959. P. 142.
Tiger L. Men in Groups. New York: Vintage, 1969.
Balswick J. The Inexpressive Male: A Tragedy of American Society // The Forty-Nine Percent Majority / Ed.
D.David, R.Brannon. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1976; Komorovsky M. Blue Collar Marriage. New York: Vintage, 1964; Pleck J. The Male Sex Role: Definitions, Problems and Sources of Change //Journal of Social Issues.
1976. Vol. 32. № 3. P. 273.
5 Lewis R. Emotional Intimacy among Men // Journal of Social Issues. 1978. Vol. 34; см. также: Pleck J. The Male Sex Role. P. 273.
Wright P. Men's Friendships, Women's Friendships and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter // Sex Roles. 1982. Vol.
8. № 1. P. 3; Levinson D. The Seasons of a Man's Life. New York: William Morrow, 1978. P. 335.
Cancian F. The Feminization of Love // Signs. 1986. Vol. 11; Idem. Love in America: Gender and Self-Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
uBrehm S.S. Intimate Relationships. New York: Random House, 1985. P. 346.
Caldwell M., Peplau L. // Sex Differences in Same-Sex Friendships // Sex Roles. 1982. Vol. 8. № 7; Hess B.
Friendship // Aging and Society / Ed. M.Riley, M.Johnson, A.Foner. New York: Russell Sage, 1972.
Davidson L., Duberman L. Friendship: Communication and Interactional Patterns in Same-Sex Dyads // Sex Roles.
1982. bl. 8. № 8. P. 817.
II Rubin L. Just Friends. New York: Harper and Row, 1985. P. 60-63; idem.
Intimate Strangers. P. 130, 135.
Brehm S.S. Intimate Relationships; Wright P. Men's Friendships, Women's Friendships and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter; Davidson L., Duberman L. Friendship; Bell R. Worlds of Friendship, Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1981.
Walker K. «I'm Not Friends the Way She's Friends»: Ideological and Behavioral Constructions of Masculinity in Men's Friendships // masculinities. 1994. Vol. 2. № 2. P. 228; Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 104. Более подробно
о влиянии телефона см.: Fischer С. То Dwell among Friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
Miller S. Men and Friendship. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983.
Allen G. Friendship – Developing a Sociological Perspective. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1989. P. 66.
Wright P. Men's Friendships, Women's Friendships and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter. P. 19.
Ashton N.L Exploratory Investigation of Perceptions of Influences on Best-Friend Relationships // Perception and Motor Skills. 1980. Vol. 50; Wall S., Pickert S.M., Paradise L.V. American Men's Friendships: Self-Reports on Meaning and Changes // The Journal of Psychology. 1984. Vol. 116.
441
18 Hacker H. Blabbermouths and Clams: Sex Differences in belt-Disclosure in Same-Sex and Cross-Sex Friendship Dyads // Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1981. Vol. 5. № 3.
19 Swain S. Men's Friendship with Women: Intimacy, Sexual Boundaries, and the Informant Role // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1992. P. 77, 84. Развернутый обзор
литературы на эту тему см.: Maccoby E., Jacklin С. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.
20 Bank B. Friendships in Australia and the United States: From Feminization to a More Heroic Image // Gender & Society. 1995. Vol. 9. № 1. P. 96.
21 Cohen T.F. Men's Families, Men's Friends: A Structural Analysis of Constraints on Men's Social Ties // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. P. 117; Allen G. Friendship – Developing a Sociological Perspective. P. 75.
22 Harris S. Black Male Masculinity and Same Sex Friendships // The Western Journal of Black Studies. 1992. Vol.
16. № 2. P. 77; Simmons M. The Truth about Male Friendships // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner.
Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997.
Harris S. Black Male Masculinity and Same Sex Friendships. P. 78, 81; см. также: Franklin C.W. «Hey Home» —
«Yo, Bro»: Friendship among Black Men // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi.
24 Reid H.M., Fine G.A. Self-Disclosure Men's Friendships: Variations Associated with Intimate Relations //
Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi; Tschann J. Self-Disclosure in Adult Friendship: Gender and Marital Status Differences // Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 1988. Vol. 5; Wright P. Men's Friendships, Women's Friendships and the Alleged Inferiority of the Latter. P. 16-17.
25 Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 150, 154.
Suttles G. Friendship as a Social Institution // Social Relationships / Ed. G.McCall et al. Chicago: Aldine, 1970. P. 116.
27 Miller S. Men and Friendship. P. 2—3; Rubin L. Intimate Strangers.
P. 103.
?ft
Об этом эксперименте см.: Faderman L. Surpassing the Love of Men.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1981; цит. по: Swain S. Covert Intimacy: Closeness in Men's Friendships // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. P. 83—84.
29 Nardi P., Sherrod D. Friendship in the Lives of Gay Men and Lesbians // Journal of Social and Personal Relationships.
1994. Vol. 11; Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 105.
Цит. no: Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 130.
Nardi P. The Politics of Gay Men's Friendships // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. P. 250.
32 Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 58, 159, 205.
33 Sherrod D. The Bonds of Men. P. 231.
34 Rubin L. Intimate Strangers. P. 206.
442
Friendships: Male Intimacy and Middle-Class Youth in the Northern United States, 1800-1900 //Journal ofSocial History.
1989. Vol. 23. № I. P. 21.
36 М.Фуко цит. по: Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. P. 184; Segal L. Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1990. P. 139.
Stone L. Passionate Attachments in the West in Historical Perspective // Passionate Attachments: Thinking about Love /
Ed. W.Gaylon, E.Person. New York: The Free Press, 1988. P. 33; Cancian F. Love in America. P. 70.
1Я
Stone L. Passionate Attachments in the West in Historical Perspective. P. 28.
Stone L. Passionate Attachments in the West in Historical Perspective. P. 32; Gordon M., Bernstein M.C. Mate Choice and Domestic Life in the Nineteenth-Century Marriage Manual // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1970.
November. P. 668-669.
Goode W.J. The Theoretical Importance of Love // American Sociological Review. 1959. Vol. 24. № 1.
41 Цит. по: Cancian F. Love in America. P. 19, 21, 23; см. также: Ryan M. The Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, N.Y, 1790-1865. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
42 Cancian F. Love in America. P. 121 ;TavrisC. The Mismeasure of Women. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.
P. 263; Rubin L. Intimate Strangers.
43 Rubin L. Worlds of Pain. New York: Basic Books, 1976. P. 147.
44 Hatfield E. What Do Women and Men Want from Love and Sex // Changing Boundaries / Ed. E.Allegier, N.McCormick. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1983.
45 Kephart W. Some Correlates of Romantic Love // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1967. Vol. 29; Dion K., Dion K. Correlates of Romantic Love // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1973. Vol. 41; Hill C., Rubin Z., Peplau L.A. Breakups before Marriage: The End of 103 Affairs // Divorce and Separation: Context, Causes and Consequences / Ed. G.Levinger, O.C.Moles. New York: Basic Books, 1979; Hobau C. Disillusionment in Marriage and Romanticism // Marriage and Family Living. 1958. Vol. 20; Idem. The Incidence of Romanticism during Courtship // Social Forces. 1958. Vol. 36; Knox D., Spoakowski J. Attitudes of College Students Toward Love // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1968. Vol. 30; Theodorson G. Romanticism and Motivation to Marry in the United States, Singapore, Burma and India // Social Forces. 1965. Vol. 44.
Dion K., Dion K. Correlates of Romantic Love; Rubin Z. Measurement of Romantic Love // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1970. Vol. 16. № 2; Hochschild A. Attending to, Codifying and Managing Feelings: Sex Differences in Love: Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 1975; Kanin E., Davidson K., Scheck S. A Research Note on Male-Female Differentials
443
in the Experience of Heterosexual Love // Journal of Sex Research. 1970. Vol. 6. P. 70.
47 Hill C., Rubin Z., Peplau L.A. Breakups before Marriage.
48 Kephart W. Some Correlates of Romantic Love.
49 Sprecher S-, Aron E., Hatfield E., Cortese A., Potapova E., Levitskaya N. Love: American Style, Russian Style, Japanese Style: Paper presented at the Sixth Annual Conference on Personal Relationships, Orono, Maine, 1992.
50 Из личного общения с Кэти Гринблат; результаты этого исследования еше не опубликованы.
51 Tavris С. The Mismeasure of Women. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992. P. 284.
52
53
Cancian E The Feminization of Love. P. 705, 709. Rubin L. Just Friends. P. 41.
Глава 10
1 Жюль Мишле цит. по: Gardetto D.C. The Social Construction of the Female Orgasm, 1650-1890: Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, 1988. P. 18.
2 Цит. по: Ehrenreich В., English D. For Her Own Good: 150 Years of Medical Advice to Women. New York: Anchor, 1974.
3 Kinsey A., Pomeroy W., Martin C. Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders, 1953. P. 376.
4 Bart P. Male Views of Female Sexuality: From Freud's Phailacies to Fisher's Inexact Test: Paper presented at the Second National Meeting of the special section of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Biscayne, Florida, 1974. P. 6-7.
5 Rubin L. Erotic Wars. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991. P. 28, 42.
6 MacKinnon C. Only Words. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. P. 185.
7 См.: Sanders S., Reinisch J.M. Would You Say You «Had Sex» If... // JAMA 281. 1999. January 20.
8 Reynaud E. Holy Virility. London: Pluto Press, 1983. P. 41.
9 См., напр.: Tavris С. The Mismeasure of Woman. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992; Lerner H. Women in Therapy.
New York: Harper and Row, 1989. Chap. 2.
loLaumann E.,GagnonJ., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
11 Ibid. P. 135.
12 Kimmel M., Plante R. Sexual Fantasies and Gender Scripts: Heterosexual Men and Women Construct Their Ideal Sexual Encounters: Unpublished
444
paper. Department of Sociology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1998.
13 См. также: Hariton E.B., Singer J. Women's Fantasies during Sexual Intercourse: Normative and Theoretical Implications //Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1974. Vol. 42. № 3; Goleman D. Sexual Fantasies: What Are Their Hidden Meanings? // The New York Times. 1983. February 28; Idem. New View of Fantasy: Much Is Found Perverse // The New York Times. 1991. May 7; May R. Sex and Fantasy: Patterns of Male and Female Development. New York: W.W.Norton, 1980; Chick D., Gold S. A Review of Influences on Sexual Fantasy: Attitudes, Experience, Guilt and Gender // Imagination, Cognition and Personality. 1987-1988. Vol. 7. № 1; Mednick R.A. Gender Specific Variances in Sexual Fantasy // Journal of Personality Assessment. 1977. Vol. 41. № 3; Follingstad D., Kimbrell C.D. Sexual Fantasies Revisited: An Expansion and Further Clarification of Variables Affecting Sex Fantasy Production // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1986. Vol. 15. № 6; Knafo D., Jaffe Y. Sexual Fantasizing in Males and Females // Journal of Research in Personality. 1984. Vol. 18.
14 Stoller R. Porn. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. P. 31.
Обзор эмпирических исследований порнографии см.: Kimmel M., Linders A. Does Censorship Make a Difference?: An Aggregate Empirical Analysis of Pornography and Rape // Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality. 1996. Vol. 6.
№ 2.
Stoltenberg J. Refusing to Be a Man. Portland, Ore.: Breitenbush Books, 1989. P. 121.
17 Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 102; Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1984. P. 111.
1R
Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples. New York: William Morrow, 1983. P. 279; Schwartz P., Rutter V. The Gender of Sexuality. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 1998. P. 60—61. Конечно, имеются систематические
тендерные различия в том, как респонденты говорят о своей сексуальной жизни: мужчины склонны
преувеличивать свой опыт, женщины – преуменьшать. Поэтому на столь существенные различия нужно
смотреть скептически.
Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples. P. 23^.
Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 347.
1 Jackson S. The Social Construction of Female Sexualitv // Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader / Ed. S.Jackson, S.Scott.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. P. 71.
22
Muehlenhard C. «Nice Women» Don't Say Yes and «Real Men» Don't Say No: How Miscommunication and the Double Standard Can Cause Sexual Problems // Women and Therapy. 1988. № 7. P. 100-101.
Аллен и другие мужчины цит. по: Fracher J., Kimmel M. Hard Issues and Soft Spots: Counseling Men about Sexuality
// Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy with Men / Ed. M.Scher, M.Stevens, G.Good, G.Eichenfeld. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1987.
445
24 Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 13; о темпах изменения сексуальной активности см.: Grunseit A.C., Kippax S., Baldo M., Aggleton PA, Slutkin G. Sexuality Education and Young People's Sexual Behavior: A Review of Studies
// Journal of Adolescent Research. 1997.
25 Hollibaugh A. Desire for the Future: Radical Hope in Passion and Pleasure // Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader
/ Ed. SJackson, S.Scott; Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 5, 46.
26 Об уровне мастурбации см.: Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 86; Schwartz P., Rut-terV. The Gender of Sexuality. P. 39. О сексуальных установках см.: Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 507.
27 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality; Schwartz P., Rutter V.
The Gender of Sexuality. P. 165.
28 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality; Schwartz P., Rutter V.
The Gender of Sexuality. P. 102– 103; Janus S. The Janus Report on Sexual Behavior. New York: John Wiley, 1993. P. 315—316; Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples; New Sexual Agendas / Ed. L.Segal. New York: New York University Press, 1997. P. 67.
29 Kolata G. Women and Sex: On This Topic, Science Blushes // The New York Times. 1998. June 21. P. СЗ; молодая женщина цит. по: Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 14.
30 Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 120.
31 Цит. по: Rubin L. Erotic Wars. P. 58; Koss M. et al. No Safe Haven: Male Violence against Women at Home, at Work, and in the Community. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1994.
32 Koss M., Dinero P.T., Seibel C.A., Cox S.L. Stranger and Acquaintance Rape: Are There Differences in the Victim's Experience? // Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1988. Vol. 12. № I.
33 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 336; Koss M. et al. No Safe Haven.
34 Levant R.F. Nonrelational Sexuality in Men // Men and Sex: New Psychological Perspectives / Ed. R.Levant, G.Brooks. New York: John Wiley, 1997. P 270.
35 См., напр.: Billy J.O., Tanfer G.K., Grady W.R., Klepinger D.H. The Sexual Behavior of Men in the United States // Family Planning Perspectives. 1993. Vol. 25. № 2; Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality.
36 Brooks G. The Centerfold Syndrome. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995; Idem. The Centerfold Syndrome //
Men and Sex: New Psychological Perspectives / Ed. R.Levant, G.Brooks. См. также: Levant R.F. Nonrelational Sexuality in Men // Ibid. P. 19; Johnston J. Appearance Obsession: Women's Reactions to Men's Objectification of Their Bodies // Ibid. P. 79, 101.
446
37
Good G., Sherrod N.B. Men's Resolution of Nonrelational Sex across the Lifespan // Men and Sex: New Psychological Perspectives / Ed. R.Levant G.Brooks. P. 189, 190.
38 Ibid. P. 186.
39 Wyden P., Wyden B. Growing Up Straight: What Every Thoughtful Parent Should Know about Homosexuality.
New York: Trident Press, 1968.
Green R. The «Sissy Boy» Syndrome. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
41 Gilder G. Men and Marriage. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publisher, 1985.
Jackson J. Real Men (1983); социологическое исследование гендерной организации жизни таких геев см.: Levine M.P. Gay Macho: The Life and Death of the Homosexual Clone. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
Цит. по: Chappie S., Talbot D. Burning Desires: Sex in America. New York: Doubleday, 1989. P. 356.
Clarke C. Lesbianism: An Act of Resistance // Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader / Ed. S.Jackson, S.Scott. P. 155.
Bell A., Weinberg M. Homosexualities. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978; Masters W., Johnson V, Kolodny R.
Human Sexuality. New York: Harper and Row, 1978; Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples. P. 317.
Данные из: Blumstein P., Schwartz P. American Couples; интервью цит. no: Bell A., Weinberg M.
Homosexualities. P. 220.
Nichols M. Lesbian Sexuality: Issues and Developmental Theory // Lesbian Psychologies / Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987; Masters W, Johnson V, Kolodny R. Human Sexuality.
48 Plummer K. Sexual Stigma. New York: Routledge, 1975. P. 102.
Davison G., Neale J. Abnormal Psychology: An Experimental-Clinical Approach. New York: John Wiley, 1974. P.
293.
Muehlenhard C. «Nice Women» Don't Say Yes...; Gagnon J., Michaels S. Answer No Questions: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Deviant Categorization: unpublished manuscript. 1989. P. 2. О влиянии гомофобии на
жизнь гетеросексуальных мужчин см. также: Goldstein R. The Hate That Makes Men Straight // The Village Voice. 1998. December 22.
Об этих изменениях в общем см.: Levine M.P. Gay Macho.
Kimmel M., Levine M. A Hidden Factor in AIDS: «Real» Men's Hypersexuality//The Los Angeles Times. 1991.
June 3. Конечно, выбираемые женщинами стратегии рискованного поведения тоже гендеризованы. Если
мужчины часто демонстрируют свою мужественность, совершая весьма рискованные поступки или
занимаясь рискованными видами деятельности, то женщины часто начинают употреблять наркотики в
контексте «романтических» отношений или при сексуальной инициации. А некоторые женщины также
подвергают себя риску заразиться СПИДом от мужчин – сексуальных партнеров. На это указала мне Роуз
Вайтц, за что я ей выражаю благодарность.
447
53 Laumann E., Gagnon J., Michael R., Michaels S. The Social Organization of Sexuality. P. 82-84, 98, 177, 192, 302-309, 518-529.
54 Rubin L. Erotic Wars– P. 165.
Глава 11
1 Youth and Violence: Psychology's Response. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Commission on Violence and Youth, 1993; Saving Youth from Violence // Carnegie Quarterly. 1994. Vol. 39. № I.
2 United States Department of Justice. Uniform Crime Reports, 1991. P. 17; Craven D. Sex Differences in Violent Victimization, 1994. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice (NCJ-164508), 1994; см. также: Daly M., Wilson M.
Homicide. Chicago: Aldine, 1988.
3 Цит. по: Gottfredson M., Hirschi T. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990. P. 145. См.
также: Barkan S. Why Do Men Commit Almost All Homicides and Assault? // Criminology: A Sociological Understanding.
Englewood, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1997; Masculinities and Violence / Ed. L.Bowker. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998.
4 Wilson J.Q., Herrnstein R. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. P. 121. Описания
некоторых биологических теорий насилия см. выше, в главе 2.
5 Эти аргументы я обобщил в главе 2.
6 Lorber J. Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. P. 39. О социологии насилия мужчин см.
особенно: Kaufman M Cracking the Armour: Power, Pain and the Lives of Men. Toronto: Viking, 1993; Idem. The Construction of Masculinity and the Triad of Men's Violence // Men's Lives / Ed. M.Kimmel, M.Messner. 4th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997; Jackson Т Violence and the Masculine Ideal: Some Qualitative Data // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1966. № 364 (March).
7 Ehrenreich B. Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War. New York: Metropolitan Books, 1997. P. 45, 127.
8 Howell S., Willis R. Societies at Peace. New York: Routledge, 1983.
9 Ibid. P. 38.
10 См. также: Stanko E. Everyday Violence. London: Pandora, 1990. P. 71.
11 Butterfield F. All God's Children: The Bosket Family and the American Tradition of Violence. New York: Avon, 1995. P.
329.
12 Ibid. P. 325; см. также: Wray H. Behind Bars // U.S. News and World Report. 1998. March 23. P. 33; Livingston J.
