Текст книги "Гендерное общество"

Автор книги: Киммел Майкл

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островах Самоа, где, скорее всего, она просто придумала некоторые детали. Но вызовы, брошенные основным

взглядам Мид по вопросам культурных вариаций в тендерных ролях, выраженным в ее работе, посвященной

архипелагу Новая Гвинея, сами являются необоснованными и неубедительными.

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 29, 35, 57-58,84, 101, 128.

Mead M. Male and Female. New York: William Morrow, 1949. P. 69; Idem. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 171.

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 189, 190, 197; Idem. Male and Female. P. 98.

14*

Mead M. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies. P. 228.

419

7 Zihlman A. Woman the Gatherer: The Role of Women in Early Hominid Evolution // Gender and Anthropology /

Ed. S.Morgen. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, 1989. P. 31.

8 Engets F. On the Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State. New York: International Publishers, 1970.

9 Leacock E. Women's Status in Egalitarian Society: Implications for Social Evolution // Current Anthropology.

1978. Vol. 19. № 2. P. 252; см. также: Idem. Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonization //

Women and Colonization / Ed. M.Etienne, E.Leacock. New York: Praeger, 1980.

10 Sacks K. Engels Revisited; Idem. Sisters and Wives.

" Harris M. Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches: The Riddle of Culture. New York: Random House, 1974; Idem.

Cannibals and Kings. New York: Random House, 1977.

12 Tiger L, Fox R. The Imperial Animal. New York: Holt, 1971.

13 Levi-Strauss C. The Elementary Structures of Kinship. London: Tavistock, 1969; см. также: Collier J., Rosaldo M. Politics and Gender in Simple Societies // Sexual Meanings: The Cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality /

Ed. S.B.Ortner, H.Whitehead. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

14 Bacon M.K., Barry H., Child l.L. A Cross-Cultural Survey of Some Sex Differences in Socialization // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1957. Vol. 55. № 3. P. 327-332.

15 Brown J. A Note on the Division of Labor by Sex // American Anthropologist. 1970. Vol. 72. № 5.

16 Coltrane S. The Micropolitics of Gender in Nonmdustrial Societies // Gender & Society. 1992. Vol. 6. № 1; Mead M. Male and Female. P. 189, 190.

17 Spain D. Gendered Spaces. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992; Idem. The Spatial Foundations of Men's Friendships and Men's Power // Men's Friendships / Ed. P.Nardi. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1992.

18 Gregor T. No Girls Allowed // Science. 1982. Vol. 82.

19 Sanday P.R. Female Power and Male Dominance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. P. 75, 128. См.

также: Lepowsky M. Gender in an Egalitarian Society: A Case Study from the Coral Sea // Beyond the Second Sex: New Directions in the Anthropology of Gender / Ed. P.R.Sanday, R.G.Goodenough. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990.

20 См.: Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1984. P. 330-331.

21 См.: Sanday P.R. Fraternity Gang Rape. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

22 Whiting J.W., Kluckhohn R., Anthony A. The Function of Male Initiation Ceremonies at Puberty // Readings in Social Psychology / Ed. E.Maccoby, T.M.Newcomb, E.L.Hatley. New York: Henry Holt, 1958.

23 Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983. P. 104.

420

24 Цит. по: Abusharaf R.M. Unmasking Tradition // The Sciences. 1998. March/April. P. 23.

2S

См., напр.: Zoske J. Male Circumcision: A Gender Perspective // Journal of Men's Studies. 1998. Vol. 6. № 2.

2 Paige K., Paige J. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

27 Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. P. 314; см. также: Paige K., Paige J. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual; Mernissi F.

Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society. New York: Wiley, 1975.

28

Olien M. The Human Myth. New York: Harper and Row, 1978; Martin M.K., Voorhies B. Female of the Species.

New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.

30

Williams W. The Spirit and the Flesh. Boston: Beacon Press, 1986.

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 270.

Martin M.K., Voorhies B. Female of the Species. P. 97.

32 К.Клакхон (1948) цит. по: Kluckhohn С. Mirror for Man. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1970.

33 Herdt G. Guardians of the Flutes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. P. I, 165,282.

34 Williams F.E. Papuans of the Trans-Fly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936. P. 159; см. также: Schiefflin E.L. The Sorrow of the Lonely and the Burning of the Dancers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976; Kelly R. Etero Social Structure. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977; Carrier J. Sex Role Preference as a Explanatory Variable in Homosexual Behavior // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1977. Vol. 6.

Davenport W. Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective // Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives / Ed. F.Beach, M.Diamond. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1977; см. также: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia /

Ed. G.Herdt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. F. 66.

38 39

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 257.

Ibid.

Davenport W. Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective.

Friedl E. Women and Men: An Anthropologist's View. New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1975.

40

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 253. Kluckhohn C. Mirror for Man. Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 289.

43

Tanner N., Zihlman A. Women in Evolution // Signs. 1976. Vol. 1. № 3; Tanner N. Becoming Human. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981; Zihlman A. Motherhood in Transition: From Ape to Human // The First Child and Family Formation /

Ed. W.Miller, LNewman. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, 1978.

421

44 Fisher H. The Anatomy of Love. New York: Norton, 1992. P. 57.

45 Rosaldo M. The Use and Abuse of Anthropology: Reflections on Feminism and Cross-Cultural Understanding //

Signs. 1980. Vol. 5. № 3. P. 393; рецензия Бонни Нарди на кн. П.Р.Санди «Female Power and Male

Dominance»: Sex Roles. 1982. Vol. 8. № 11. P. 1159.

46 Gimbutas M. The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, 7000-3500 B.C. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982; Eisler R. The Chalice and the Blade. New York: HarperCollins, 1987.

47 Eisler R. The Chalice and the Blade. P. 45, 58.

Fukuyama F. Women and the Evolution of World Politics // Foreign Affairs. 1998. September. P. 27.

49

Leacock E. Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonization. P. 200.

Глава 4

1 Freud S. The Dissection of the Psychical Personality // Freud S. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: W.W.Norton, 1965. P. 74.

2 Ibid. P. 76.

3 Freud S. Civilisation and Its Discontents. New York: W.W.Norton, 1970,

4 Letters of Sigmund Freud, 1873-1939 / Ed. E.Freud. London: Hogarth Press, 1961. P. 419-420.

5 Masson J. The Assault on Truth. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984; Miller A. Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984; Idem. For Your Own Good. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983.

Terman L., Cox Miles C. Sex and Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1936; см. также: Minton H. Feminity in Men and Masculinity in Women: American Psychiatry and Psychology Portray Homosexuality in the 1930s // Journal of Homosexuality.

1986. Vol. 13. № 1.

Henry G. Psychogenic Factors in Overt Homosexuality // American Journal of Psychiatry. 1937. Vol. 93; цит. по: Minton H.

Femininity in Men and Masculinity in Women. P. 2. Однако отметим: Генри добавляет, что эти тенденции не просто

возникнут, а социальная реакция на эти черты их преувеличит и укрепит; т.е. открытая гомофобная реакция на самом

деле лишь поощрит тенденцию к гомосексуальности.

оPiaget J. Plays, Dreams and Imitation in Children. New York: Norton, 1951; Idem. The Language and Thought of the Child.

London: Routledge, 1952; Idem. The Moral Judgement of the Child. New York: Free Press, 1965.

Kohlberg L. A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis of Children's Sex Role Concepts and Attitudes // The Development of Sex Differences / Ed. E.Maccoby. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966; Kohlberg L., Zigler E. The Impact of Cognitive Maturity on the Development of Sex Role Attitudes in the Years 4 to 8 // Genetic Psychology Monographs.

1967. Vol. 75.

422

'°BanduraA.,HustonA. Identification as a Process of Incidental Learning // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1961.

Vol. 63; Bandura A., Ross D., Ross S. A Comparative Test of the Status Envy, Social Power, and Secondary Reinforcement Theories of Indeificatory Learning // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1963. Vol. 67; Mischel W. A Social-Learning View of Sex Differences // The Development of Sex Differences / Ed. E.Maccoby.

1' См.: Homey K. On the Genesis of the Castration Complex in Women // Psychoanalysis and Women / Ed. J.B.Miller. New York: Bruner/Mazel, 1973.

12 Bettelheim B. Symbolic Wounds. New York: Collier, 1962; Lederer W. The Fear of Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968.

13 Chodorow N. The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978; Benjamin J. The Bonds of Love. New York: Pantheon, 1984; Dinnerstein D. The Mermaid and the Minotaur. New York: Harper and Row, 1977; Rubin L.

Intimate Strangers. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. У этих трех авторов – Чодороу, Бенджамин и Рубин – докторская

степень по социологии, и они одновременно являются практикующими психотерапевтами. Такое сочетание, с моей

точки зрения, дало им возможность с исключительной проницательностью исследовать социальные последствия

индивидуального обесценивания женщины.

Chodorow N. The Reproduction of Mothering; см. также: Idem. Family Structure and Feminine Personality // Women, Culture and Society / Ed. M.Rosaldo, L.Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.

Chodorow N. Family Structure and Feminine Personality. P. 50.

Gilligan C. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982. P. 173.

Belenky M.F. et al. Women's Way of Knowing. New York: Basic Books, 1987; Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. New York: William Morrow, 1990; Bly R. Iron John. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1991.

I8

См.: Crothers H. Meditations on Votes for Women. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1914. P. 74.

Gilligan C. Reply // On In a Different Voice: An Interdisciplinary Forum // Signs. 1986. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 327.

Tavris C. The Mismeasure of Woman // Feminism and Psychology. 1993. Vol. 3. № 2. P. 153.

Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. P. 24—25, см. также: Idem. Gender and Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

22 23

Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. P. 181.

Maccoby E., Jacklin C. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974. P. 362.

Джозеф Плек предложил превосходное резюме этих исследований: Pleck J. The Theory of Male Sex Role Identity: Its Rise and Fall, 1936 to the Present // In the Shadow of the Past: Psychology Views the Sexes / Ed. M.Lewin. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Многое из его эссе я использовал в своем обзоре.

423

25 Adorno T. et al. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Row, 1950.

26 Miller D., Swanson E.G. Inner Conflict and Defense. New York: Holt, 1960.

27 Parsons T. Certain Primary Sources and Patterns of Aggression in the Social Structure of the Western World //

Psychiatry. 1947. Vol. 10. P. 309.

28 Bern S. The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1974.

Vol. 42; Idem, Androgyny vs. the Tight Little Lives of Fluffy Women and Chesty Men // Psychology Today. 1975.

September; Idem. Beyond Androgyny: Some Presumptuous Prescriptions for a Liberated Sexual Identity // The Future of Women: Issues in Psychology / Ed. J.Sherman, F.Denmark. New York: Psychological Dimensions, 1978.

См. также: Kaplan A., Sedney M.A. Psychology and Sex Roles: An Androgynous Perspective. Boston: Little Brown, 1980 (цитата на с. 6); Spence J., Helmreich R., Stapp J. The Personal Attributes Questionaire: A Measure of Sex-Role Stereotypes and Masculinity-Femininity // JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. 1974.

Vol. 4.

29 Pleck J. The Myth of Masculinity. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1981.

30 Farrell W. The Myth of Male Power. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

~' Я не хочу сказать, что у Плека не было смелой попытки это сделать. В его работе: Pleck J. Men's Power over Women, Other Men and in Society // Women and Men: The Consequences of Power / Ed. D.Hiller, R.Sheets.

Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati Women's Studies, 1977 – теория задействована, насколько это было

возможно, но все же отсутствует адекватное теоретизирование различия и институционализированных

тендерных отношений.

Sartre J.-P. Anti-Semite and Jew. New York: Schocken Press, 1965. P. 60.

Глава 5

1 Pines M. Civilizing of Genes // Psychology Today. 1981. September.

2 Lopata H.Z., Thome B. On The Term «Sex Roles» // Signs. 1978. Ы. 3. P. 719.

Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity // Theory and Society. 1985. Vol. 14. См. также: Connell R.W. Gender and Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987; Idem. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995; Stacey J., Thome B. The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology // Social Problems. 1985. Vol.

32. № 4, – в которых даны тщательная переработка и краткое изложение социологической критики теории

половых ролей.

4 Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P. 42.

424

Stacey J., Thorne B. The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology. P. 307.

6 Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. p. 587; см. также: Connell R.W. Gender and Power.

7 Hacker H. Women as a Minority Group // Social Forces. 1951. bl. 30; Tresemer D. Assumptions Made about Gender Roles // Another Voice: Feminist Perspectives on Social Life and Social Science / Ed. M.Millman, R.M.Ranter. New York: Anchor Books, 1975. P. 323; Warner R.S., Wellman D., Weitzman L. The Hero, the Sambo and the Operator: Three Characterizations of the Oppressed // Urban Life and Culture. 1973. Vol. 2.

Carrigan T, Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. P. 587. 9

10

Arendt H. On Revolution. New York: Viking 1976. Keller E.F. A Feeling for the Organism. New York: W.H.Freeman, 1985.

Chafetz J.S. Toward a Macro-Level Theory of Sexual Stratification // Current Perspectives in Social Theory. 1980.

Vol. I.

Goffman E. The Arrangement between the Sexes // Theory and Society. 1977. Vol. 4. P. 316.

Kanter R. M. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books, 1977. См. также: Idem. Women and the Structure of Organizations: Explorations in Theory and Behavior // Another Voice / Ed. M.Millman, R.M.Kanter.

Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations // Gender & Society. 1990. Vol. 4. № 2. P.

146; см. также: Idem. Sex Bias in Job Evaluation: A Comparable Worth Issue // Ingredients for Women's Employment Policy / Ed. C.Bose, G.Spitze. Albany: SUNY Press, 1987; Idem. Class, Gender and the Relations of Distribution // Signs. 1988. Vol. 13; Idem. Doing Comparable Worth: Gender, Class and Pay Equity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989; Acker J., Van Houten D.R. Differential Recruitment and Control: The Sex Structuring of Organizations // Administrative Science Quarterly. 1974. Vol. 19. № 2.

15 Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies. P. 146—147.

Gerson J., Peiss K. Boundaries, Negotiation, Consciousness: Recon-ceptualizing Gender Relations // Social Problems. 1985. Vol. 32. № 4. P. 320.

Acker J. Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies. P. 258.

ID

West C., Zimmerman D. Doing Gender // Gender & Society. 1987. Vol. l.№ 2. P. 140.

19

Kessler S.J. The Medical Construction of Gender: Case Management of Intersexed Infants // Signs. 1990. Vol. 16. № I. P.

12, 13.

Выражение заимствовано у Р.В.Коннелла; но лично я взял его из названия книги Барбары Ризман: Risman B.

Gender Vertigo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.

21 Цит. по: West C, Zimmerman D. Doing Gender. P. 133—134.

Goldberg C. Shunning «He» and «She», They Fight for Respect // The New York Times. 1996. September. P. A24.

425

23 Цит. по: Goldberg С. Shunning «Не» and «She»... P. A24.

24 Garfmkel H. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hal I, 1967. P. 128, 132.

25 Kessler S.J. The Medical Construction of Gender. P. 25.

26 Groth N., Burgess A., Sgroi S. Sexual Assault of Children and Adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.

27 Sheffield C. Feminist Jurisprudence. New York: Routledge, 1997. P. 203.

28 Более подробно я пишу о социологии полового насилия в главе 11.

29 West С., Zimmerman D. Doing Gender. P. 140; Thorne В. Children and Gender: Constructions of Difference //

Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference / Ed. D.Rhode. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. P. 110; Thompson E.P. The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Pantheon, 1963. P. II.

30 Messerschmidt J. Masculinities and Crime. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and, Littlefield, 1993. P. 121.

31 Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. P. 589; Fyke K.D. Class-Based Masculinities: The Interdependence of Gender, Class and Interpersonal Power // Gender & Society. 1996. Vol. 10.

№ 5. P. 530.

Глава 6

1 Сложно суммировать здесь суть всех дебатов о семье. См. несколько работ, напр.: Whitehead B.D. Dan Quayle Was Right // The Atlantic. 1993. April; Popenoe D. Life without Father: Compelling New Evidence that Fatherhood and Marriage Are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society. New York: The Free Press, 1996; Idem. Modern Marriage: Revising the Cultural Script // Promises to Keep: Decline and Renewal of Marriage in America / Ed. D.Popenoe, J.B.Elshtain, D.Blankenhorn.

Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996. С другой стороны, см.: Stacey J. Brave New Families. New York: Basic Books, 1990; Idem. In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age. Boston: Beacon Press, 1997, а также: CoontzS. The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. New York: Basic Books, 1995; Idem. The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America's Changing Families. New York: Basic Books, 1998.

2 К.Поллит цит. по: Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 95.

3 Coltrane S. Gender and Families. Newbury Park, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 1998. P. 48—49; Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 30.

4 По вопросу трансформации идеи брака см., напр.: Shorter E. The Making of the Modern Family. New York: Basic Books, 1977; Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty. New York: Basic Books, 1993; Lasch C. Women and the Common Life: Love, Marriage and Feminism. New York: Norton, 1997, особенно с. 162.

О жестокости мужей см., напр.: Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of the American Family.

New York: The Free Press, 1988. P. 58.

426

Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 50; см. также: Smith P. Daughters of the Promised Land: Women in American History. Boston: Little Brown, 1970; Demos J. The Changing Faces of Fatherhood: A New Exploration in American Family History // Father and Child: Developmental and Clinical Perspectives / Ed. S.Cath, A.Gurwitt, J.Ross. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982. P. 429.

Demos J. Past, Present, and Personal: The Family and Life Course in American History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 32; см. также: Hareven T. Family Time and Industrial Time. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Теннисон цит.

по: Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 35.

Цит. no: Popenoe D. Life without Father. P. 95.

Lerner G. The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson // American Studies Journal. 1969.

Vol. 10. № 1. P. 7, 9; Dwight T. The Father's Book. Springfield, Mass.: G. and C. Merriam, 1834. Общую информацию см.: Kimme! M. Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York: Free Press, 1996. Chaps. 1, 2.

Lasch C. Women and the Common Life. P. 162.

Dill B.T. Our Mothers' Grief: Racial-Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families // Journal of Family History. 1988. Vol. 13.

№ 4. P. 428.

Gillis J. Making Time for Family: The Invention of Family Time(s) and the Reinvention of Family History // Journal of Family History. 1996. Vol. 21; Idem. A World of Their Own Making: Myth, Ritual, and the Quest for Family Values. New York: Basic Books, 1996.

Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 33; «Харперс базар» цит. по: Demos J. The Changing Faces of Fatherhood. P. 442; см.

также: LaRossa R. Fatherhood and Social Change // Family Relations. 1988. Vol. 37; Idem. The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997; Griswold R. Fatherhood in America: A History. New York: Basic Books, 1993.

13 Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 41; Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 110.

См.: Sugarman S.D. Single Parent Families // All Our Families: New Policies for a New Century / Ed. M.Mason, A.Skolnick.

S,Sugarman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. P. 20-21.

См.: LaRossa R. The Modernisation of Fatherhood.

Mintz S., Kellogg S. Domestic Revolutions. P. 179, 237; см. также: Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 30.

17 Chafe W. The Unfinished Journey: America since World War II. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. P. 125; Zelditch M. Role Differentiation in the Nuclear Family: A Comparative Study // Family, Socialization and Interaction Process / Ed. T.Parsons, R.F.Bales. New York: The Free Press, 1955. P. 339.

is

Archibald MacLeish. Poem in Prose; из личного общения с Хелен

Смит. Я благодарен Хелен за то, что она подтолкнула меня к мысли, что

427

семья 1950-х гг. стала моделью для американцев среднего класса, проживающих в пригородах, включая, очевидно, и меня самого.

19 Griswold R. Fatherhood in America. P. 204; Lasch C. Women and the Common Life. P. 94; Cowan R.S. More Work for Mother. The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. New York: Basic Books, 1983. P. 216; Лернер цит. по: Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 115.

См., напр.: Ehrenreich В. The Hearts of Men. New York: Doubleday, 1983 (о «протесте мужчин» против статуса

кормильца). См. также: Kimmel M. Manhood in America (особенно гл. 7).

См.: Skolnick A. Embattled Paradise. P. 148.

22

America's Fathers and Public Policy / Ed. N.A.Crowell, E.M.Leeper. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994. P. 1.

23

Quindlen A. Men at Work // The New York Times. 1990. FebruarylS.

24 Coontz S. The Way We Really Are. P. 79; Skolnick A. The Intimate Environment. New York: HarperCollins, 1996. P. 342; Bruce J., Lloyd C.B., Leonard A. Families in Focus: New Perspectives on Mothers, Fathers, and Children. New York: The Population Council, 1995; Johnson D. More and More, the Single Parent Is Dad // The New York Times. 1996. March 27. P. A15.

25 Cherlin A. By the Numbers // The New York Times Magazine. 1998. April 5.

Hochschild A. (with A. Machung). The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. New York: Viking, 1989. P. 258.

Footlick J.K. What Happened to the Family? // Newsweek. Special edition: The 21st Century Family. 1990.

Winter—Spring. P. 14.

TO

Coltrane S. Family Man: Fatherhood, Housework and Gender Equity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. P.

203; см. также: Rubin L. Worlds of Pain. New York: Basic Books, 1976. R 131; Cherlin A. By the Numbers. P. 39.

29 Bernard J. The Future of Marriage. New York: World," 1972.

30 Gove WR. The Relationship between Sex Roles, Marital Status and Mental Illness // Social Forces. 1972. Vol. 51; Gove W, Hughes M. Possible Causes of the Apparent Sex Differences in Physical Health: An Empirical Investigation // American Sociological Review. 1979. Vol. 44; Gove W, Tudor J. Adult Sex Roles and Mental Illness // American Journal of Sociology. 1973. Vol. 73.

Бебин и статистика цит. по: Carey E. Kids Put a Damper on Marital Bliss: Study //Toronto Star. 1997. August 15.

P. A], A14.

32 Condry J., Condry S. Sex Differences: A Study in the Eye of the Beholder // Child Development. 1976. Vol. 47.

Lott B. Women's Lives: Themes and Variations in Gender Learning. Monterey, Calif: Brooks/Cole, 1987. См.

также: Schwartz L.A., Markham W.T. Sex Stereotyping in Children's Toy Advertisements // Sex Roles. 1985. Vol.

12; Ungar S.B. The Sex Typing of Adult and Child Behavior in Toy Sales // Sex Roles. 1982. Vol. 8.

428

34 Отчет об этом и других исследованиях см.: Jacklin С. Female and Male: Issues of Gender //American Psychologist. 1989. Vol. 44.

35 См., напр.: Thorne В. Boys and Girls Together... But Mostly Apart: Gender Arrangements in Elementary Schools

// Relationships and Development / Ed. W.Hartup, Z.Rubin. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.

3 См., напр.: Thorne В., Luria Z. Sexuality and Gender in Children's Daily Worlds // Social Problems. 1986. Vol.

33.

Thorne B. Gender Play. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993. P. 3.

38 Hochschild A. The Second Shift; Amato P., Booth A. Changes in Gender Role Attitudes and Perceived Marital Quality // American Sociological Review. 1995. Vol. 60.

Mainardi P. The Politics of Housework // Sisterhood Is Powerful / Ed. R.Morgan. New York: Vintage, 1970.

Баллард и Фут цит. по: Cowan R.S. More Work for Mother. P. 43; Кэмпбелл цит. по: Strasser S. Never Done: A History of American Housework. New York: Pantheon, 1982. P 62.

Johnson D. More and More, the Single Parent Is Dad. P. A15.

42 Coltrane S. Family Man. P. 46; Vannoy-Hiller D., Philliber W.W. Equal Partners: Successful Women in Marriage. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1989. P. 115; Hochschild A. The Second Shift.

Hochschild A. Ideals of Care: Traditional, Postmodern, Cold-Modem and Warm-Modern // Social Politics. 1995.

Fall. P. 318.

Анна Куиндлен цит. по: Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P, 8.

О привлечении мужчин к домашним обязанностям см.: Pleck J. Men's Family Work: Three Perspectives and Some New Data // The Family Coordinator. 1979. Vol. 28; Idem. American Fathering in Historical Perspective //

Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and, Masculinity / Ed. M.S.Kimmel. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1937; Idem. Working Wives/Working Husbands. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications, 1985; Idem.

Families and Work: Small Changes with Big Implications // Qualitative Sociology. 1992. Vol. 15; Idem. Father Involvement: Levels, Origins and Consequences // The Father's Role / Ed. M.Lamb. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 1997.

Press J., Townsley E. Wives' and Husbands' Housework Reporting: Gender, Class and Social Desirability // Gender

& Society. 1998. Vol. 12. № 2. P. 214.

47

Ladies Home Journal. 1997. September; Gray J. Domesticity, Diapers and Dad // Toronto Globe and Mail. 1996. June 15.

48 Usdansky M. White Men Don't Jump into Chores // USAToday. 1994. August 20; LawlorJ. Blue Collar Dads Leading Trend in Caring for Kids, Author

Says // The New York Times. 1998. April 15. 40

Цит. по: Coltrane S. Family Man. P. 162.

429

Adoption Symposium / Ed. A.Sullivan. Washington, D.C.: Child Welfare League of America, 1995. P. 5.

98 All Our Families. P. 8; Gay and Lesbian Parents / Ed. F.W.Bozett.

Stacey J. Gay and Lesbian Families: Queer Like Us // All Our Families. P. 135.

100 101

См.: Ibid.

Цит. no: Gelles R. The Violent Home. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1972. P. 14.

102 Bergman A., Larsen R., Mueller B. Changing Spectrum of Child Abuse // Pediatrics. 1986. Vol. 77.

Straus M., Gelles R., Steinmetz S. Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family. New York: Anchor, 1981. P.

94; Straus M. Beating the Devil Out of Them. New York: Jossey-Bass, 1994.

Gelles R. Family Violence. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1987. P. 165.

105

Skolnick A. The Intimate Environment, P. 426.

106

Harvard Men's Health Watch. 1998. № 2(11).

107 Demo D.H. Parent-Child Relations: Assessing Recent Changes // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1990.

Vol. 54. № 1. P. 224.

108 Hochschild A. The Second Shift. P. 269.

109

no

Цит. по: Quindlen A. Men at Work.

Greeley A. The Necessity of Feminism // Society. 1993. September. P. 13-14.

112

Lasch C. Women and the Common Life. P. 119. Coltrane S. Family Man. P. 223-225.

Глава 7

1 Поскольку по этим делам я делал экспертизу для Отдела гражданских прав Министерства юстиции США, то

опираюсь здесь на собственный опыт.

^Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P. 56.

3 Clarke E.C. Sex in Education, or A Fair Chance for the Girls. Boston: Osgood, 1873. P. 128, 137.

Ferrier W.W. Origin and Development of the University of California. Berkleley: University of California Press, 1930; см.

также: Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness: How Schools Shortchange Girls. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.

P. 22.

5 Durant H. F. The Spirit of the College // Against the Tide: Pro-Feminist Men in the United States, 1776—1990, a Documentary History / Ed. M.S.Kimmel, Th.Mosmiller. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992. P. 132.

434

Mauasiey н. лех in Mind and in Education (1874] // Desire and Imagination: Classic Essays in Sexuality / Ed. R.Barreca.

New York: Meridian, 1995. P. 208-209.

Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 14. Эти стереотипы иногда разрушаются при наложении на другие, например, на расовые; например, считается, что американки азиатского происхождения любят математику и

естественные предметы больше, чем белые девушки.

о

Karp D., Yoels W.C. The College Classroom: Some Observations on the Meanings of Student Participation // Sociology and Social Research. 1976. Vol. 60. № 4; How Schools Shortchange Girls: A Study of Major Findings on Girls and Education. Washington, D.C.: American Association of University Women, 1992. P. 68; Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 5.

9 Sadker M., Sadker D. Failing at Fairness. P. 42—43. 10Orenstein P. Schoolgirls. New York: Doubleday, 1994. P. 11-12.

11 Weitzman L, Russo D. The Biased Textbook: A Research Perspective. Washington, D.C.: Research Center on Sex Roles and Education, 1974.

1 Weitzman L. et al. Sex Role Socialization in Picture Books for Preschool Children // American Journal of Sociology.