Текст книги "Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia "

Автор книги: Michael Korda

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Rabegh:defense of, 60French ambitions for, 47, 48journey to, 17–18, 21–28, 30–31Lawrence’s assignment to, 49–50military stores at, 298rumors of Turkish attack on, 47, 49Raleigh, Sir Walter, 119, 597Rashids, ibn Saud as emir of, 88Rasim, Damascene soldier, 372Rattigan, Terence, Ross, 694Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 251Redmond, John, 271Red Sea ports, 21, 88Rennell, Lord, 482 Reshadiye, 247–48 Revolt in the Desert[abridgement of Seven Pillars] (Lawrence):charity fund for income from, 622copyright sold to Cape, 602–3, 614critical reviews of, 622–23Doubleday’s suggestion of, 565film rights to, 634, 667–69, 691–94Garnett’s work on, 555, 558, 562, 565, 566–67, 575, 603, 614–15Lawrence’s fame enhanced by, 623Lawrence’s vacillation about, 573–75, 602, 614Lawrence’s work on, 504, 610, 614–15negotiations with publishers for, 566–67, 573, 575, 610publication of (1927), 501, 555, 593n, 617, 622–24quality of writing in, 615serialization of, 617Shaw’s ideas about, 565–67, 572Rhys, Sir John, 173–74Richards, Vyvyan W., 156–59at Jesus College, 156Lawrence as object of aГection to, 157–58, 159, 161, 189, 210, 494Lawrence’s correspondence with, 189, 214, 494and Morris designs, 156–57, 159and printing press scheme, 157, 178, 186, 189, 195, 197, 202, 214, 232, 494, 501and Seven Pillars, 556–57Richard the Lionheart, 32, 206Richthofen, Manfred Freiherr von “Red Baron,” 356Riyadh, ibn Saud’s capital at, 88, 279, 452–53, 484RMS Rajputana, 635, 636–37, 636Robertson, Sir William, 284Robeson, Paul, 668Rogers, Bruce, 643Rolls (driver), 409, 427Rommel, Erwin “Desert Fox,” 686Roosevelt, Franklin D., 303n, 484Ross, John Hume:Lawrence’s RAF name, 542–43 see alsoRoyal Air ForceRothenstein, Sir William, 508Rothschild, Lord, 39, 463, 468Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 212Royal Air Force (RAF):air strips in the desert, 516army compared with, 579–80, 602at Bridlington, Yorkshire, 667, 669–70Cadet College, Cranwell, 553, 606–9, 616, 624at Cattewater, 635–36, 640–42dirigibles, 646–48“dumb insolence” in, 628escape clause in, 541, 543, 564esprit de corps in, 579at Farnborough, 558–61, 568, 572, 575, 617, 629at Felixstowe, 660–61friction caused by Lawrence’s presence in, 628–30, 631, 634–35, 639–40at Habbaniya, Iraq, 514–15“Iris” III crash, 651–52in Karachi, 621–22, 623–24 King’s Regulationson, 628Lawrence in the ranks of, as John Hume Ross, 535–39, 541–47, 564–65, 569, 572Lawrence’s desire to re-enter, 602, 603Lawrence’s discharge from, 574, 575–76Lawrence’s overseas posting with, 616–17Lawrence’s recommendations for reform of, 210Lawrence’s re-entry into, as AC2/AC1 Shaw, 603, 605–9, 621–22, 624, 626, 633, 641, 658Lawrence’s retirement from, 653, 659–60, 666, 667, 672limitations of air travel in 1919, 482–83Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment, 660–61 ’e Mintabout, 537, 541, 544, 547–54, 597–98, 619, 625, 633, 687Mount Batten, 642, 646, 650, 651, 659–60on Northwest Frontier, 631–34photography school of, 553, 558, 559, 569public attention to Lawrence in, 566–70, 574, 602, 617, 638–40, 660RAF Benevolent Fund, 622recruit training in, 547–54rescue launches of, 641, 649, 650, 651, 652, 671and Royal Flying Corps, 477, 514Seaplane Tenders (200 Class), 409, 653social class distinctions in, 536, 547, 669and Trenchard, 514, 536at Uxbridge, 605–6at Waziristan, 631–34Royal Engineers, 51Royal Flying Corps (RFC):and aerial photography, 286and Arab Revolt, 52, 56, 311, 396, 409–10, 514Handley-Page bombers of, 414–15, 477, 482, 606history of, 597–98reconnaissance flights of, 56as Royal Air Force, 477, 514and Turkish aircraft, 14, 52, 409–10and Will’s death, 282Royal Navy, 21, 223and Alexandretta plan, 262and attack on Wejh, 64, 65–66oil needed for, 40and World War I, 245and Yenbo defense, 56, 59, 60Royal Tank Corps (RTC), 576–81, 589, 591, 594, 597, 602Ruawalla (Rualla) tribesmen, 403, 416, 423, 429Russia:abdication of the czar, 305and allied shipping, 4ambitions for Middle East, 12, 38, 39, 40, 81, 253, 270n, 279–80assault on Erzurum, 283, 289, 291Bolshevik regime in, 39, 280, 453and the “great game,” 632peace with Turkey, 381, 398revolution (1917) in, 39, 280, 360rumors about Lawrence in, 634–35secret treaties published by, 39, 280, 360, 361, 437and Sykes-Picot agreement, 39, 40, 81, 279–80, 413Russian army, in World War I, 4, 10, 242, 246, 249–50, 269, 305Russo-Turkish War (1877), 246

Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von, 584Sackville-West, Vita, 274n, 583Sade, Marquis de, 344, 584St. Aldate’s Church Lads’ Brigade, 156St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 511Salem (slave), 316, 317, 318Salim Ahmed (Dahoum), 196Salmond, Sir GeoГrey:and Lawrence in RAF, 537, 631, 635, 660–61Lawrence’s letters to, 628and RAF in India, 627, 635as RFC commander, 396, 514Salt, as military goal, 380, 391–92, 394, 395, 413Salter Brothers, 223Samuel, Sir Herbert, 520–22, 528Sanders, Limon von, 411, 436 Sanders of the River(film), 668San Remo, Middle East discussions in, 504Sassoon, Sir Philip, 650, 660, 670Sassoon, Siegfried, 265, 321, 452, 589, 591, 641, 656, 679Saudi Arabia, oil in, 483Savage, Raymond, 567, 575Saxe, Maurice de, 28, 366Sayid Mohammed ibn Ali, 88Sayyid Talib, 523Sazonov, Sergey Dmitriyevich, 279–80 Scarlet Pimpernel, The(film), 691Schneider Trophy competitions, 642–43, 647, 648–50Scipio, 373nScott, George C., 693–94Serahin, sheikh of, 334Serahin tribesmen, 334–35, 336, 337 Seven Pillars of Wisdom(Lawrence), 212on Abd el Kader, 328abridged (“boy scout”) version of, see Revolt in the Desertand Allenby, 500, 593, 623on the Arabs, 316, 499, 500–501artwork and illustrations for, 504, 511, 513, 529, 562, 599, 615, 621on Auda, 69, 80–81, 499on Barrow, 427on Carson incident, 362–63on Chetwode, 577copyright protection for, 495, 501, 592, 617n, 618costs of producing, 131, 300, 529, 562, 592, 598, 601, 602, 613–14critical reviews of, 622–23on Daud and Farraj, 388–90, 393–94dedication of, 497–99on demolition activities, 220on Deraa incident, 343–48, 349, 497, 538, 601–2and fame, 623on Feisal, 33, 499, 500film rights to, 634, 668–69, 691–94on Hamed’s execution, 72–73income from, 558, 598, 603, 617, 622on Lawrence’s army career, 49–50Lawrence’s contradictory impulses regarding, 500–501, 610Lawrence’s embellishments of truth in, 593Lawrence’s maps in, 84Lawrence’s obsession over, 497, 499–501, 538Lawrence’s writing of, 471, 483, 485, 492, 494–501, 539–40limited subscription edition, 495, 558, 562, 589, 591–93, 601, 602–3, 610, 611, 613, 614, 615, 617–18, 687lost version of, 495–97, 500, 507as major literary work, 537, 572, 622–24, 687on military strategy, 74–75, 332–33negotiations with publishers on, 501, 504, 554–55, 558, 565, 566–67, 571–72, 592–93, 598–602, 614on Nuri’s appearance, 91Oxford text (1922), 495, 687on Paris Peace Conference, 462places described in, 31printing of, 539publication of, 296, 617, 624, 687and publicity, 555, 614, 617, 621, 634, 668quality of writing, 139, 319, 322, 369, 409, 500, 557, 661, 662reworking of, 495, 497, 499, 507–8, 527, 538, 539, 579, 581, 593, 603, 611serialization of, 617Shaw’s reading of, 555–57, 562–64, 565–68, 574–75, 592, 594, 599–600, 611and Shaw’s Saint Joan, 397and Storrs, 8, 593on Sykes, 273on Tafas scene, 418–24and Trenchard, 615–16, 617, 624on war, 264–65, 396, 664, 686, 696war experiences relived in, 477, 492, 499, 538, 542, 570, 601on Wilson, 11on Wingate, 46–47on Young, 382Shakespear, J. R., 405nShakespeare, William, Henry V, 499, 694Shakir, Sharif, 76–77Sharif, Omar, 693Sharraf, Sharif, 85–86Shaw, Charlotte F.:and Deraa incident, 349–50, 601, 612, 695Lawrence’s friendship with, 120, 490, 540, 595–96, 608, 611–12, 640, 644–45, 653Lawrence’s letters to, 143, 320, 322, 349–50, 525, 601, 610, 611, 612, 618, 644, 655, 657, 664, 668, 670, 695marriage of, 350, 563, 612personal traits of, 564and Seven Pillars, 562–64, 573–75, 599, 611, 612Shaw, George Bernard, 273and Casement, 654death of, 571fame of, 540, 556, 570–71genius of, 563and Lawrence’s army enlistment, 578, 591, 602Lawrence’s correspondence with, 695and Lawrence’s fame, 623, 650, 652Lawrence’s friendship with, 120, 219, 320, 356, 540, 563, 570, 590–91, 595–96, 608, 640, 644marriage of, 350, 563, 612on St. Joan, 397, 457n, 578, 595–97and Seven Pillars, 349, 555–57, 562–64, 565–68, 572–73, 574–75, 592, 594, 599–600, 611, 617, 621and socialism, 563, 648and Thomson, 647–48 Too True to Be Good, 588, 619, 657, 670–71views on grammar, 563, 599–600Shaw, Robert Gould II, 644Shaw, Thomas Edward, Lawrence’s name in RTC and RAF, 577–81, 603, 627Sheikh Saad, as military goal, 417, 418, 424Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 556Sherman, William Tecumseh, 60Shobek, as military goal, 359, 360, 365Sholto Douglas, Lord, 550, 553nShotwell, James Thomson, 471–72 At the Paris Peace Conference, 439Shuckburgh, Sir John, 512, 520, 527Shukri Pasha el Ayubi, 430, 431, 432, 433Simpson, Colin, 582nSimpson, Wallis, 603Sims, R. G. “Reggie,” 669–70, 671Sinai desert:Lawrence’s journey across, 106map survey of, 232–33, 241, 246military strategies in, 402–3Smith, Clare Sydney:and Biscuit(speedboat), 649, 650–51 ’e Golden Reign, 641and Lawrence’s fame, 636, 638Lawrence’s friendship with, 161, 607, 645–46personal traits of, 645at RAF Cattewater, 641at RAF Manston, 653in Singapore, 670Smith, F. E., 271, 650Smith, F. Willoughby, 220Smith, Sydney, 607, 635–36, 638, 640–43, 646, 651, 652, 653Smith, W. H., 613SMS Breslau, 248SMS Goeben, 248, 249Smuts, Jan, 378, 456Soleyb people, 208–9Somme, Battle of, 45, 277Sontag, Susan, 690Souchon, Wilhelm, 248, 250Spanish flu, 476–77Spiegel, Sam, 691, 692–93, 694Spielberg, Steven, 693Spitfire, design of, 643SS Mongolia, 169Stalin, Joseph, 303n, 690nStamfordham, Lord, 446, 449–50SteГens, Lincoln, 475–76Steiner, Ferdinand, 691nStirling, David, 29Stirling, W. Frank, 427 Safety Last, 319–20, 403Stokes, Australian soldier, 311, 313, 317Storrs, Ronald, 7–15, 320in Cairo, 201, 252, 253–54, 271, 273, 355and Hussein, 299in Jerusalem, 353, 354, 520, 521in Jidda, 14–15journey to Jidda, 8, 9–13, 293journey to Rabegh, 17–18and Lawrence’s death and funeral, 679, 680–81Lawrence’s friendship with, 7–8, 201, 592Lawrence’s plans supported by, 17 Orientations(memoir), 8, 13–14and outbreak of Arab Revolt, 292and plans for Arab Revolt, 10, 40, 260, 268and Seven Pillars, 8, 593and Thomas, 354, 356Stotzingen, Baron Othmar von, 291Strachey, Lytton, 200 Strand Magazine, 494Sudan:involvement in Arab Revolt, 11–12military strategy between wars, 29Suez Canal:British control of, 234, 515military strategy toward, 256, 267military threats toward, 12–13, 63, 83, 232, 234, 263, 269protection for, 40, 234, 267, 279, 282, 285, 510purchase of, 234Suhkuri (Beni Sakhr tribe), 332–33Sultan el Atrash, 431 Sultan Osman I, 247–48Swann, Oliver:and Lawrence in RAF, 508, 542–45, 553, 559–61, 564–65, 566, 569Lawrence’s letters to, 508, 549–50, 559Sykes, Sir Mark, 270–81, 304and Arab Bureau, 273, 284and Arab flag, 272and Arab Revolt press releases, 361background of, 271and Balfour Declaration, 272, 280, 306and British-Turkish negotiations, 303–6death of, 476–77fact-finding tour of, 271–72, 273and Feisal, 81–82and Hussein, 82and Jerusalem, 351–52and Lawrence’s moral dilemma, 40, 82, 83, 90, 281and Nicolson Committee, 274–75and Sykes-Picot agreement, 38, 81, 90, 275–81War Committee report by, 274and Zionism, 272, 280, 352Sykes-Picot agreement:and Abdulla, 40and Arab nation, 39, 81–82, 276, 277–78, 361, 413, 436, 465, 486, 505Bolshevik publication of, 39, 280, 360, 361, 437and Britain, 38–40, 67, 81, 269n, 275–81, 300, 305, 306, 361, 444, 451, 453, 455, 458–59, 486, 507, 512and British-French rivalry, 270, 275controversial nature of, 276–77, 305, 360, 399, 461, 465and creation of Israel, 39, 276and Feisal, 39, 40, 81, 82, 281, 306, 328, 360, 361, 436–37and France, 38–40, 67, 275–76, 278–79, 281, 413, 436–37, 451, 455, 458–59, 507, 512and Georges-Picot, 38, 275–81and Hussein, 39, 40, 82, 300and Jewish settlements in Palestine, 277, 451, 467Lawrence’s opposition to, 38, 82, 90, 280–81, 306, 328, 400, 413, 444, 451, 486, 525, 537and Lloyd George, 461, 507Ottoman Empire divided in, 38, 40, 81, 276, 278–79, 504and partition of Palestine, 39, 276and Russia, 39, 40, 81, 279–80, 413and Sykes, 38, 81, 90, 275–81U.S. opposition to, 305, 444, 455and Zionism, 280, 399, 451, 453, 458, 467Syria:British control of, 459, 486diverse populations of, 307Feisal vs. French in, 463, 505, 511flag of, 272French administration of, 436–37, 440, 442, 461, 507, 518, 697French ambitions for, 38, 40, 67, 81, 90, 92, 183, 256, 262, 272, 275, 433, 436, 454, 455, 458, 460, 461–62, 473, 486, 505as geographical expression, 306–7impoverishment of, 698Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry on, 484Lawrence’s eГorts on Feisal’s behalf in, 443, 444, 473, 484Lawrence’s travels in, 172local uprisings in, 413–14, 505and military strategy, 91, 100, 266, 309and Paris Peace Conference, 476railway system in, 309and United Arab Republic, 697and Weizmann-Feisal agreement, 465–68 see alsoDamascus

Tafas, Turkish brutality in, 418–24, 686Tafileh:Arab victory at, 380battle of, 365–73, 369, 383as military goal, 359, 360, 365Tala Bey, 285nTalal el Hareidhin, sheik of Tafas, 341, 417, 419–21, 422, 424Talleyrand-Pйrigord, Charles-Maurice de, 270Tell Ahmar, archaeological site at, 197–98Tell el Shehab, bridge at, 334–40, 341, 343, 352, 410Thatcher, Lady Margaret, 449 ’at Hamilton Woman(film), 690nTheater Guild, 596Thomas, Fran, 493Thomas, Lowell, 353–54, 366, 478–82in Aqaba, 383–88in Jerusalem, 354and “Lawrence of Arabia” films, 361, 384, 386, 387, 690, 693and “Lawrence of Arabia” myth, 355–56, 361, 385, 388, 442, 443, 479–82, 493–94, 526, 623, 662, 695, 698London performance of, 492–94as promoter, 478, 480, 493, 593n With Lawrence in Arabia, 140n, 321, 385, 386, 525–26, 603, 624, 662, 689, 696Thomas а Becket, 405Thompson, R. Campbell, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 202Thompson, W. H., 518–19, 522Thomson, Christopher B., Lord, 646, 647–49, 650, 651, 652, 656Thorndyke, Dame Sybil, 596Thurtle, Ernest, 639–40, 641 Times, the (London):and Lawrence obituary, 671Lawrence’s letters to, 199, 464, 486, 505, 593 Literary Supplement, 623 Sunday Times, 582n, 583Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace, 319Townshend, Charles, 287, 288, 289–90, 295Toynbee, Arnold, 472, 473, 506Trad, and Anazeh tribe, 423, 424Trans-Jordan, seeJordanTrenchard, Hugh Montague, 1st Viscount Trenchard:and Lawrence’s fame, 635, 638, 639, 643Lawrence’s letters to, 210, 580, 597, 615–16, 619, 624, 625–26, 628, 631, 633, 640, 642, 656and Lawrence’s RAF enlistment, 537, 540–41, 542–43, 550, 559, 564–65, 569, 572and Lawrence’s re-enlistment, 591, 605, 606Lawrence’s relationship with, 236, 514, 537, 597, 639, 648, 650and Lawrence’s release from RAF, 569, 572, 574, 575–76, 639and Lawrence’s transfers in RAF, 617, 635, 640, 660as metropolitan commissioner of police, 653and ’e Mint, 553–54and RAF, 514, 536RAF Benefolent Fund created by, 622retirement of, 648, 653and Seven Pillars, 615–16, 617, 624Trotsky, Leon, 280Tucker, Sophie, 630Tunisia, as French colonial possession, 442Turkey:aircraft of, 14, 52, 409–10Armenian genocide by, 37, 221, 223, 263, 304, 373, 398, 475–76army of, seeTurkish armyand British foreign policy, 12–13diverse population of, 225, 253, 304legal code of, 56Muslims in, 14and negotiated peace, 301–2, 303–6, 398–99peace with Russia, 381, 398railroads of, 24, 75, 297, 309, 530–31strategic importance of, 12–13war with Balkan states, 215, 218, 222and World War I, 246“Young Turks” in, 163, 168, 185, 199 see alsoOttoman EmpireTurki, tribal leader, 391Turkish army:Arab actions against, 99–100; see also specific siteswith Central Powers in World War I, 10, 13, 233, 249–50corruption of, 4–5, 215cruelty to prisoners, 5, 36–37, 85n, 96, 288, 325, 349firefight with, 98German support of, 20, 36, 104, 285, 287, 311, 391, 411, 416, 421, 423, 424guarding archaeological sites, 192Lawrence’s knowledge about, 7, 258official handbook of, 258in retreat, 412, 413, 414, 415–17, 422–23, 428–29strategies of, 27, 70superiority to Arabian army, 20, 35, 36, 53, 57surrender of, 101–2, 292, 412, 697underestimated by British, 4Turkish Museum, 193Turkish navy, 246–47and German warships, 248–50Tutankhamun, King, tomb of, 203nTwain, Mark, 386“Twenty-Seven Articles” (Lawrence), 56

Um Lejj, Arab army at, 63Umtaiye:airstrip constructed at, 414railway demolition at, 407–11United Arab Republic, 697U.S. Army, 686

Verdun, battle of, 45Vickers-Supermarine Aviation Works, 643Vickery, Charles, 63, 64, 65, 66Victoria Cross, 112, 113n, 143, 373, 518Vietcong, 309Voltaire, 253, 688

Wadi Ais:Abdulla’s camp at, 60, 71, 73, 74, 76Arab position in, 60, 63, 76Lawrence’s journey to, 73–74Wadi Hamdh, 65Wadi Hesa, 365Wadi Itm, 101–2Wadi Rumm, 312–13, 329Wadi Safra, Lawrence’s visits to, 30–31, 37–38, 42, 52–53Wadi Sirhan, 90, 92, 95, 96, 281Wadi Yenbo, 52–59Wahhabi tribe, as followers of ibn Saud, 55, 88, 483, 484, 526, 625Walpole, Hugh, 617war cabinet, Eastern Committee:Lawrence’s meetings with, 444–47, 451–52, 456, 461reports from Middle East to, 454–55War Office:Lawrence’s duties with, 7, 485Lawrence’s oГenses against, 505Wasta, hospitality in, 30–31Waugh, Evelyn, 482 Officers and Gentlemen, 236 Scoop, 361Wavell, A. P., 626, 687on Lawrence’s demolition skills, 408Lawrence’s friendship with, 236, 321and Lawrence’s funeral, 679on Lawrence’s writing, 369, 373, 594Waziristan, RAF station in, 631–34Webb, Beatrice, 470, 570Webb, Sidney, 570Weintraub, Stanley, 397Weizmann, Chaim, 531Weizmann-Feisal discussions, 399–400, 463, 465–68, 476Wejh:Arab army move to, 60–61, 64–66, 76, 307Arab capture of, 66, 68Feisal’s camp at, 69–70, 81Turkish control of, 21, 64Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, 112, 145, 373, 688, 690Wells, H. G., 617, 659Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, 44, 45, 83, 108West, Anthony, 659West, Rebecca, 659Wigram, Clive, 439, 447Wilde, Oscar, 157, 556William II, Kaiser, 351, 453Williamson, Henry, 675–76Wilson, Sir Arnold, 517, 593nWilson, Cyril, 62, 90in Jidda, 11, 14, 49, 51, 60, 300Lawrence recommended for DSO by, 112and plans for Arab Revolt, 40, 82Wilson, Jeremy, Lawrence’s correspondence edited by, 694–95Wilson, Jeremy: Lawrence of Arabia, 695on Arab-Turkish negotiations, 398on Bruce, 582non Feisal portrait, 504on Lawrence in RAF, 552, 564on Lawrence’s embellishments of his story, 442on Lawrence’s sailing skills, 662on Lawrence’s schooling, 151on Lawrence’s wartime accomplishments, 694on Seven Pillars, 500, 574on Thomas’s time with Lawrence, 385Wilson, Michael, 692Wilson, Woodrow:on European colonial acquisitions, 305Fourteen Points of, 454, 455meeting of Lawrence and, 472–73Middle East commitments avoided by, 475, 476, 484and Paris Peace Conference, 210, 454, 458, 460, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476on secret treaties, 414, 444, 455and Thomas, 353, 384Winckler, Hugo, 184Wingate, Orde, 29, 687Wingate, Sir Reginald, 44–47, 47, 236, 277as British high commissioner in Egypt, 45, 273as governor-general of Sudan, 12, 27, 36, 44, 257and Kitchener, 246and Lawrence’s assignments, 49, 252and Lawrence’s military strategies, 29, 112, 298, 518, 687personal traits of, 46–47and RFC aircraft, 14, 52as sirdarof Egyptian army, 282as supporter of Arab Revolt, 44, 45, 47, 76Winterton, Lord Edward, 408, 417–18, 424, 425, 440, 443, 610Wood, C. E., 326, 336, 337Wood, Gar, 649Woolf, Leonard, 622Woolley, Charles Leonard, 211and Carchemish site, 202, 206–9, 210, 214, 218, 219, 221, 224, 230, 240and Palestine mapping expedition, 234, 235, 236–38and World War I, 246, 250, 252, 257World War I:Allied Powers in, 10, 242, 252, 304, 305Battle of the Somme, 45, 277Battle of Verdun, 275, 277, 460Central Powers in, 10, 13, 232, 233, 242, 249–50Dardanelles campaign, 509events in Europe overshadowing Arabia in, 381–82events leading to, 13, 204, 242Gallipoli, 4, 29, 263–64, 277, 282, 285, 290, 295and Kitchener, 244–46, 245, 262, 264, 265–66, 274Lawrence as famed hero of, 492, 493, 536, 686, 687Lawrence brothers in, 243–44as military disaster, 663and postwar peace, seeParis Peace Conferenceand postwar territorial demands, 453–54, 468–69and Sarajevo assassination, 242stalemate in, 398surrender of Central Powers in, 417, 453U.S. entry into, 305, 353, 381World War II, 309, 698Churchill’s speeches in, 654French Resistance movement in, 332Spitfire aircraft in, 643

Yarmuk, Turkish bridges at, 325–28, 330–38, 340, 352, 355, 400, 410, 430Yeates, V. M., 676Yeats, William Butler, 73, 119, 654, 657Yemen, imam of, 516, 527, 528Yenbo:Arab control of, 21defense of, 56, 58–59, 60, 63journey to, 42–43strategic importance of, 49Young, Hubert, 383, 416–18and Allenby, 402, 436and Arab army, 401–2, 416, 424, 425and chain of command, 382–83, 416in Churchill’s Middle East Department, 512, 513, 514, 516, 520and Lawrence’s military actions, 408, 417–18military traits of, 402Youth Hostels Association, 673

Zaagi, 420Zaal (raider), 92, 93–94Zeid, emir (son of Hussein), 22, 526and British gold, 292, 375, 376and Mesopotamia, 444retreating, 53, 56, 57, 58at Tafileh, 366, 368, 370–71Zionism:and Aaronsohn, 328–29and Balfour Declaration, 306, 399, 453, 454, 519–20, 531and Churchill, 510importance of, 468and Jewish national home, 511, 520, 531–32and Jewish settlement in Palestine, 451, 466, 467, 468, 531Meinertzhagen as supporter of, 470, 512, 520and Palestine, 280, 306, 328–29, 451, 458, 463, 466–67, 519–20, 524, 531and Paris Peace Conference, 454, 458, 463, 468Sykes as supporter of, 272, 280, 352and Sykes-Picot agreement, 280, 399, 451, 453, 458, 467and Weizmann-Feisal discussions, 399–400, 463, 465–68, 476

Acknowledgments

My heartfelt thanks to my dear friends Marianna and Jay Watnick for their affectionate support.

I owe special gratitude to my friend and colleague from her days at Simon and Schuster, Phyllis Grann, whose suggestion it was that I should write about Lawrence in the first place, as well as for her editing of the manuscript; and to Lynn Nesbit for making all this possible. I also owe very special thanks to Hugh Van Dusen at HarperCollins, and to his assistant, Robert Crawford, for their unfailing help and enthusiasm; to Lucy Albanese of HarperCollins for her skill, taste, and patience; and to Diane Aronson for her very special and painstaking care.

I owe a special debt of gratitude to the incomparable Mike Hill, for his research, support, and friendship; to Kevin Kwan, chocolatier par excellence,for his brilliant picture research—and to Amy Hill, for once again taking on the task of designing one of my books. I am also deeply indebted to my assistant Dawn Lafferty, whose help has been unstinting, and whose calm in the middle of chaos has been a precious and invaluable gift to me, and to Victoria Wilson for reading the manuscript, and for her excellent and thought-provoking suggestions.

Close to home, I am profoundly grateful to John Ansley, Head of the Archives and Special Collections and of the Lowell Thomas Collection and Archives; and to Angelo Galeazzi, Project Archivist at Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York, for giving me such valuable access to their films, photographs, and manuscripts, which contain a treasuretrove of material about Lawrence, and for going to such trouble on my behalf.

I would also like to thank the following: Hugh Alexander, Deputy Manager, The Image Library, The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, U.K.; Katherine Godfrey, Archivist at the Liddell Hart Centre for Military History, King’s College, London, U.K.; Colin Harris, Superintendent, Department of Special Collections, Bodleian Library, Oxford, U.K.; Penny Hatfield, Eton College, Windsor, Berkshire, U.K.; Jane Hogan, Assistant Keeper, Archives and Special Collections, Durham University Library, Durham, U.K.; Allen Packwood, Director, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, U.K.; Lora Parker, Royal Agricultural College Library, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, U.K.; Peter Preen, Visitor Services Manager, Clouds Hill, Wareham, Dorset, U.K.; John and Rosalind Randle, Whittington Press; Gayle M. Richardson, Manuscripts Department, Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Daun van Eee at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Christine Warner, Oak Knoll Press; and John Wells, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, U.K.

My thanks to Will Bueche for so kindly making available to me many of the late Professor John E. Mack’s notes and papers; and to Barry Singer of Chartwell Books, New York, the most eminent of “Eminent Churchillians,” for so diligently seeking out books by and about T. E. Lawrence from all over the world.

To my dear friend Gypsy da Silva my thanks for being willing to answer questions at any hour of the day or night, and for always knowing the right answer.

And to “I Putti,” my five schoolmates from Le Rosey, for their long-distance support and enthusiasm: Jean-Jacques Boissier; Max Cauvin, whose courage and good humor in adversity are an example to us all; Christian Delsol; Gabriel Villada; and Peter Wodtke, chic types et chers amis.

Finally, and above all, to my beloved wife, Margaret, for putting up with yet another time-consuming project and for the accompanying tidal wave of books, papers, and files overflowing through the house.

Contents

Cover

Title Page

List of Maps

Preface

CHAPTER ONE: “Who Is This Extraordinary Pip-Squeak?”

CHAPTER TWO: Aqaba, 1917: The Making of a Hero

CHAPTER THREE: “The Family Romance”

CHAPTER FOUR: Oxford, 1907–1910

CHAPTER FIVE: Carchemish: 1911–1914

CHAPTER SIX: Cairo: 1914–1916

CHAPTER SEVEN: 1917: “The Uncrowned King of Arabia”

CHAPTER EIGHT: 1918: Triumph and Tragedy

CHAPTER NINE: In the Great World

CHAPTER TEN: “Backing into the Limelight”: 1920-1922

CHAPTER ELEVEN: “Solitary in the Ranks”

CHAPTER TWELVE: Apotheosis

EPILOGUE: Life after Death

Notes

Bibliography

Index

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Advance Praise forHERO

ALSO BY MICHAEL KORDA

Illustration Credits

Copyright

About the Publisher

List of Maps

The Arab area of the Ottoman Empire in 1914

Turkey’s Lifeline: Schematic map of the vital railway lines in the Ottoman Empire

Aqaba-Maan zone

The Hejaz Railway

The Northern Theater: The area of the advance of Allenby and the Arab army on Damascus

The Battle of Tafileh

Sketch map of the Middle East, showing the divisions proposed in the Sykes-Picot agreement

Lawrence’s own map of his proposals for the Middle East, which he prepared for the war cabinet in 1918, and for the Paris Peace Conference in 1919

About the Author

MICHAEL KORDAis the New York Timesbestselling author of Charmed Lives, Ike, Country Matters, Ulysses S. Grant, and Journey to a Revolution. He is Editor in Chief Emeritus of Simon & Schuster, and he lives in Dutchess County, New York.

Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.

Advance Praise for

HERO

“ Herois a full-scale, major event, a great biography written with a sweeping understanding of history, military realities, geography, and politics, and filled with a wealth of character studies. The triumph of the book is Michael Korda’s brilliant, always balanced portrait of the infinitely fascinating Lawrence of Arabia, the relevance of which, now in our time, is of greater importance than ever.”

—David McCullough

“T. e. Lawrence is next to impossible to fix on the page. Yet Michael Korda has done so, delivering up a crowded, improbable life in a page-turning biography, every bit as rich as its protean subject. A splendid read.”

—Stacy Schiff, author of Cleopatra: A Life

“Michael Korda’s new biography of Lawrence of Arabia is bighearted and provocative—a page-turner that also helps us understand how the Middle east became the confused mess it is today. Herois a magnificent achievement.”

—Nathaniel Philbrick, author of The Last Stand

“Much has been written about him, but no one has succeeded in illuminating the quintessential Lawrence of Arabia so profoundly and as well as Michael Korda. Herois a work of brilliance, discernment, and meticulous scholarship that surely will be hailed as the gold standard.”

—Henry A. Kissinger

“Lawrence of Arabia, one of the great heroes of any age, has found the right b iographer in Michael Korda—a keen judge of the human condition and a master storyteller who can separate myth from reality without diminishing the grandeur of his subject.”

—evan Thomas, author of The War Lovers

“A magisterial biography. … Korda’s vivid portrait of Lawrence and his warring impulses captures the brilliance and charisma of this fascinating figure.”

– Publishers Weekly(starred review)

“A splendid biography about a most unusual and extraordinary individual.”

—Hugh Thomas, author of The Spanish Civil War

Illustration Credits

INTERIOR PAGES

Title page: top:National Portrait Gallery, London, bottom:courtesy of Kevin Kwan; page xx:“The Sword also Means Cleanness and Death,” front cover of Seven Pillars of Wisdomby T. E. Lawrence (published 1935) The Bridgeman Art Library; page 3:courtesy of Constable & Robinson Ltd; page 67:Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, the University of Texas at Austin / estate of John David Roberts. By courtesy of the William Roberts Society; pages 75 and 97:the executors of Lady Liddell Hart, deceased; page 103:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM Q59193; page 108:by Eric Kennington, courtesy of the family of the artist; page 201:from No Golden Journey: Life of James Elroy Fleckerby John Sherwood; page 213:(c)The British Library Board. All Rights Reserved 11/01/2010, Add.MS.50584ff.115; page 245:(c) Topham / The Image Works; page 304:by Sir Mark Sykes, with kind permission of Sir Tatton Sykes; pages 308 and 324:the executors of Lady Liddell Hart, deceased; page 338:by Eric Kennington, courtesy of family of the artist; page 369:the executors of Lady Liddell Hart, deceased; page 383:(c)Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust; page 431:courtesy of the Rolls-Royce Enthusiasts’ Club; page 441:by James McBey, Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM ART 2473; page 456:by Sir Mark Sykes, with kind permission of Sir Tatton Sykes; page 459:Imperial War Museum, Negative No. IWM Q55581; page 464:from Lawrence of Arabia: The Life, the Legendby Malcolm Brown, published by Thames & Hudson Ltd; page 609:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.34r; page 636:from The Golden Reignby Clare Sydney Smith; page 665:Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS. Photogr.c.126, Fol.71r; page 685:Collection, National Gallery of Ireland, (c)the artist’s estate, photo (c)National Gallery of Ireland.