Текст книги "Как выжить женщине в Средневековье. Проклятие Евы, грех выщипывания бровей и спасительное воздержание"
Автор книги: Элеанор Янега
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История
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Текущая страница: 19 (всего у книги 20 страниц)
Цит. по Jacqueline Murray, “Twice Marginal and Twice Invisible: Lesbians in the Middle Ages,” in Bullough and Brundage, Handbook of Medieval Sexuality, 197.
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“Bridget of Sweden (d. 1371),” там же, 144–45.
В настоящее время остается спорным вопрос, участвовал ли в написании этого влиятельного трактата второй автор, тоже доминиканец и инквизитор Якоб Шпренгер (ок. 1436–1495). См., например, Hans-Christian Klose, “Die angebliche Mitarbeit des Dominikaners Jakob Sprenger am Hexenhammer, nach einem alten Abdinghofer Brief,” в Pa-derbornensis Ecclesia. Beitrage zur Geschichte des Erzbistums Paderborn. Festschrift fur Lorenz Kardinal Jager zum 80. Geburtstag, ed. Paul-Werner Scheele (Paderborn: Verlag Ferdinand Schoningh, 1972), 197–205.
Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, Malleus Malificarum (1487), trans. Montague Summers (New York: Dover, 1971), 41–48 [цит. по Шпренгер Я., Инститорис Г. Молот ведьм / Пер. с лат. Н. Т. Цветкова, предисл. проф. С. Г. Лозинского и проф. М. П. Баскина, статья С. Г. Лозинского – 1-е изд. – Борисов: ОГИЗ ГАИЗ «Атеист», 1932.].
Там же, 43–47.
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Там же, 48.
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Там же, 119.
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Bella Millett and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, eds., Medieval English Prose for Women: Selections from the Katherine Group and Ancrene Wisse (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), 31.
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Там же, 182.
Millett and Wogan-Browne, Medieval English Prose for Women, 35.
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Там же, 196.
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Там же, 121.
Там же, 197.
Там же.
“Infractions of Commercial Regulations (13th–14th c.),” in Amt, Women's Lives in Medieval Europe, 202.
Там же, 202–3.
Erika Uitz, Women in the Medieval Town (London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1990), 44.
Там же, 40.
Там же, 41.
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Annemarie Weyl Carr, “Women as Artists in the Middle Ages,” Feminist Arts Journal (Spring 1976), 6.
Pierre Alain Mariaux, “Women in the Making: Early Medieval Signatories and Artists' Portraits (9th–12th c.),” in Martin, Reassessing the Roles, 399–409.
Francoise Baron, “Enlumineurs, peintres et sculpteurs parisiens des XIIIe et XIVe siècles, d'après les roles de la taille,” Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 4 (1968): 37–121; and Baron, “Enlu-mineurs, peintres et sculpteurs parisiens des XIVe et XVe siècles, d'après les archives de l'hôpital Saint-Jaques-aux-Pèlerins,” Bulletin archéologique du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques 6 (1971): 77–115.
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Sprenger and Kramer, Malleus Maleficarum, 66.
Augustine, De ordine, in Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, ed. P. Knoll, 63 (Leipzig, 1922), 155; Aquinas, Summa Theologica, pt. Iia–IIae, ques. 10, art. 11.
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“Carpenter's Specifications: A Town House (1308),” in Amt, Women's Lives in Medieval Europe, 213.
Там же, 211.
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Leah Lydia Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society: The History of an Urban Institution in Languedoc (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 72–73.
Там же, 73–76.
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Там же, 223.
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290 Там же, 114.
291 “Christine de Pisan: Advice to Noblewomen (1405),” в Amt, Women's Lives in Medieval Europe, 164–65.
292 “Household Accounts of Dame Alice de Bryene (1412–13),” там же, 166–68.
293 “The Paston Family: Letters (15th c.),” там же, 173.
294 Marie Shear, “Media Watch: Celebrating Women's Words,” New Directions for Women 15, no. 3 (May – June 1986): 6.
295 Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own (1929; reprint London: Renard Press, 2020), 105 [Вирджиния Вулф, «Своя комната», цит. по https://librebook. me/a_room_of_one_s_own].
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297 Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Second Discourse, trans. Roger and Judith Masters (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1964), 108, 112, 216 [русскояз. текст труда Жан-Жака Руссо «Рассуждение о происхождении и основаниях неравенства между людьми» цит. по источнику: https://librebook. me/o_proishojdenii_neravenstva/vol1/1].
298 Gina Rippon, The Gendered Brain: The New Neuroscience that Shatters the Myth of the Female Brain (London: Vintage, 2020), 176.
299 Cordelia Fine, Delusions of Gender: The Real Science Behind Sex Differences (London: Icon, 2010), 113.
300 Diane F. Halpern, “How Neuromythologies Support Sex Role Stereotypes,” Science 330, no. 6009 (2010): 1320–21.
301 A. Memrick, Gaston Gazette, January 15, 2011, цит. В Diane F. Halpern et al., “The Pseudoscience of Single-Sex Schooling,” Science 333, no. 6050 (2011), 1706–7.
302 Lacey J. Hilliard and Lynn S. Liben, “Differing Levels of Gender Salience in Preschool Classrooms: Effects on Children's Gender Attitudes and Intergroup Bias,” Child Development 81 no. 6 (2010): 1787–98.
303 James Damore, “Google's Ideological Echo Chamber: How Bias Clouds Our Thinking About Diversity and Inclusion,” July 2017, https://s3.document-cloud.org/documents/3914586/Googles-Ideological-Echo-Chamber.pdf [десятистраничный документ, написанный Джеймсом Деймором, носил название «Идеологическая эхокамера Google»].
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Paul Getty Museum. 205 Attis, unable to respond to Agdistis' love, is driven to madness and emasculates himself by Maïtre François – KB, National Library of the Netherlands, Netherlands. (Public Domain). 212 Detail from BL Sloane 1977, f. 7v by Roger Frugard of Parma (index Roger of Salerno, Roger de Salerne, Rogerius Salernitanus). The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 213 Ms. Ludwig VIII 3 (83.MK.94), fol. 43. J. Paul Getty Museum. 225 The National Library of Medicine. 229 Wikimedia Commons. 234 Ms. 14 (85.MK.239), fol. 8v. J. Paul Getty Museum. 237 Delia E. Holden and L. E. Holden Funds. Cleveland Museum of Art. 238 Adam and Eve from BL Harley 2838, f. 5. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 241 Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund. Cleveland Museum of Art. 244 January from BL Eg 1147, f. 6v. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 245 March from BL YT 30, f. 3. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 244 (вверху) June from BL YT 3, f. 6. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 244 (внизу) Ms. Ludwig IX 18 (83.ML.114), fol. 7. J. Paul Getty Museum. 249 Woman churning by Master of Catherine of Cleves – 1460 – KB, National Library of the Netherlands, Netherlands (Public Domain). 250 Biblioteca Digital Hispánica. 252 Wikimedia Commons. 253 Gaia Caecilia or Tanaquil from BL Royal 20 C V, f. 75 by Giovanni Boccaccio. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 261 City from BL Eg 1900, f. 9v. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 264 Pamphila from BL Royal 16 G V, f. 54v by Giovanni Boccaccio. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 268 Balneum (Bath) from BL Royal 6 E VI, f. 179 by James le Palmer. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 274 Wikimedia Commons. 276 Acquired by Henry Walters. The Walters Art Museum (Creative Commons License). 277 Marcie with mirror and sculptor's tools from BL Royal 20 C V, f. 104 by Giovanni Boccaccio. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 280 Detail of a woman physician treating a female patient from BL Sloane 6, f. 177v by John of Arderne. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 282 Cranial operation from BL Sloane 1977, f. 2 by Roger Frugard of Parma (index Roger of Salerno, Roger de Salerne, Rogerius Salernitanus). The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 284 Wikimedia Commons. 287 Luxury from BL Royal 17 F IV, f. 297 by Valerius Maximus, translated by Simon de Hesdin and Nicholas de Gonesse. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 288 Berlin Staatsbibliothek, Ms. Dep. Breslau 2, vol. 2, fol. 244. 299 Nun from BL Royal 2 B VII, f. 219 The British Library, United Kingdom. (Public Domain). 301 A nun at prayer (female donor?), with guardian angel – KB, National Library of the Netherlands, Netherlands (Public Domain). 304 Female teacher from BL Harley 3828, f. 27v. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 305 Lady from BL Harley 4431, f. 153 by Christine de Pizan (index Christine de Pisan). The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 307 Queen and ladies from BL Harley 4431, f. 323 by Christine de Pizan (index Christine de Pisan). The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 308 Edward II from BL Royal 15 E IV, f. 295v by Jean de Wavrin. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 311 Royal feast from BL Royal 2 B VII, f. 71v. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 315 The queen of England, Eleanor of Aquitaine, before pope Clemens III by Maïtre François – KB, National Library of the Netherlands, Netherlands (Public Domain). 318 Presentation scene from BL Royal 15 E VI, f. 2v. 325 Wikimedia Commons. 328 Amalthea from BL Royal 16 G V, f. 27v. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 334 April: a woman holding a wreath of flowers – 1470 – K B, National Library of the Netherlands, Netherlands (Public Domain). 343 Sappho from BL Royal 16 G V, f. 57 by Giovanni Boccaccio. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain). 349 Sappho from BL Royal 16 G V, f. 57. The British Library, United Kingdom (Public Domain).
Как жили женщины Средневековья – в городах, деревнях и высоких замках? Какими их хотели видеть мужчины и какими они были на самом деле?
Противоречивые требования преследовали средневековых женщин всю жизнь. Женщине следовало быть красивой, но не следовало ничего для этого предпринимать.
Ей надлежало блюсти благочестие, но ее считали безнадежно порочной по природе. Она должна была хранить домашний очаг, рожать детей и много работать. Женщины были виноваты во всех бедствиях – от грехопадения Евы до Всемирного потопа и чумы. Как же они справлялись со всем этим?
Историк Элеанор Янега рассказывает о выдающихся женщинах того времени и других, менее известных, чьи истории скрыты в документах и судебных делах. Фермерши, хозяйки пивоварен, ремесленницы и художницы – они изменили представление о женской природе, интеллекте и способностях.
Перевод Елены Лалаян
#женскоесредневековье
notes
1
Nine to Five – а мериканская комедия 1980 года с участием знаменитой кантри– певицы и киноактрисы Долли Партон; название фильма «С девяти до пяти» означает график, определяющий часовую норму рабочего времени в день для служащих, то есть получается сорокачасовая рабочая неделя. Прим. пер.
2
Жоффруа де Ла Тур Ландри (между 1326 и 1330 – около 1404 или 1405) – французский рыцарь из Анжу, участник Столетней вой ны, известный также как «Рыцарь Башни», автор нескольких книг. Прим. пер.
3
Предполагается, что Платон родился в промежуток времени с 428 по 423 год до н. э., а умер в 348 или 347 году до н. э. Прим. пер.
4
Значительную часть своих сочинений Платон записал в форме диалогов, бесед между историческими или вымышленными персонажами. Прим. ред.
5
Речь идет об епископе Аврелии Августине, также известном как Блаженный Августин. Прим. пер.
6
Элоиза – философ, писатель, ученый, жена философа Пьера Абеляра. Прим. пер.
7
Маргарита Поретанская – французская монахиня– бегинка, писатель-мистик. Прим. ред.
8
Сервы (от. лат. servus – раб) – феодально– зависимые крестьяне в странах Западной Европы в эпоху Средневековья. Прим. ред.
9
Этот девиз – цитата из Вергилия, «Эклоги», X, стих 69-й: был возможен на застежке четок монахини как двусмысленный вариант евангельского «Любовь превыше всего». Прим. пер.
10
Артуриана – цикл кельтских легенд и рыцарских романов с акцентом на деяниях короля Артура и рыцарей Круглого стола. Прим. пер.
11
Аристотель выделял шесть разновидностей любви: агапе – жертвенная любовь; людус – любовь– игра; эрос – чувственная любовь; мания – любовь-одержимость; прагма – рассудочная любовь; сторге – л юбовь-д ружба. Прим. пер.
