Текст книги "Великолепный обмен: история мировой торговли"
Автор книги: Уильям Бернстайн
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Т. Е. Page et al., eds., The Scriptores Historiae Augustae(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1940), II: 115, 157.
Ювенал.Сатиры IV, 259-260.
Апулей.Метаморфозы, или Золотой осел. XI, 3. Пер. С. Маркиша.
Е. Н. Warmington. The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India(New Delhi: Munshriram Manoharlal, 1995). P. 147-165, 174-175, 180-183. О хлопке в Римской империи см. С. 210-212. О трудностях производства хлопка в доиндустриальном мире см. С. 253-254.
S. D. Goitein. A Mediterranean Society(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967). I. P. 347-348.
Ibid. P. 298.
Ibid. P. 299-300.
Ibid. P. 340-342.
Ibid. P. 219.
Смит А.Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. 1,2. М., 1962.
Paul Melars. «The Impossible Coincindence. A Single-Species Model for the Origins of Modern Human Behavior in Europe», Evolutionary Anthropology, 14:1 (February, 2005). P. 12-27.
Фридман Т.Плоский мир. Краткая история XXI века. М., 2007 г.
Warmington, P. 35-39. См. также: William H. McNeill. Plagues and Peoples(New York: Anchor, 1998). P. 128.
Warmington, P. 279-284. См. также: Ian Carapace. Review of Roman Coins from India(Paula J. Turner) in The Classical Review, 41 (January 1991). P. 264-265.
Alfred W. Crosby. The Columbian Exchange(Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1973). P. 75-81.
Ibid. P. 88.
Ibid. P. 21.
Из личной переписки с Патрисией Риссо.
Кейнс Дж. М.Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. VI. Пер. Н. Любимовой.
Daniel Boorstin. Hidden History(New York, Harper and Row, 1987). P. 14.
Robert L. O'Connell. Soul of the Sword(New York: Free Press, 2002). P. 9-23.
Ibid.
Mellars, P. 12-27.
Геродот.История. IV. Пер. Г. А. Стратановского.
P. F. de Moraes Fairas. «Silent Trade: Myth and Historical Evidence», History in Africa, I (1974). P. 9-24.
Colin Renfrew. «Trade and Culture Process in European History», Current Anthropology 10 (April—June 1969). P. 151-169. Более доступную версию текста см.: J. E. Dixon, J. R. Cann, and Colin Renfrew, «Obsidian and the Origins of Trade», Scientific American, 218 (March 1968). P. 38-46.
Detlev Elmers. «The Beginnings of Boatbuilding in Central Europe», in The Earliest Ships (Annapolis, MD, Naval Institute Press, 1996). P. 10, 11, 20.
Phyllis Deane. The First Industrial Revolution(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). P. 82.
Геродот.История. I. Пер. Г. А. Стратановского.
Gil. J. Stein. Rethinking World Systems(Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1999). P. 83-84.
Christopher Edens. «Dynamics of Trade in the Ancient Mesopotamian World System», American Anthropologist, 94 (March 1992). P. 118-127.
Jacquetta Hawkes. The First Great Civilizations:Life in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt (New York: Knopf, 1973). P. 110-111,138-139.
Ibid.; A. L. Oppenheim. «The Seafaring Merchants of Ur», Journal of the American Oriental Society, 74:1 (January—March 1954). P. 10-11.
Robert Raymond. Out of the Fiery Furnace(University Park: Pensylvania State University Press, 1968). P. 1-18; R. F. Tylcote, A History of Metallurgy(London: Metals Society, 1976). P. 9, 11.
Donald Harden. The Phoenicians (New York: Praeger, 1962). P. 171.
Christoph Bachhuber. «Aspects of Late Helladic Sea Trade», master's thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2003, 100.
James D. Muhly. «Sources of Tin and the Beginnings of Bronze Metallurgy», American Journal of Archaeology, 89 (April 1985). P. 276. См. также Peter Throckmorton, «Sailors in the Time of Troy», in The Sea Remembers (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1987). 32.
Oppenheim, 8.
H. E. W. Crawford. «Mesopotamia's Invisible Exports in the Third Millenium ВС», World Archaeology, 5 (October 1973). P. 232-241.
Edens, 130.
Ibid. 118-119.
Albano Beja-Pereira et al. «African Origins of the Domestic Donkey», Science, 304 (June 18, 2004). P. 1781-1782.
Stein. P. 88.
Ibid. P. 117-169.
George F. Hourani and John Carswell, Arab Seafaring(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995). P. 7.
Shelley Wachmann. «Paddled and Oared Boats before the Iron Age», in Robert Gardiner, ed. The Age of the Galley (Edison, NJ: Chartwell, 2000) P. 21-22.
3 Цар 9: 26-28.
Harden. P. 157-179.
Геродот.История. IV. Пер. Г. А. Стратановского.
Hourani and Carswell. P. 8-19.
Ibid. P. 19.
Carol A. Redmount. «The Wadi Tumilat and the 'Canal of the Pha raohs'», Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 54:2 (April 1995). P. 127-135; and Joseph Rabino. «The Statistical Story of the Suez Canal», Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 50:3 (September 1887). P. 496-498.
Jack Turner. Spice (New York: Vintage, 2004). P. 69-70.
Warmington. P. 183, 303-304.
Персии Флакк Авл.Сатира пятая. Пер. Ф. А. Петровского.
Плиний Старший.Естественная история. 4,21. Пер. В. Севергина.
Там же, 12:83.
Warnington. P. 261-318.
Ibid. Р. 273.
Dennis Flynn and Arturio Giraldez. «Path dependence, time lags, and the birth of globalization: A critique of O'Rourke and Williamson», European Review of Economic History, 8 (April 2004). P. 81-86.
Rustichello. The Travels of Marco Polo(NewYork: Signet Clas sics, 2004). P. xxiv.
Flynn and Giraldez, 85. Курсив автора.
Фукидид.История. VII, 68. Пер. Ф. Г. Мищенко.
Tome Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Armando Cortesao,ed., (Glasgow, Robert Maclehose, 1944), 11:87.
Фукидид.История. VII, 87. Пер. Ф. Г. Мищенко.
William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples,112.
Фукидид.История. Т. I. Пер. Г. Стратановского.
Ellen Churchill Semple. «Geographic Factors in the Ancient Mediterranean Grain Trade», Annals of Association of American Geo graphers,11 (1921). P. 47-48, 54.
Геродот.История. 172. Пер. Г. Стратановского.
Геродот.История. 49. Пер. Г. Стратановского.
Donald Kagan. The Peloponnesian War (New York: Viking, 2003). P. 8-9, 65, 85-86.
Фукидид.История. VI, 20.
Ксенофонт.Греческая история. II. Пер. С. Я. Лурье.
Leila Hadley. A Journey with Elsa Cloud(New York: Penguin, 1998). P. 468.
Bertram Thomas. Arabia Felix(New York: Scribner, 1932). P. 172-174.
Richard W. Bulliet. The Camel and The Wheel(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990). P. 28-35.
Jared Diamond. Guns, Germs, and Steel(New York: Norton, 1999). P. 168-175.
Bulliet. P. 37-38,87-89,281.
Ibid. Р. 141-171.
С сайта ФАО (http://www.fao.org/AG/AGAInfo/commis sions/docs/greece04/App40.pdf). Про австралийскую популяцию см.: Simon Worrall. «Full Speed Ahead», Smithsonian,36:10 (January 2006). P. 93.
Janet Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969). P. 176.
Nigel Groom. Frankincense and Myrrh(Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1981). P. 5, 148-154, 177-213.
Притч 7: 16-20.
Pliny, 45 (12:64).
Ibid. 43 (12:58).
Феофраст.Исследование о растениях. Книга IX. Пер. М. Е. Сергеенко.
Groom, 136.
Ibid. P. 6-7.
Pliny, 12:111-113.
Ibid. 12:65.
Ibid. 43; 12:59.
Groom. P. 149-162.
Maxime Rodinson. Mohammed(New York: Pantheon, 1971) P. 11-14.
Ibid. P. 39-40.
J. J. Saunders. The History of Medieval Islam(New York: Barnes and Noble, 1965). P. 22.
Bultiett. P.105-106.
Rodinson. P. 32.
Saunders. P. 13-14.
Karen Armstrong. Muhammad(New York: Harper San Francisco, 1993). P. 65-86.
Хадисы ибн-Аббаса, 3:34:311 и Хакима бин Низама 3:34:296. http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/ bukhari/034.sbt.html#003.034.264.
Там же, рассказ Джабира бин Абдуллы, 3:34:310.
Saunders. P. 47.
Ibid. Р. 91.
Hourani. Р. 57-61.
Bengt E. Hovftn. «Ninth-century dirham hoards from Sweden». Journal of Baltic Studies,13:3 (Autumn 1982). P. 202-219.
Edwin O. Reischauer. «Notes on T'ang Dynasty Sea Routes». Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,5 (June 1940). P. 142-144.
Saunders. P. 115-122.
Hourani. P. 52.
Subhi Y. Labib, «Capitalism in Medieval Islam». The Journal of Economic History29:1 (March 1969). P. 93-94.
Марко Поло.Книга о разнообразии мира. Пер. И. Минаева. М., Эксмо, 2005. Главы VII-XXIV.
Чжао Жугуа, Чжу Фань Чжи (Сообщение о государстве Шриваджая)// Восток, № 6, 1996.
Там же, С. 27.
Friedrich Hirth, «The Mystery of Fu-lin», Journal of the American Oriental Society,33 (1913). P. 193-208.
Чжао Жугуа.
Там же.
Цит. по: Hourani, P. 64.
Цит. по: S. Maqbul Ahmad, ed., Arabic Classical Accounts of India and China(Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1989) P. 36.
Ibid. P. 46.
Ibid. P. 51-52.
Цит. по: Arabic Classical Accounts of India and China.P. 38– 40, 46-47, 52-52, 56.
Бурзуг ибн-Шахрияр. Книга о чудесах Индии. М., 1959.
Там же.
Там же.
Там же.
Там же.
Там же.
Hourani. P. 11.
Edward H. Schafer. The Golden Peaches of Samarkand(Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963) P. 16.
Чжао Жугуа. Чжу Фань Чжи. Пер. М. Ю. Ульянова.
Там же.
Там же.
Quoted on Howe. P. 37-39.
Ibid. P. 39.
Тысяча и одна ночь / Пер. М. А. Салье. М., Художественная литература, 1988. Т. 2. С. 223.
М. N. Pearson. «Introduction I: The Subject», in Ashin Das Gupta, ed., India and the Indian Ocean 1500-1800(Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1987) P. 15.
Тысяча и одна ночь. Т. 2. С. 207.
Там же. С. 229.
Там же. С. 230.
Igor de Rachewiltz. Papal Envoys to the Great Khans(London: Faber and Faber, 1971) P. 202.
Chaudhuri. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean,29.
Цит. по: Samuel Lee trans. The Travels oflbn Battuta(Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004) P. 108.
Ross E. Dunn. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989) P. 196.
Цит. no: Lee. P. 108-109.
Цит. по: Labib. P. 90.
Цит. по: Dunn. P. 191.
Цит. по: Rustichello. P. 204.
Цит. по: Dunn. P. 223.
Цит. по: Lee. P. 204-205.
С. Defremery and В. R. Sanguinetti. Voyages d'Ibn Battuta(Paris, 1970), 4. P. 282-283, quoted in Dunn. P. 258.
Цит. по: Lee. P. 209.
Цит. по: Rustichello. P. 204.
Lee, 216; and Dunn. P. 260.
Patricia Risso. Merchants of Faith(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995). P. 19-20.
Pearson. P. 18.
Louise Levathes. When China Ruled the Seas(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) P. 42-43.
Цит. по: М. H. Moreland. «The Ships of the Arabian Sea around AD 1500». The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland(January 1939). P. 67.
Ibid. P. 68.
Ibid. P. 182-192.
William J. Bernstein. The Birth of Plenty(New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004).
Ma Huan. Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1970) P. 6.
Joseph Needham. Science and Civilisation in China(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), IV:3:480-482.
Levathes. P. 73-74.
Цит. по: Ma Huan. P. 108-109.
Ibid. Р. 139.
Levathes. Р. 119, 140-141.
Ibid. Р. 186.
Ma Huan. Р. 6-7, 10-11.
Цит. по: The Suma Oriental of Tome Fires and The Book of Fransisco Rodrigues.1:42.
Ibid. 1:41-42.
Ibid. 11:234.
Ibid. 11:234.
Abu-Lughod. P. 309.
Robert Sabatino Lopez. «European Merchants in the Medieval Indes: The Evidence of Commercial Documents». Journal of Economic History,3 (November 1943). P. 165.
The Suma Oriental of Tome Fires and The Book of Francisco Rodriguez.11:270.
Ibid. 11:253.
Ibid. 11:273-274.
Risso. P. 54.
С R. Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire(New York: Knopf, 1969) P. 45.
E. Ashtor. «Profits from Trade with the Levant in the Fifteenth Century». Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies,38 (1975). P. 250-257. Цитаты см.: Стефан Цвейг.Магеллан. Пер. А. Кулишер.
Frederic С. Lane. «Venetian Shipping during the Commercial Revolution». The American Historical Review,38:2 (January 1933). P. 228.
Abu-Lughod. P. 52-68.
Чосер Дж.Кентерберийские рассказы. Рассказ о сэре Томасе. Пер. И. Кашкина.
Andrew Dalby. Dangerous Tastes(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000) P. 16, 78.
Pliny, 12:30.
Joanna Hall Brierly. Spices(Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1994) P. 4-8.
John Villiers. «Trade and Society in the Banda Islands in the Sixteenth Century». Modern Asian Studies,15, no. 4 (1981). P. 738
Warmington. 227-228.
Цитируется по Dalby. P. 40.
Чжао Жугуа.Описание всего иноземного / Пер. с китайского Ульянов М. Ю. См. также: Geoffrey Hudson, «Medieval Trade of China» in D. S. Richards, ed., Islam and the Trade of Asia(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970) P. 163.
Turner. P. 85, 92.
Ibn Khurdadhbih. Al-Masalik Wa'l Mamalik(«Книга путей») in Arabic Classical Accounts of India and China(Shimla: Indian Insti tute of Advanced Study, 1989) P. 7. Henry Yule, ed. The Book of Mar co Polo(London: John Murray, 1921), ii: 272.
Жан де Жуанвиль, Жоффруа де Виллардуэн.История Крестовых походов. Гл. 9. Пер. Илана Е. Полоцка.
Ibid.
Howe. P. 33.
David Ayalon. The Mamluk Military Society(London: Variorum Reprints, 1979), IX:46.
Daniel Pipes. Slave Soldiers and Islam(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981) P. 78.
Lynn White, Jr. Medieval Technology and Social Change(Ox ford: Clarendon, 1962) P. 10-25. Критику этого утверждения см.: P. H. Sawyer and R. H. Hilton, «Technical Determinism: The Stirrup and the Plough». Past and Present,24 (April 1963). P. 90-100.
Andrew Ehrenkreutz. «Strategic Implications of the Slave Trade between Genoa and Mamluk Egypt in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century». In A. L. Udovitch, ed. The Islamic Middle East, 700-1900(Princeton, NJ: Darwin, 1981) P. 337.
David Ayalon. «The Circassians in the Mamluk Kingdom». Journal of the American Oriental Society,69 (July – September 1949). P. 146.
David Ayalon. «Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army – I». Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London,15 (1953). P. 206-207.
Ayalon. «The Circassians in the Mamluk Kingdom». 146.
Pipes. P. 83.
Ibid. P. 83-84.
Ayalon. The Mamluk Military Society,Xb:6.
Ibid. Xb: 15.
Ibid. Xa: 197, 221.
Ehrenkreutz. P. 336.
Saunders. P. 165.
Ibid. P. 47, 49.
David Ayalon. The Mamluk Military Society,VIII:49.
Michael W. Dols. The Black Death in the Middle East(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977) P. 21, 56-57.
Ehrenkreutz. P. 343.
Howe. P. 98-99.
S. D. Goitein. «New Light on the Beginnings of the Karim Merchants». Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient1 (August 1957). P. 182-183.
Labib. P. 84.
Ibid. P. 83.
Walter J Fischel. «The Spice Trade in Mamluk Egypt». Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient1 (August 1957). P. 161-173.
Ibid. P. 74-75.
Mark Wheelis, из личной переписки.
Wu, 289-291. См. также: Rosemary Horrox. The Black Death(Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1994) P. 5.
A. B. Christie et al. «Plague in camels and goats: their role in human epidemics». Journal of Infectious Disease,141:6 (June 1980). P. 724-726.
Гиппократ.Эпидемии. Пер. В. И. Руднева.
Фукидид.История. II. Пер. Г. А. Стратановского.
J. F.Gilliam. «The Plague under Marcus Aurelius». The American Journal of Philology82, no. 3 (July 1961). P. 225-251. См. также McNeill. P. 131.
Ibid. Р. 178-179.
Прокопий Кесарийский.Война с персами. Пер. А. Чекалова.
Там же.
Там же.
Там же.
Dols. P.21-27.
Josiah С. Russell. «That Earlier Plague». Demography5, no. 1 (1968). P. 174-184.
McNeill. P. 147-148.
Ibid. P. 138-139,142.
Ibid. P. 173-176.
Horrox. Р. 17.
Ibid.
Mark Wheelis. «Biological warfare at the 1346 Siege of Kaffa». Emerg. Infect. Dis. [serial online] September 2002 [accsessed Decem ber 15, 2005]: 8. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ EID/vol8no9/01 -0536.htm
Horrox. Р. 36.
Ibid. P. 39.
Allan Evans. Review of Genova marinara nel duecento: Bene detto Zaccaria, ammirglio e mercante.Speculum 11, no. 3 (July 1936). P. 417.
Марк Уилис, неопубликованный материал.
McNeill. P. 179, 182.
Horrox. P. 20.
Ibid. P. 9-13.
Ibid. P. 209-210.
Ibid. P. 13-18.
Frederic С Lane. Venice: A Maritime Republic(Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973) P. 19; B. Z. Kedar. Merchants in Crisis(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976) P. 5.
Dols. P. 58-59.
Horrox. P. 18.
Ibid. P. 25. Сведения о численности населения см.: Daron Ace-moglu et al. «Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions and the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution». Quarterly Journal of Economics,117 (November 2002). P. 1231-1294.
Dols. P. 60.
Ibid. P. 65.
Ibid. P. 57.
David Neustadt (Ayalon), «The Plague and its Effects upon the Mamluk Army». Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society(1946). P. 67-73.
Dols. P. 188.
Abu-Lughod. P. 236-239; Dols. P. 197, 265.
McNeill. Р. 130.
Ibn Khaldun, trans. Franz Rosenthal. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History(New York: Pantheon, 1958) P. 64.
Robert В. Serjeant. The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast: Hadrami Chronicles(Oxford: Clarendon, 1963) P. 43.
Ehrenkreutz. P. 338-339.
Charles E. Nowell. «The Historical Prester John». Speculum, 28:3 (July 1953). P. 434-445.
Robert Silverberg. In the Realm of Prester John(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972). P. 3-7, quote, 45.
Ibid. P. 43.
Ibid. P. 2.
Pearson. P.83.
Dana B. Durand. Review of Precursori di Colombo? Il tentativo di viaggio transoceanio dei genovesi fratelli Vivaldi nel 1291by Alberto Magnaghi, Geographical Review, 26:3 (July 1936). P. 525-526.
Felipe Fernandez-Armesto. Columbus(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 191). P. 9.
J. H. Plumb, Introduction, in С R. Boxer, The Portuguese Sea borne Empire,P. xxxvi.
Silverberg. P. 194-195.
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire.P. 28-29.
Howe. P. 105.
Samuel Eliot Morison. Admiral of the Ocean Sea(Boston: Little, Brown, 1970). P. 24-26,41.
Ibid. P. 33-34, 64.
Сравнительный анализ историографии побудительных мотивов Колумба см. Cecil Jane. Select Documents Illustrating the Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus(London: Hakluyt Society, 1930). P. xiii-cl.
C. Varela, ed. Crisobal Colon: Textos у documentos completos(Madrid: 1984) P. 256, quoted in Fernandes-Armesto, 134.
Quoted in Fernandez-Armesto. P. 97.
Ibid. P. 54-108.
Zweig. P. 26.
Acemogluetal. P. 1231-1294.
A.R. Disney. Twilight of the Pepper Empire(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978) P. 21.
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire.P. 20-22.
Morison. P. 368-374.
M. N. Pearson. «India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century» in India and the Indian Ocean.P. 78.
Рутейру. Введение.
Там же. Река Добрых Знаков.
Там же. Мозамбик.
Там же.
Там же. Момбаса.
Там же. Малинди.
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). P. 121-128.
Рутейру. Каликут.
Там же.
Там же.
Там же.
Там же. Царь посылает за Диогу Диашем.
Там же. Через Аравийское море.
Earl J. Hamilton. «American Treasure and the Rise of Capitalism». Economica27 (November 1929). P. 348.
Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire,206.
William Brooks Greenlee, trans. The Voyage of Pedro Shares Cabral to Brazil and India(London: Hakluyt Society, 1938). P. xxiii– xxviii, 83-85.
Quoted in Subrahmanyam. P. 205.
Ibid. P. 214.
Ibid. P. 215.
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire.P. xxiii.
Ibid. P. 227.
Genevieve Bouchon and Denys Lombard. «The Indian Ocean in the Fifteenth Century» in India and the Indian Ocean,ed. A. D. Gupta and M. N. Pearson (Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1987). P. 55-56.
Quoted in Silverberg. P. 216.
Pearson. «India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century». P. 67-68.
Ibid. P. 87.
Quoted in Zweig. P. 52.
Zweig. P. 33-69.
Ibid. P. 192-240.
Pearson. «India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century». P. 90.
Quoted in Frederic С. Lane. «The Mediterranean Spice Trade: Fur ther Evidence of Its Revival in the Sixteenth Century». American Historical Review,45:3 (April 1940). P. 589.
Ibid. P. 587.
Frederic С Lane. «Venetian Shipping during the Commercial Revolution». P. 228-234.
Om Prakash. «European Commercial Enterprise in Precolonial Europe» in The New Cambridge History of India(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 11:5, 45.
Ibid. P. 581, 287-588. Противоположную точку зрения см.: С. Н. Н. Wake. «The Changing Pattern of Europe's Pepper and Spice Imports, ca. 1400-1700». Journal of European Economic History.(Fall 1979). P. 361-403. Но даже Уэйк отмечает, что в XVI веке через Красное море и Венецию шел значительный поток пряностей.
М. N. Pearson. The New Cambridge History of India(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 1:1, 44.
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire.P. 59.
Charles R. Boxer. «A Note on Portuguese Reactions to the Revival of the Red Sea Spice Trade and the Rise of Atjeh, 1540-1600». Journal of Southeast Asian History10 (1969). P. 420.
Ibid. P. 425.
Charles R. Boxer. The Great Ship from Amacon(Lisbon: Centro de Estudios Histyricos Ultramarinos, 1959). P. 1-2.
Ibid. P. 22.
Ibid. P. 15-16.
Ibid. P. 16-18.
M. N. Pearson. The New Cambridge History of India,1:1. P. 37-39.
M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago Between 1500 and About 1630(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962). P. 144.
Ibid. P. 43.
Prakash. P. 54.
John Villiers. «Las Yslas de Esperar en Dios: The Jesuit Mission in Moro 1546-1571». Modern Asian Studies22, no. 3 (1988, special issue). P. 597.
Paramita R. Abdurachman. «Niachile Pokaraga»: A Sad Story of a Moluccan Queen». Modern Asian Studies22, no. 3 (1988, special issue). P. 589.
Andaya. P. 116-141.
Disney. P. 20-21.
Homer H. Dubs and Robert S. Smith. «Chinese in Mexico City in 1635». Far Eastern Quarterly1, no. 4 (August 1942). P. 387.
Horace Stern. «The First Jewish Settlers in America: Their Strug gle for Religious Freedom», Jewish Quarterly Review45, no. 4 (April 1955). P. 289, 292-293, цит. 293.
Philippa Scott. «The Book of Silk»(London: Thames and Hudson, 1993) P. 22, 24, 33.
J. H. Parry. Review of «Friar Andras de Urdaneta, O. S. A»., Hispanic American Historical Review 47, no.2 (May 1967). P. 262.
William Lytle Schurz. «Mexico, Peru, and the Manila Galleon», American Historical Review1, no. 4 (November 1918). P. 390.
Ibid. P. 394-395.
Dubs and Smith. P. 387.
Ibid. P. 398.
Ibid. P. 391.
Ibid. P. 387
Потребление сахара – http://www.fao.org/documents/ show_cdr.asp?urlJile=/docrep/009/J7927e/j7927e07.htm. Население Евросоюза 457 миллионов – http://www.cia.gov/cia/publi cations/factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html; население США 299 миллионов – http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclo ckus.html. Средневековое европейское потребление – Henry Hobhouse. Seeds of Change(New York: Harper and Row, 1986). P. 44.
Norge W. Jerome, in James M. Weiffenbach, ed. Taste and Development: The Genesis of Sweet Preference,Washington D.C.: Natio nal Institutes of Health, 1974) P. 243.
Sidney W. Mintz Sweetness and Power,(New York: «Penguin», 1986)P.xxi,6.
Paul Hentzner– http://www.britania.com/history/docs/ hentzner.html
J. H. Galloway. The Mediterranean Sugar Industry, Geographical Review67, no. 2 (April 1977) P. 182-188.
Mintz. P. 23.
Galloway. P. 180.
Alberto Vieria. «Sugar Islands» and «Introduction», in Stuart B. Schwartz, ed. Tropical Babylons(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004) P. 10, 62-73.
Jonathan I. Israel. Dutch Primacy in World Trade,1585-1740 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989) P. 161-168.
Stern. P. 289. Для более детального изучения вопроса см. Arnold Wiznitzer «The Exodus from Brazil and Arrival in New Am sterdam of the Jewish Pilgrim Fathers, 1654», Publication of the Ame rican Jewish Historical Society44, no. 1 (September 1954). P. 80-95.
J. E. Heeres. «Het Aandeel der Nederlanders in de Ontdekking van Australie, 1606-1765», Leiden: Boekhandel en Drukkerij Voorheen E. J. Brill, 1899. P. xii-xiv. Также см. Estensen. P. 126-127.
Ibid. P. 156-164. Более подробно о крушении «Батавии» см. Mike Dash. Batavias Graveyard(New York, Crown Publishers, 2002).
John J. McCusker. Money and Exchange in Europe and Ame rica 1600-1775(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978). P. 7-8.
Kristof Glamann. Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620-1740('s-Graven-hage, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981). P. 64-65.
Jeremy N. Green. «The Wreck of the Dutch East Indiaman the Vergulde Draek,1656», International Journal of Nautical Archaeo logy and Underwater Exploration2, №2 (1973). P. 272-274, 278– 279. Более подробно см. Miriam Estensen. Discovery, the Quest of the Great South Land(New York: St. Martin's, 1998). P. 193-194.
Donald Simpson. «The Treasure in the Vergulde Draek:A Sample of V. О. С Bullion Exports in the 17 thCentury», Great Circle2, no. 1 (April 1980). P. 13.
Derek Wilson. The World Encompassed: Francis Drake and His Great Voyage(New York: Harper and Row, 1977). P. 60-63.
Marguerite Eyer Wilbur. The East India Company(Stanford University Press. 1945). P. 5-9.
Charles Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire(New York: Penguin, 1988). P. 21.
Arthur Coke Burnell, ed. The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies(New York: Burt Franklin, 1885). I: xxvi.
Ibid. P. 112.
John Bastin. «The Changing Balance of the Southeast Asian Pepper Trade», in M. N. Pearson, Spices in the Indian Ocean World(Aldershot: Variorum, 1996). P. 285.
Ibid. 25.
Ibid.
Michael Greenberg. British Trade and the Opening of China(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969). P. 2.
Wilbur. P. 18-24.
Charles Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire.P. 110.
Sidney Homer and Richard Sylla. A History of Interest Rates(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996). P. 137-138.
Jan De Vries and Van Der Woude. The First Modern Economy(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). P. 137-138.
Israel. P. 21-22.
Ibid. P. 27.
Цит. по Т. S. Ashton. The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1967). P. 9.
Wilbur, 21. См. также Jonathan В. Baskin and Paul J. Miranti. A History of Corporate Finance(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). P. 75.
Meilink-Roelofsz. P. 195-196.
Vincent С Loth. «Armed Incidents and Unpaid Bills: Anglo-Dutch Rivalry in the Banda Islands in the Seventeenth Century». Modern Asi an Studies29, no. 4 (October 1995). P. 707.
Meilink-Roelofsz. P. 193.
Boxer. The Dutch Seaborne Empire.P. 75.
Andaya. P. 152-155.
Israel. P. 185.
Boxer. The Dutch Seaborne Empire.P. 107.
Ibid. P. 164.
Loth. 705-740.
Niels Steensgaard. The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seven teenth Century(Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974). P. 345-397.
Meilink-Roelofsz. P. 222-225.
Boxer. The Dutch Seaborne Empire.P. 128.
Ibid. P. 265-267. Цит. по: С R. Boxer. Jan Compagnie in Japan, 1600-1850(The Hague: Nijhoff, 1950). P. 90.
Israel. P. 172-175.
Ibid. P. 177.
Ibid. P. 91-92.
De Vries and Van Der Woude. P. 642-646; цит. 643.
Hobhouse. P. 105.
Glamann. P. 47-34.
Ibid. P. 108-111.
Israel. P. 199-202.
Ibid. P. 208-224, 262-269, 287.
Arthur Meier Schlesinger. «The Uprising Against the East India Company». Political Science Quarterly32, no. 1 (March 1917). P. 60-79.
Ibid. P. 67-68.
Ibid. P. 69.
Ibid. P. 70.
Jean de La Roque. A voyage to Arabia foelix through the Eastern Ocean and the Streights of the Red Sea, being the first made by the French in the years 1708,1709 and 1710(London: Printed for James Hodges, 1742). P. 296-297.
Ibid. P. 309.
Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988). P. 22-26.
Ibid. P. 335.
Ibid. P. 313.
Ibid. P. 321, Hattox. P. 36-37.
La Roque. P. 336. См. также Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine(New York: Routledge, 2001). P. 14.
Цит. по Weinberg and Bealer. P. 13.
Ibid. P. 15.
Цит. по Fernand Braudel. Capitalism and Material Life MOO– WOO(New York: Harper and Row, 1967). P. 184.
Ibid. P. 46.
David Liss. The Coffee Trader(New York: Random House, 2003). P. 15.
Douglass С. North and Barry R. Weingast. «Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutional Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England», Journal of Academic History 49(December 1989). P. 803-32.
Ibid. P. 200-201.
Ibid. P. 207-211.
Про голландского священника см.: Boxer. Jan Compagnie, p.61. Цитата из: Braudel. P. 186.
Boxer. Jan Compagnie.P. 61-62.
Jonathan F. Wendel and Richard C. Cronin. «Polyploidity and the Evolutionary History of Cotton», Advances in Agronomy78 (2003). P. 139-186.
Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb. The Birth of a Consumer Society(London: Europa, 1982). P. 36-37.
Hobhouse, 144.
Audrey W. Douglas. «Cotton Textiles in England: The East India Company's Attempt to Exploit Developments in Fashion 1660-1727». Journal of British Studies8, no. 2 (May 1969). P. 29.
Ibid. P. 30.
Defoe's Review(New York: Columbia University Press, 1938), no. 43 (January 6, 1712). P. 8.
Ibid. no. 11 (January 26, 1706). P. 3.
Douglas. P. 33.
Ramakrishna Mukherjee. The Rise and Fall of the East India Company(Berlin: VEB Deutsher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1958). P. 226.
Ibid. P. 282.
Alfred С. Wood. A History of the Levant Company(London: Frank Cass, 1964). P. 1-11, 102-105.
Ibid. P. 103-104.
Ibid. P. 104.
Ibid. P. 104-105.
Цит. по: Douglas Irwin. Against the Tide(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). P. 48.
Charles Davenant. Essay on the East-India-Trade(London: Printed for author, 1696). P. 22, 26, 32.
Henri Martyn. Considerations on the East India Trade(London: Printed for J. Roberts, 1701). P. 10, фоторепродукция в: J. R. McCul– louch. Early English Tracts on Commerce(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). Есть сомнение в том, кому принадлежит авторство этого трактата. На титульном листе автор не указан, но большинство исследователей считают автором Мартина. См.: P. J. Thomas. Merchantilism and the East India Trade(London: Frank Cass, 1963). P. 171-173.
Ibid. P. 37.
Ibid. P. 32-33.
George L. Cherry. «The Development of the English Free-Trade Movement in Parliament, 1689-1702», Journal of Modern History25, no. 2 (June 1953). P. 103-119.
Ibid. P. 110.
K. N. Chaudhuri. The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). P. 294-295.
Цит по Thomas. P. 136.
Beverly Lemire. Fashion's Favourite(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). P. 32.
Ibid. P. 145-146.
Ibid. P. 34-42, 160.
Т. К. Derry and Trevor I. Williams. A Short History of Technology(New York: Dover, 1993). P. 105-107, 558-561.
E. J. Hobsbawm. «The Machine Breakers», Past and Present1 (February 1952). P. 57-70.
Lemire. P. 54.
McKendricketal. P. 34-39.
Hobhouse. P. 148-154.
С.R. Harler. The Culture and Marketing of Tea,2nd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1958). P. 109, 225.
Chaudhuri. The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company.P. 386.
James Walvin. Fruits of Empire(New York: New York University Press, 197). P. 16-19.
N. McKendrick. «Josiah Wedgwood: An Eighteen-Century Entrepreneur in Salesmanship and Marketing Techniques», Economic History Review12, no. 3 (1960). P. 412-426.
Jonas Hanway цит. по: Walvin. P. 22.
Philip Curtin. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex.P. 83.
Richard S. Dunn. Sugar and Slaves(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972). P. 7-21, 61, 64-65.
Richard Ligon. A True & Exact History of the Island Barbadoes(London: Peter Parker, 1673). P. 20-21.
Цит. по David Eltis. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). P. 201.
Ibid. P. 127, 201-202.
Ligon. P. 96.
Hugh Thomas. The slave Trade (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999). P. 201-207.
Dunn. Р. 112-116.
Ibid. P. 73.
Расчет из Eltis, 50, таблица 2-2.
Philip Curtin. The Atlantic Slave Trade(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969). P. 69, 81.
Paul Bairoch. Economics and World History(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). P. 146.
Curtin. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex.P. 39-40.
David Brion Davis. Inhuman Bondage(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). P. 90-91.
Eltis. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas.P. 176.
Цит. по: Davis. Inhuman Bondage.P. 92.
Профессор Кертин опубликовал свои первые научные расчеты в 1967 году в ключевой работе «Атлантическая работорговля» («The Atlantic Slave Trade»).Основные его заключения подтвердил и уточнил профессор Элтис. См. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas,«The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Tra de: A Reassessment». William and Mary Quarterly.58, no. 1 (January 2001). P. 17-46, и David Eltis and David Richardson. «Prises of African Slaves Newly Arrived in the Americas, 1673-1865: New Evidence on Long-Run Trends and Regional Differentials», in David Eltis, ed. Slavery in the Development of the Americas(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). P. 181-211.
Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade.P. 268. Более свежие и, на верное, более точные оценки трансатлантических перевозок рабов см. Eltis. «The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment». P. 17-46.
Davis. Inhuman Bondage.P. 80.
Ibid. P. 11-12,40-41.
Michael Tadman. «The Demodraphic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas», American Historical Review,105, no. 5 (December 2000). P. 1556.
Ibid. P. 1554-1555, 1561.
Ibid. P. 1536.
Цит. по: Greenberg. P. 45.
Ibid. P. 78-79.
Jehangir R. P. Mody. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy(Bombay: R.M.D.C. Press. 1959). P. 2-Й, 21-28.
Hsin-pao Chan. Comissioner Lin and the Opium War(New York, Norton, 1964). P. 121-122.
Цитируется по J. R.Ward. «The Industrial Revolution and British Imperialism, 1750-1850», Economic History Review47, no 1 (Febru ary 1994). P. 47.
Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. – М.: Эксмо, 2007. Гл. VIII.
Там же, гл. IX.
Anthony Webster. «The Political Economy of Trade Liberalization: The East India Company Charter Act of 1813», The Economic History Review43, no. 3 (August 1990). P. 404-419.
Jack Beeching. The Chinese Opium Wars(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975). P. 51.
W. Travis Hanes III. The Opium Wars (Naperville IL: Source books, 2002). P. 13-19.
Hsin-pao. P. 9-10.
Greenberg. P.86.
Ibid. P. 5.
Hsin-pao. P. 4.
Greenberg. P. 6, 8.
Carl Trocki. Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy (London: Routledge, 1999). P. 6, 14-21.
Hsin-pao. P. 16-17.
Trocki. P. 34.
Paul Johnson. The Birth of the Modern(New York: Harper Collins, 1991). P. 761-774; Hsin-pao, 95-96.
Greenberg. P. 110.
Robert Blake. Sardine Matheson(London: Wieldfield &Nicholson, 1999). P. 44-45.
Сомерсет Моэм. «На китайской ширме». М., 2002.
R.K. Newman. «Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China: A Recon sideration», Modern Asian Studies24, no. 4 (October 1995); 784.
Hsin-pao. P. 85-91.
Greenberg. P. 22-28.
Ibid. P. 96-97.
Greenberg. P. 36-41, 136-139.
Blake. P. 46.
Trocki. Р. 103.
Basil Lubbock. The Opium Clippers(Glasgow: Brown, Son, and Ferguson, 1933). P. 72-77.
Trocki. P. 106.
Неизвестный корреспондент XIX века, цит. «Behind the Mask», Economist,March 18, 2004.
Greenberg. P. 13.
Ibid. P. 112-113, 142.
Hsin-pao. P. 51-61.
Ibid. P. 62.
Ibid. P. 189-203. См. также Hanes. P. 66-83.
Edward Le Fevour. Western Enterprise in Late Ching China(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968). P. 13.
Trocki. P. 110-115.
Джавахарлал Неру. Открытие Индии. М., 1955 г.
Colin Simmons. «De-industrialization, Industrialization, and the Indian Economy, c. 185-1947», Modern Asia Studies19, no. 3 (April 1985). P. 600.
B. R. Tomlinson. «The Economy of Modern India», The New Cambridge History of India,vol. 3, 3. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). P. 102.
Morris D. Morris. «Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth Century Indian Economic History», Journal of Economic History23, no. 4 (December 1963). P. 613.
См., напр., Morris; Tomlinson; and Tirthankar Roy. «Economic History and Modern India: Redefinding the Link», Journal of Economic Perspectives16, no. 3 (Summer 2002). P. 19-130.
Paul Bairoch. «European Trade Policy, 1815-1914», in Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). P. VIII: 109.
Jeffrey Williamson. «De-Industrialization and Underdevelopment: A Comparative Assessment around Periphery 1750-1939» (December 2004). P. 15.
Расчеты из: Donald Grove Barnes. A History of the English Corn Laws(New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1961). P. 295-296.
Интерполировано из: Maddison. The World Economy,95.
Ibid. P. 299-300; and S. Fairlie. «The Corn Laws Reconsidered», Economic History Review18, no. 3 (1965). P. 563.
Barnes. P. 72-73.
Ibid. P. 5-89.
David Weatherall. David Ricardo, A Biography(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976). P. 1-3.
Ibid. P. 38-39; P. 69-71.
David Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation(London: Dutton, 1911). P. 77-93, цит. 77.
Barnes. Р. 133-135, 177-179.
Weatherall. Р. 101-106, 135-137.
Joyce Marlow. ThePeterloo Massacre(London: Panther, 1969). P. 53-54.
Wendy Hinde. Richard Cobden(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987). P. 1-2.
Richard Cobden. England, Ireland and America(Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1980). P. 94.
Ibid. P. 29.
Norman McCord. The Anti-Corn League(London: George Allen and Unwin, 1958). P. 34-36.
Johnson. P. 167.
Hinde. P. 50-52, цит. 51.
Ibid. P. 52.
Barnes. P. 254.
Henry Donaldson Jordan. «The Political Methods of the Anti-Corn Law League». Political Science Quarterly42, no. 1 (March 1972). P. 66.
G. Kitson Clark. «The Repeal of the Corn Laws and the Politics of the Forties». The Economic History Review4, no. 1 (1951). P. 5.
Jordan. P. 69-73.
Fay. Р. 105.
Цит. Hinde. Р. 147.
Lord Ernie. English Farming(Chicago: Quadrangle, 1961). P. 274.
Fay. P. 98; см. также Fairlie. P. 571.
Barnes. P. 274-276. См. также Michael Lusztig. «Solving Peel's Puzzle: Repeal of the Corn Laws and Institutional Preservation», Comparative Politics27, no. 4 (July 1995). P. 400-401.
Hinde. P. 103-104, 135-168.
Jeffrey G. Williamson. «The Impact of the Corn Laws Just Prior to Repeal», Explorations in Economic History27 (1990). P. 127-129.
J. A. Hobson. Richard Cobden, the International Man(London: Earnest Benn, 1968). P..248.
John Morley. The Life of Richard Cobden(London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1903). P. 721.
Charles Kindleberger. «The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820-1875», Journal of Economic History31 no. 1 (March 1975). P. 37-38.
Цит. Bairoch. P. 29-30.
Morley. 751.
Bairoch. «European trade policy, 1815-1914». P. 39-45.
Fay. P. 106: Barnes. P. 291.
Милль Джон Стюарт.Основания политической экономии. Киев; Харьков, 1860.
Конрад Джозеф.Зеркало морей. М.: Географиздат, 1958.
Herbert V. Young. They Came to Jerome(Jerome, AZ: Jerome Historical Society, 1972). P. 17.
Из личной беседы с Рональдом Рупом; Ronald Prain. Copper(London: Mining Journal Books, 1975). P. 17-18, 21-22.
W. O. Henderson. Friedrich List(London: Frank Cass, 1983). P. 68-75, 143-182.
John G. Van Deusen. «Economic Bases of Disunion in South Caro lina» (Ph. D. thesis, Columbia University, 1928). P. 182-183.
F. W. Taussig. The Tariff History of the United States(New York: Capricorn, 1964). P. 68-110. См. также Donald J. Ratcliffe. «The Nullification Crisis, Southern Discontent, and the American Political Process», American Nineteenth Century History1, no. 2 (Summer 2000). P. 3-5.
William W. Freehling. The Road to Disunion(Oxford: Oxford University Press), 1:256.
Richard B. Latner. «The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion». Journal of Southern History43, no. 1 (February 1977). P. 21.
Richard E. Ellis. The Union at Risk(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). P. 46.
Ibid. P. 23, 33.
Ellis. P. 158-177.
Ratckiff. P. 8, 22-23.
Reonhard H. Luthin. «Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff», The American Historical Review49, no. 4 (July 1944). P. 612, 622.
Lyon G. Tyler. «The South and Self-Determination». Willem and Mary Collage Quarterly Historical Magazine27, no. 4 (April 1919). P. 224.
John L. Conger. «South Carolina and the Early Tariffs». The Mississippi Valley Historical Review5, no. 4 (March 1919). P. 431-433.
Freehling. P. 272.
Natchez Free Trader. November 27, 1860, цитата по P. L. Rain water, «Economic Benefits of Secession: Opinions in Mississippi in the 1850s». The Journal of Southern History1, no. 4 (November 1935). P. 47-471.
Пересчитано по Paul Bairoch. «European Trade Policy, 1815– 1914». 56, по коэффициенту пересчета инфляции 1,75 на 2007/ 1988.
F. Dabiel Larkin. «Erie Canal Freight». New York State Aechives Time Machine,http://www.archives.nysed.gov/prokects/erieca nal/ErieEssey/ecf.html, accessed February 12, 2007.
David Landes. The Unbound Prometheus(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966). P. 251-259; и W. T. Jeans, The Creation of the Age of Steel(New York: Scribner, 1884). P. 29.
Charles K. Harley. «The Shift from Sailing Ships to Steamships, 1850-1890: A Study in Technological Change and Its Diffusion»: in Donald N. McCloskey, ed., Essay on a Mature Economy(Princeton University Press, 1971). P. 215-225.
Gerald S. Graham. «The Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship 1850– 1885». Economic History Reviw9, no. 1 (1956). P. 79.
Juan E. Oribe Stemper. «Freight Rates in the Trade between Europe and Soucth America, 1840-1914». Journal of Latin American Stu dies21, no. 1 (February 1989). P. 44.
Экстраполировано из таблицы IV, Lewis R. Fisher and Helge W. Nordvik. «Maritime Transport and the Integration of the North Atlantic Economy, 1850-1914»; in Wolfram Fisher et al., eds. The Emergence of a World Economy 1500-1914(Wiesbaden, Commissioned by Franz Steiner Verlag, 1986), 11:531.
Harley. P. 221-225.
Bairoch Paul. Economics and world History (Chikago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). P. 56.
Robert W. Filante. «A Note on the Economic Viability of the Erie Canal, 1825-1860, Business History Review48, no. 1 (Spring 1974). P. 100.
George G. Tunnel. «The Diversion of the Flour and Grain Traffic from the Great Lakes to the Railroads». Journal of Political Economy5, no. 3 (June 1897). P. 340-361.
Gavin Weightman. The Frozen Water Trade(New York: Hy perion, 2003). P. 7, 71, 105-109, 127-143. Более подробное описание изобретения Вита и подсобных инструментов для колки льда см. Oscar Edward Anderson Jr. Refrigeration in America(Princeton: Princeton University Press for the University of Cincinnati, 1953). P. 13-35.
Topo Генри Д.Уолден, или Жизнь в лесу. М.: «Наука», 1979.
Weightman. Р. 163,207.
Anderson, 21-22, 50-52.
John H. White. The Great Yellow Fleet(San Marino, CA: Golden West, 1986). P. 11-13.
Weightman. P. 163,207.
James Troubridge Critchell and Joseph Raymond. A History of the Frozen Meat Trade,2 nded. (London: Constable, 1912). P. 25.
Critchell and Raymond. P. 3,9,26-29. Подробнее об относительном преимуществе охлажденного и замороженного мяса см. Richard Perren, «The North American Beef and Cattle Trade with Great Britain, 1870-1914», Economic History Review24, no. 3 (August 1917). P. 430-434.
«Coal Ammonia for Refrigeration», Scientific AmericanLXIV (1891). P. 241.
Larry Туе. The Father of Spin(NewYork: Crown, 1998).P. 51-52.
Fisher and Nordvik. 11:526.
Max Fletcher. «The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869– 1914», Journal of Economic History18, no. 4 (December 1958). P. 556-573.
Cordell Hull. International Trade and Domestic Prosperity(Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1934). P. 5.
Joseph M. Jones Jr. Tariff Retaliation(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1934). P. 74.
Ibid. P. 1931.
С. Knick Harley. «Transportation, the World Wheat Trade, and the Kuznets Cycle, 1850-1913». Explorations in Economic History17, no. 3 (July 1980). P. 223, 246-247.
C. P. Kindleberger. «Group Behavior and International Trade», Journal of Political Economy59, no. 1 (February 1951). P. 31.
Kevin O'Rourke and Jefferey G. Williamson. «The Late Nineteenth Century Anglo-American Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Oh– lin Right?» Journal of Economic History54, no. 4 (December 1994). P. 900.
A. J. H. Latham and Larry Neal. «The International Market in Rice and Wheat, 1868-1914», Economic History Review36, no. 2 (May 1983). P. 260-280.
Bertil Ohlin. Interregional and International Trade(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957). P. 35-50; Eli Heckscher. «The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income», in Readings in the Theory of International Trade(Homewood IL: Irwin, 1950). P. 272– 300. Наиболее краткую формулировку их теоремы см.: Ohlin. P. 35; Heckscher. P. 287.
O'Rourke and Williamson. «Late Nineteenth Century Anglo-American Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Ohlin Right?». P. 894-895, 908.
Jefferey G. Williamson. «The Evolution of Global Labor Markets since 1830: Background Evidence and Hypotheses», Explorations in Economic History32 (1995). P. 141-196; Kevin O'Rourke and Jefferey G. Williamson. Globalization and History(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999). P. 286.
Wolfgang F. Stolper and Paul Samuelson. «Protection and Real Wages», Review of Economic Studies9, no. 1 (November 1941). P. 58-73.
Eugene Owen Golob. TheMeline Tariff(New York: AMS, 1968). P. 22-23, 78-79; Angus Maddison. The World Economy.P. 95.
Golob. P. 83-85, 189-190.
Ibid. 245.
Kindleberger. «Group Behavior and International Trade». P. 32-33.
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Einar Jensen. Danish Agriculture(Copenhagen: J. H. Schultz Forlag, 1937). P. 251,315-334; Harald Faber. Co-operation in Danish Agriculture(New York: Longmans, Green, 1937). P. 31-70,105-106; Henry С Taylor and Anne Dewees Taylor. World Trade in Agricultu ral Products(New York: Macmillan, 1943). P. 179; Alexander Gerschenkron. Bread and Democracy in Germany(Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1989). P. 39.
Gerschenkron. P. 42.
Gerschenkron. P. 3-80.
Рассчитано из данных W. W. Rostow. The World Economy(Aus tin: University of Texas, 1978). P. 669; and Maddison. 361, 362.
Carolyn Rhodes. Reciprocity,U. S. Trade Policy, and the GATT Regime (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993). P. 23-45.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html от 7 марта 2007 года.
Coleen M. Callahan et al. «Who Voted for Smoot—Hawley?» Journal of Economic History54, no. 3 (September 1994). P. 683-684.
Charles P. Kindleberger. «Commercial Policy between the Wars», in Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), VIII: 170-171.
Jones. Tariff Retaliation.P. 40, 76-82, 105-109.
Cordell Hull. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull(New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1:364-365.
Hull. International Trade and Domestic Prosperity.P. 2.
Maddison, The World Economy,363; and Monitoring the World Economy(Paris: OECD, 1995). P. 182-183, 196.
Напр. см. Giorgio Basevi. «The Restrictive Effect of the U. S. Tariff and its Welfare Value». American Economic Review58, no. 4 (September 1968). P. 851.
Duoglas A. Irwin. «The Smoot-Howley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment», Review of Economics and Statistics80, № 2 (May 1998). P. 326-334; Jakob B. Madsen. «Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World trade during the Great Depression», Southern Economic Journal64, № 4 (April 2001). P. 848-868.
John Stuart Mill. Principles of Political Economy,389-390.
J. B. Condliffe. The Reconstruction of World Trade(New York: Norton, 1940). P. 394.
Albert O. Hirschman. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). P. 72-73.
Ibid. P. 1.
Clair Wilcox. A Charter for World Trade(New York: Macmillan, 1949). P. 24. Про историю создания «Предложений» см.: Wilcox. P. 21-24 and 38-40.
Rhodes. P. 46-77.
Т. N. Srinivasan. Developing Countries and the Multilateral Tra ding System(Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998). P. 9-11; John H. Jackson. The World Trading System,2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997). P. 36-38. Книга Джексона рассматривается большинством ученых как «стандартный» англоязычный текст о законодательном и ведомственном основании современной торговой системы.
Олсон М.Логика коллективных действий: Общественные блага и теория групп. М.: Издательство ФЭИ, 1995.
Bairoch. Economics and World History.P. 26.
Harley. «Ocean Freight Rates and Productivity. 1740-1913: The Primacy of Mechanical Invention Reaffirmed». P. 861.
Соединенные Штаты Америки: Конституция и законодательство. Пер. В. Лафитского.
Marc Levinson. The Box (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). P. 7-53; Marc Rosenstein. «The Rise of Containerization in the Port of Oakland», New York University master's thesis, 2000, 23-31, http://www.apparent-wind.com/mbr/maritime-writings/thesis. pdf. Оба источника интересны и хорошо написаны. Из них диссертация Розенстайна более взвешенна, удобна для чтения и доступна.
Rogowski P. 100-101; цит.: 121.
Т. N. Srinivasan. «Developing Countries in the World Trading System: From GATT, 1947, to the Third Ministerial Meeting of WTO, 1999». World Economy22, no. 8 (1999). P. 1052.
Jane Mayer and Jose de Cordoba. «Sweet Life: First Family of Su gar is Tough on Workers, Generous to Politicians». The Wall Street Journal(July 29, 1991), Al.
«Sugar Program: Supporting Sugar Prices Has Increased Users' Costs While Benefiting Producers», General Accounting Office GAO/ RCED-00-126 (June 2000).
Timothy P. Carney. The Big Ripoff(New York: Wiley, 2006). P. 56-61.
Mary Anastasia O'Grady. «Americas: Clinton's Sugar Daddy Ga mes Now Threaten NAFTA's Future», The Wall Street Journal(De cember 20, 2002). Al 5.
Scott Miller and Marc Champion. «At WTO Talks, Stances Are Hardening», The Wall Street Journal(January 27,2006), A7; Scott Kil– man and Roger Thurow. «Politics and Economics, U.S. Farm-Subsidy Cuts a Long Shot as Doha Falters», The Wall Street Journal(July 26, 2006), A 10; Bernard K. Gordon. «Doha Aground», The Wall Street Journal (May 26,2006), A 14.
United States Department of Agriculture, «Food Spending in Rela tion to Income». Food Cost Review, 1950-1997, http://www.ers. usda.gov/Publications/AER780/; Food Remains a Bargain for Oregon and U.S. Consumers». Oregon Department of Agriculture.
Stolper and Samuelson. P. 73.
Norm Stamper. «A Good Cop Wasted», excerpted in Seattle Weekly(June 1,2005).
http://www.coldwar.ru/bases/carter_doctrine.php
«The Tanker War, 1984-1987». from Iraq,Library of Congress Studies, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/rpfrd/cstdy:@field (DOCID+iq0105).
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См. Rodrigue, см. также Donna J. Nincic. «Sea Lane Security and U.S. Maritime Trade: Chokepoints as Scarce Resources», in Sam J. Tangredi, ed. Globalization and Maritime Power(Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 2002). P. 143-169.
Jessie C. Carman. «Economic and Strategic Implications of Ice-Free Arctic Seas», in Globalization and Maritime Power171-188.
Patrick J. Buchanan. The Great Betrayal(Boston: Little, Brown, 1998). P. 224.
Bairoch, Economics and World History,47-55, 135-138.
Mark Bils. «Tariff Protection and Production in the U.S. Cotton Textile Industry». The Journal of Economic History, 44, no. 4 (Decem ber 1984). P. 1041, 1045.
Kevin O'Rourke. «Tariffs and Growth in the Late 19th Century». The Economic Journal110 (April 2000). P. 456-683; quote, 473. Работы Рурка и Билза представляют целый пласт литературы.
Kitson and Solomu. 102.
J. Bradford DeLong. «Trade Policy and America's Standard of Living: An Historical Perspective». Рабочие материалы 1995.
Edward F. Denison. Why Growth Rates Differ(Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1967). P. 260-263.
Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew Warner. «Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration». Brookings Papers on Economic Activity1995, no. 1 (1995). P. 41.
Maddison. The World Economy.P. 363.
Denison. P. 262.
Steven Pinker. «A History of Violence». New Republic(March 19, 2007); World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/whr/ 2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf
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Henry S. Farber. «What do we know about job loss in the United States? Evidence from the Displaced Workers Survey, 1984-2004». Working paper, 2006. См. также Peter Gottschalk et al. «The Growth of Earnings Instability in the U.S. Labor Market». Brookings Papers on Economic Activity1994 no. 2 (1994). P. 217-272. Про общее положение с расхождением зарплат и ненадежности рабочего места в США см. Jacob Hacker. The Great Risk Shift(New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). См. также Jackie Calmes. «Despite Buoyant Economic Times, Americans Don't Buy Free Trade». The Wall Street Journal(December 10, 1998), A10.
Susan Chun Zhu and Daniel Tefler. «Trade and inequality in developing countries: a general equilibrium analysis» Journal of Inter national Economics65 (2005). P. 21-48.
Katheryn Gigler. Personal Communication. См. также «Secrets, Lies, and Sweatshops». Busyness Week(November 27, 2006).
Ashley S. Timmer and Jeffrey G Williamson. «Immigraton Policy Prior to the 1930s: Labor Markets, Policy Interactions, and Globalization Backlash». Population and Development Review21, no. 4 (De cember 1998). P. 739-771.
Human Development Report, 2006(New York: United Nations, 2006). P. 335-338.
Alberto Alesina and Roberto Perotti. «Income Distribution, political Instability, and investment». European Economic Review40 (1996). P. 1203-1228.
Geoffrey Garrett. «Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Cycle?» International Organization52, no. 4 (Autumn, 1998). P. 798.
Cm. Michael Kremer. «The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development». The Quarterly Journal of Economics108 no. 3 (August 1993). P. 551-575.
См. Adrian Wood and Cristybal Ridao-Cano. «Skill, Trade, and In ternational Inequality, working paper; and Paul Krugman, «Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences». Brookings Papers on Economic Activity1995, no. 1 (1995). P. 327-377. Прекрасное резюме этих противоречивых данных см. Ethan В. Kapstein. «Review: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy». International Organization 54, no. 2 (Spring 2000). P. 359-384.
Личная беседа с Дэниелом Трефлером. См. также Daniel Trefler. «The Long and Short of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement». American Economic Review94, no. 4 (September 2004). P. 888.
Westminster Review(April 1825). P. 400-401. Эта статья не подписана. Авторство Милля установлено в статье: Frank W. Fetter. «Economic Articles in the Westminster Review and Their Authors, 1824-1851, The Journal of Political Economy70, no. 6 (December 1962). P. 584.
Джагдиш Бхагвати. В защиту глобализации. Пер. В. Иноземцев. «Ладомир», 2005 г.
Там же.
Daniel Trefler. «Trade Liberalization and the Theory of Endogenous Protection: An Econometric Study of U.S. Import Policy». Journal of Political Economy101, no. 1 (February 1993). P. 157.
Dani Rodrik. Has Globalization Gone Too Far?(Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1997). P. 5-7.
Ibid. P. 79.
Paul Samuelson. «Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization». The Journal of Economic Perspectives,18, no. 3 (Summer 2004). P. 137. Прекрасное радиоинтервью с профессором «Самуэльсоном на эту тему см. http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2004/09/2004 0927_b_main.asp
Как и следовало ожидать, эта статья Самуэльсона вызвала много споров среди экономистов, и не все они признают корректность и точность такой модели. Наиболее основательную критику см.: Jagdish Bhagwati et al. «The Middle over Outsourcing». Economic Perspectives18, no. 4 (Fall 2004). P. 93-114.
Samuelson. P. 142.
Rodrik. P. 54.
The Oxford Dictionary of Quotes,3ed Ed. (Oxford University Press, 1979). P. 150.
