Текст книги "Как Это Сказать По-Английски?"

Автор книги: Инна Гивенталь

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Текущая страница: 16 (всего у книги 18 страниц)

Урок 34

How often do you do your flat? He is just playing for time and isn't going to tide up his room. It goes without saying that you are madly glad that your room is always done/is always tided up by your friends' arrival / coming. The hall is being tided up now so you will be able to get in at any moment. He promised he would do his room sooner or later. I can't understand why it is never tided up here; this mess just drives me wild and I confess I'm fed up with all this complete chaos.

Follow me! Oh, I'm scared, to my mind; I'm being followed closely. Don't worry! It just seems to you: there are always so many people on a bus in the rush hour that any person can suppose that he is followed.

We are having a heart-to-heart talk, so please, don't bother us. We are always being bothered here, it's just unbearable! I feel that I always bother you. It looks as if you were born with a silver spoon in your mouth if you aren't prevented to work on/at your book under present power.

Урок 35

He has been duped since morning, but he is a knowing old bird – nobody has managed to cheat him. I've never cheated you, Honest to God! Why are you always cheated? He used to cheat me when I was child. I would cheat my trustful good-natured parents in childhood. You are always being cheated and you are out of the swim! If I am not cheated again, I'll come to my senses and enter the University come rain or shine. He said he had been cheated since birth. Look here! You are being cheated at the moment!

I always feel ill at ease when I'm treated so hard. Help yourself, please, and be at your ease. She invited us to see her place, treated with some delicious food and then suggested spending the night at her place as it started raining cats and dogs. Shame on you, you've, probably, had a screw loose: you have been amused, treated and pampered since morning, but you behave yourself as if you don't wear the trousers. She is being treated with black coffee at the moment.

She is often shown on TV because everybody thinks her the pink of perfection. Have you shown your usual trick yet? These tricks have been shown on TV since 7 o'clock in the evening. I will have been showing tricks till I am not asked to stop. How many years had you been showing tricks in the streets before you decided to try working at the circus? This film is shown on TV every Sunday. This film is being shown on TV at the moment. Is this film being shown on TV at the moment? Why do you show tricks so seldom? He promised he would show a trick as soon as he got free.

Урок 36

There is no need to tip to staff: service is included in a bill. I remember that when we had dinner in this restaurant in summer, a tip was included in a bill. This diet includes all the necessary ingredients but not for love or money I keep to this diet because making salads will take me too much time and, as I'm always busy, I can't permit it. Are you included in the list of invitees to the 20th anniversary of their wedding?

We were allowed to get into the holy of holies of this unique medieval castle, I mean, the library. Circumstances don't allow me to live in a big way. Are you really allowed to stay up late? I didn't know you were allowed to stay up late.

She was brought up in the spirit of obedience to their parents. If you aren't brought severely, you'll never grow wise. We try to bring up our children as well as possible. He is a strange child, neither fish nor good red herring; there is nothing special about him. I can't imagine a human being who will be able to bring him up as a worthy and honest person. He always knows which side his bread is buttered, I wonder, who brought him up? Our parents were brought up in a very difficult historical period, in stagnation years, they were promised a land of milk and honey when the communism was in. No doubt, all that left an imprint on them, in a word; we can't always understand each other.

He was looked after well in childhood, I hope; he pays back to his parents in the same coin. These kids are being looked after bad at the moment, and I can't put up with it. Will you be able to look after my child while I am doing shopping? She promised she would look after my little-one while I was at the hairdresser's. I have been looking after my neighbour's kids since their parents were offered a part-time job.

I've been reading this book since Monday. This book has been read since Monday. This book is usually read before night. This book is being read at the moment, I can't give it to you. What are you reading now? Is anything interesting being read to you at the courses? An extract from his article about the political situation in our country was read to us yesterday. If you have read this book by tomorrow, I'll be able to give it back to the library on time. He asked me what I was reading then. He wondered if I had read any of ancient writers. He wonders if I'm going to have read this book by the end of the holiday. He swore he would have read that book before the light in the camp was turned off.

Урок 37

1. When I was being awarded, I felt suddenly that I was ready to burst out crying. All the outstanding people are awarded in our country. She will be left holding the bag if you haven't awarded her before she is fired.

You are being led by the nose by the hysterical woman and forcing panic in society, nobody will excuse you for that. You were excused long ago. What did you feel when you realized, that you were being excused?

He was in his element and chatted nonstop and only because of him we weren't bored stiff while the lecture on the harm of smoking was being read to us. You have been chatting on the phone for 2 hours – it's just disgusting! We had been chatting for a few minutes before we were paid attention to. You are chatting nonstop at the lessons; I'm fed up with it.

I was nearly tickled to death when I understood that such nasty and self-enamoured pressmen were always left holding the bag. The devil will pay for these manuscripts but, at any price, I'll try to find out when this wonderful town was found. Haven't you already learnt so far why the Brain Drain is taking place in our country? You are behind the times if you are still out of the swim and don't know that she is in the family way/she is pregnant.

The same thing is always being repeated to me! I'm always repeating to you the same thing! Have you repeated all the rules yet? Have you already repeated everything? This thing is repeated to you from day to day for nothing, isn't it? He promised he would have reviewed all from the beginning to the end before the exam. If you can't repeat everything I've just told, I'll teach you a lesson.

Урок 38

My congratulations! Your book has been published! This information was published not long ago though; we decided to turn to new facts before we were forbidden to work in this field. It isn't worth getting fresh with your co-workers even if your book has already been published and has caused a sensation. I get cold feet when I see that heaven and earth have been moved in my house, nevertheless my book hasn't been published yet.

His car was damaged badly during the accident a few weeks ago and after that he began to be religious about driving. Since childhood I've been religious about everything that deals with healthy way of life. You can't feel strongly about his plans, can you? He does nothing in fact and just goes through emotions but to tell the truth, very skillfully.

To tell the truth, I don't feel strong about our government because it just goes through emotions and keeps on taking care of its interest.

He never keeps his temper and always vents his bad spirit on unprotected and meek/ mild beings. We have never been allowed to vent our bad spirit on buyers. We are never allowed to vent our bad spirit on freshmen. If I get fresh with you and vent my bad spirit on you, you will feel sorry for it!

I seldom pay attention to passers-by. I'm seldom paid attention to. I've just paid attention to that handsome young man who is standing by the window and going through emotions. I'm so happy: I've been paid attention to! Why am I never paid attention to? I had paid attention to her before she began to tell about her problems. You have been paid attention to since birth. You were paid attention to at the competition, which took place in Moscow last year.

Урок 39

He always plays up to teachers. He always tried to keep up with the Joneses and played up to the rich. Judging by her step and way of behaving she tends to keep to herself nevertheless she is considered a big shot and she is always played up to.

Tramps are always offended and abased. You have been offending me since I came into this room. Hardly had I opened the mouth when I got it in the neck, honestly speaking, no offence intended though. If you offend him, I'll understand that you have taken a turn for the worse.

I can't keep up with fashion because I don't earn enough. This money had been earned honestly before he was accused of stealing. It looks as if you took a turn for the better: last year you earned a lot of money and spent everything on charity, didn't you?

Урок 40

1. She was fascinated by original beauty of this ancient town. He had been fascinated by her lovely voice before he saw her. He has just confessed that he is fascinated by you. He said to his parents that he was fascinated by that young lady and was going to marry her as soon as he had worked his way up.

The stories about your life made an impression on me. Do you like to make an impression on unknown people? Jump at the chance and try to make an impression on all these people. In spite of the fact she was out of shape, she made an impression on all the men in our yard, well, just, one of those things. She is good at making impression on teachers. In my opinion, she is out of her mind as the story about your out-of-pocket expenses has made an impression on her.

I like to watch children. Look out, to my mind, we are being watched. Don't worry, we haven't been watched since we left that town: out of sight, out of mind. I had been watched for 5 month before I was offered the leading role in this film. She was surprised and disappointed when she understood that she was being watched. Will you be watching me the whole of my lifetime?

Урок 41

The medicine will be prescribed for you if you see no objection to it. If you don't prescribe a medicine for me, I won't feel fit. After the medicine had been prescribed for me I felt like a new person. He promised that he would prescribe a medicine which from rumors cures most of the known diseases. If the medicine that you need is prescribed for you, I'll follow the example and go to the doctor.

Tomorrow all the problems will be solved and you will feel like a million dollars. I hope, I've solved your problem by the beginning of the school year; it has nothing to do with me though. Follow your heart, please, don't feel shy and see her home, and then all your problems will be solved for sure. Have you already solved all your problems? If you have solved all your problems before departure, I'll come to see you off.

I'm comparing your papers at the moment. We are being compared now. He told that we were being compared then. I hoped we wouldn't be compared. If we are compared, we refuse to cooperate. Two pretenders to work at our firm had been compared for long before on of them was offered a prestige post in the end. I can't compare you: you have nothing in common. Yesterday I was able to compare these two pictures.

Урок 42

I feel like drinking. This cup has never been drunk out of. As soon as you drink this invigorative coffee, you will go with a run. Beer is usually drunk while fooling about. If you pick me up, we'll have time to drink Georgian wine. She promised we would have time to drink real Georgian wine if we picked her up on the way to the airport. He has been drinking little lately. White wine is usually drunk while eating fish.

I'll try to outline the plan of our actions providing I'm listened to carefully and I am not interrupted, otherwise I can become mad/wild. When we were listening to you, we understood that the way of your speech fit the situation fully. Sometimes we are listened to indifferently and our last appearance just screwed me up.

I smile at people very often. When a person has a run of luck, he always smiles at everybody. I'm very upset: my close friend has been out of the run, has stopped smiling, on the whole, he has lost a taste of life.

Урок 43

Our house is not far from the supermarket and, it goes without saying, it's comfortable, especially if you run the house on your own, single-handed. To begin with, he tried to find out were my school was situated. Do you know where a new supermarket will be situated?

It's very unpleasant to run across the beggary in the pedestrian subway or in the Metro carriage. Unfortunately, the beggars are always run across on the way to work in the mornings. How often do you meet the beggary in passenger traffic?

This movie was restored a few years ago but the quality of the film leaves much to be desired. I can restore my English in a few weeks if you run my house in turn. He didn't manage to restore his English in such a short space of time and it's for the better, because he understood that one should not go in for music, in for sport and take course in English at the same time.

He is a wonderful person: he is handy with everything and he has dry humor, so he is often looked at with surprise. I was looked at the very moment when I was going to raise a hand and ask a question.

Why do you never look at me? Don't wonder if you are looked at with distrust. To my mind, it's normally to seek fortune but for some reason I'm looked down on. 5. It's the second time we've rebuilt our school. It's the second time the school has been rebuilt. This house had been rebuilt before we moved here. This church has been rebuilt so many times that I can't imagine how it looked in the beginning. Will this house have been rebuilt by the anniversary of our town? He wondered if the school building would have been rebuilt by the anniversary of our town.

Урок 44

I'm an early riser and I usually run through the newspapers at breakfast-time. He was running through the newspapers when he was asked to answer a phone call. There is nothing like rest at sea where you can do nothing from morning till evening, laze in the sun and hardly ever run through the newspapers. Have you run through morning newspapers yet? He promised he would have run through the newspapers before he went to work. I was amazed when I run through the newspapers and found out that my feature simply hadn't been printed.

He is deeply attached to his kids so he dedicates all his books just to them. Have any poems ever been dedicated to you? She confessed it was the first time that such lovely poems had been dedicated to her. She was amazed when she learnt that these famous lines were dedicated to her great grandmother. For a change, dedicate these poems to your first teacher.

We are always glad to see a new person at our place, no matter what kind of hobby a person has. Are you keen on fishing? He was keen on jogging in youth. You need change of scene and if you are keen on underwater swimming, I advise you to apply to a tourist agency.

I often show tricks. I'm seldom shown on TV. Have you been shown their usual trick yet? Have you shown your usual trick to this refined audience yet? He wondered if I had already shown my famous trick. Unfortunately, I had been shown on TV before I came home from work. Will you have been shown on TV before we leave for work? He didn't expect he would be shown on TV the next day. This film has been shown on TV for a few months. When were you shown on TV? This movie will be shown on TV tomorrow at 5.

Our school is much spoken about. Our school hasn't been spoken about since an arguable article about it was printed in the newspaper. Our school will be spoken about till it exists. What is being spoken about your school at the moment? What was being spoken about our school when you turned on the radio? What is usually spoken about our school? Our school will be spoken about when you enter the hall. It's the first time our school has been spoken about on TV. Our school will have been spoken about before the news begins.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1

Порядок слов в повествовательном предложении.

Предложение – это сочетание слов, выражающее законченную мысль. Отношения между словами в разных языках выражаются по-разному.

В русском языке связь слов в предложении выражается в основном окончаниями слов, поэтому изменение порядка слов в предложении не изменяет его смысла.

Мальчик кормит собаку. Собаку кормит мальчик. Кормит мальчик собаку.

В английском языке отношения между членами предложения выражаются главным образом при помощи строго определенного порядка слов. Поэтому перестановка слов в предложении в английском языке может привести не только к изменению смысла предложения, но и к полной бессмыслице. Если в предложении The boy is feeding the dog (мальчик кормит собаку) поменять местами слова the dog и the boy, то смысл предложения изменится, и уже не мальчик будет кормить собаку, а собака мальчика – The dog is feeding the boy.

Из примера видно, что в английском языке именно порядок слов указывает на то, как связаны между собой слова в предложении.

Для английского предложения характерен следующий порядок слов:

Подлежащее (кто действует?) – мальчик – the boy сказуемое (что делает?) – кормит – is feeding дополнение (на кого направлено действие?) – собаку – the dog

Обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия и т. д.) обычно располагаются после дополнения.

Мальчик кормит собаку (где?) во дворе («во дворе» – обстоятельство места). The boy is feeding the dog in the yard.

Мальчик кормит собаку (как?) с удовольствием

(«с удовольствием» – обстоятельство образа действия).

The boy is feeding the dog with pleasure.

Мальчик кормит собаку (когда?) каждое утро («каждое утро» – обстоятельство времени). The boy feeds the dog every morning.

Обстоятельство времени может стоять и в начале предложения.

Every morning the boy feeds the dog.

Если в конце предложения встретились обстоятельство места и обстоятельство времени, то обстоятельство места обычно стоит перед обстоятельством времени.

Мальчик кормит собаку во дворе каждое утро.

The boy feeds the dog in the yard every morning.

Если в конце предложения встретились несколько обстоятельств, то обычно они располагаются в следующем порядке:

обстоятельство образа действия (как?)

обстоятельство места (где?) протекает действие обстоятельство времени (когда?)

Мальчик с удовольствием кормит собаку каждое утро. The boy feeds the dog with pleasure every morning.

Мальчик с удовольствием кормит собаку во дворе.

The boy feeds the dog with pleasure in the yard.

Каждое утро мальчик с удовольствием кормит собаку во дворе.

The boy feeds the dog with pleasure in the yard every morning.

В английском языке грамматические отношения между словами выражаются не только определенным порядком слов, но и при помощи предлогов. В русском языке отношения слов, передаваемые в английском языке предлогами, выражаются соответствующими падежами.

1. Предлог of, стоящий между двумя существительными, передает грамматические отношения, выраженные в русском языке родительным падежом (кого? что?):

Она забыла план (чего?) выступления. She forgot the plan of the speech.

2. Предлог to перед существительным передает отношения, выраженные в русском языкедательным падежом:

Она показала план выступления (кому?) учительнице. She showed the plan of the speech to the teacher.

Однако отношения между словами, выраженные в русском языке дательным падежом, могут выражаться и беспредложным способом: для этого существительное, стоящее в русском языке в дательном падеже, в английском языке должно стоять сразу же после сказуемого – She showed the teacher the plan of the speech.

3. Предлог by перед существительным, обозначающим действующий предмет или действующее лицо, передает отношения, выраженные в русском языке творительным падежом (кем? чем?):

Много деревьев было уничтожено (чем?) огнем. Many trees were destroyed by the fire. Много деревьев было уничтожено людьми. Many trees were destroyed by people.

4. Предлог with перед существительным, обозначающим орудие действия, передает отношения, выраженные в русском языке творительным падежом:

Я люблю писать (чем?) карандашом. I like to write with a pencil.

Необходимо учитывать все эти закономерности, чтобы правильно переводить предложения с русского на английский.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2

to make made made делать to mean meant meant означать, иметь в виду to meet met met встречаться to pay paid paid платить to put put put положить to read read read читать to ride rode ridden ездить верхом to ring rang rung звонить to rise rose risen подниматься to say said said сказать to see saw seen видеть to sell sold sold продавать to send sent sent послать to shake shook shaken трясти to show showed shown показывать to shut shut shut закрывать to sing sang sung петь to sink sank sunk тонуть to sit sat sat сидеть to sleep slept slept спать to speak spoke spoken говорить to spend spent spent тратить to split split split раскалываться to spread spread spread простираться, распространяться to stand stood stood стоять to stick stuck stuck вонзать, прокалывать, клеить to steal stole stolen красть to swear swore sworn клясться, ругаться to swim swam swum плавать to take took taken брать, отводить to teach taught taught учить(преподавать)

to tell told told рассказывать to think thought thought думать to throw threw thrown бросать to understand understood understood понимать to wake woke woken просыпаться to wear wore worn носить одежду to win won won выигрывать to write wrote written писать

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЙ МИНИМУМ

А

абсолютно – absolutely, perfectly авария – a damage (повреждение); a crash авиац.; an accident (несчастный случай)

автобус – a bus автор – an author адвокат – a lawyer акварельные краски – water-colours аккуратно – neatly, smartly активный – active английская грамматика – English grammar античный – antique, ancient, classical аренда – rent арифметическая задача – a sum артист – an actor археологическая – archaeological Б

бабушка – a grandmother; a grandma, a granny банда – a gang; a band бардак – complete chaos бег трусцой – jogging бегло – fluently бедный – poor без гроша – penniless без посторонней помощи – single-handed без сомнения – no doubt, surely безалаберный – disorganised бездельничать – to idle; to do nothing беззащитный – defenseless, unprotected безмозглый – brainless, stupid безобразие – 1) только ед. ugliness; deformity (уродство);

(беспорядок, бесчинство) disgrace, scandal, disgraceful/shocking things;

разг.: что за безобразие! – it's disgraceful! it's scandalous! это просто безобразие – it's simply a disgrace/scandal безостановочно – non-stop безответный – meek, mild безработица – unemployment безрассудный – thoughtless, unreasonable безумно – madly белое – white беременная – pregnant бесить – to drive wild беспорядок – disorder, mess; беспорядки – disorders библиотека – a library битый час – for a good hour благодарность – thanks благодаря нему – thanks to him; because of him благородный – noble, generous благотворительность – charity, philanthropy близкие друзья – close friends близкие родственники – near relations близко от – not far from блюдо – 1) (посуда) a dish 2) (кушанье) dish; course богатая – rich, wealthy богачи – the rich; the wealthy бодрый – cheerful, bright бодрящий – invigorative боевые искусства – martial arts болезнь – sickness, illness; a disease болеть за (кого-то) – to be a fan (of); to support болтать – to chat болтать без умолку – to chat nonstop болтливая – talkative болтушка – a chatter-box больше не – any more большинство – majority; most (of)

большой – 1) big; large (о неодушевленных предметах);

большой промежуток – wide interval;

большое число – great/large number;

2)(значительный, выдающийся) – great;

(важный) – important;

разг. (взрослый) – grown-up;

большой палец – thumb (на руке); big toe (на ноге);

большой спорт – big-time sports;

большая буква – capital letter бояться собак – to be afraid of dogs брат – a brother

Брауны (семья Браунов) – the Browns бредовая идея – a crazy idea бродяга – a tramp бросать (курить) – to give up (smoking)

будить – to wake, to awaken, to call будущее – the future бульварная литература – cheap novels бунтующая – rebellious буря – a storm буря восторгов – a storm of cheers бывший – ex-быстро – fast, quickly, rapidly, with speed быть в гостях – to be a guest of smb. быть в отпуске – to be on leave быть в плохом настроении – to be out of humor, to be in a bad mood; to be out of sorts разг. приходить в плохое настроение – to get into a bad mood быть в разводе – to be divorced быть в ссоре – to be at odds with smb.

быть в хорошем настроении – to be in a good mood; to be in good spirits быть влюбленной – to be in love with somebody быть готовым – to be ready быть замужем за – to be married to somebody быть изумленным – to be amazed быть на седьмом небе от счастья – to be in the seventh heaven, to be on cloud nine быть расположенным – to be located, to be situated, to be бюро занятости – employment office В

в автобусе – on a bus в алфавитном порядке – in alphabetical order в виду моей постоянной занятости – as I am always busy в детстве – in childhood, as a child в духе – in the spirit of smb./smth.

в качестве преподавателя – as a teacher в конце концов – in the end, after all в котором часу – what time в крайнем случае – as a last resort в магазине – in the shop в общем – generally speaking в оригинале – in the original в последний раз – for the last time в противном случае – otherwise в самую жару – in the very heat в частности – in particular в этой области – in this field в юности – in youth вагон – a carriage важный – important вам кажется – it seems to you вам следует сделать это – you should do it вдруг – suddenly

Веди себя хорошо! – Behave yourself!

ведь – 1) (дело в том, что) you see, you know; why; after all;

она все покупает новые платья, ведь она очень богата – she is always buying new dresses – she is very rich, you know; ведь он знаток – he is an expert, you see; 2) (не правда ли?) is it not? will you not?; is it? will you? (при отрицании) ведь он дома? – He is at home, isn't he? ведь уже поздно? – It is late, isn't it? ведь это неправда? – It is not true, is it?

везунчик – a lucky fellow великий – great великодушный – generous; noble великолепно – splendidly великолепный – fine, splendid, excellent велосипед – a bicycle; a cycle, a bike разг. верить – to believe верное решение – right/correct decision вернуться – to return; to come back; to get back, to be back вертится на кончике языка – to have something on the tip of one's tongue веселый – merry весна – spring вести потише – to be quiet вести себя – to conduct oneself, to behave вести себя плохо – to misbehave вести себя хорошо – to behave вечеринка – a party вещи – things взбешенный – furious взволнованный – excited взять интервью – to take an interview взять себя в руки – to pull oneself together видно – obviously, evidently вино – wine виновен – guilty висеть на телефоне – to hang on the phone включать в себя – to include (in) вкусненькое – delicious вкусно – tasty влюбиться – to fall in love (with)

вмешиваться в чужие дела – to interfere in other people's business вначале – at first, in the beginning внезапно – suddenly

Внимание! – Attention!; look out! mind!

внимательно – carefully внук, внучка – a grandchild; внуки – grandchildren внятно – distinctly во время – during, at the time of во время матча – during a game во всяком случае – at any rate; at any case вовсе не – not at all вода – water, водопроводная вода – tap water водить машину – to drive военный – a military man вождение – driving воздух – air возиться на кухне – to potter about in the kitchen возлюбленный – a lover, a sweetheart возможно – perhaps возмутительно – disgusting!; disgraceful!; shocking!

война – war войти в – to get in волноваться из-за – to worry about волосы – hair вообще – generally, in general (в общем); on the whole вообще не (совсем) – at all, употребляется в конце предложения:

он вообще не придет – he won't come at all вооруженные до зубов – armed to the teeth воплощать в жизнь – to realize вопрос – a question; a matter (дело); an issue (предмет спора, обсуждения);

a problem (проблема) ворваться – to rush in(to); burst (into) воспитывать – to bring up воспринимать – to perceive восстановить – to restore восторг – delight восторженный – enthusiastic восхитительный – lovely восхищение – admiration, delight вот так! – that's the way! that's right! впервые – for the first time, first враг – an enemy врач – a doctor вред – harm время – time все дни напролет – all days long все необходимое – everything necessary

Все, решено! – That's settled!

все-таки – nevertheless, (but) still, for all that, all the same, however вскоре – soon, presently, before long, shortly after вскоре после этого – a short time later, shortly afterwards вслух – aloud вставать, встать – to get up встать с постели – to get out of bed встретить во второй раз – to meet somebody the second time всякий хлам – all sorts of rubbish; stuff вчерашний – yesterday's, of yesterday, last night's выбиться из сил – to wear oneself out выбор – a choice; an option выводить кого-нибудь из себя – to make somebody angry выводы правительственной комиссии – the conclusion of government commission выглядеть – to look выглядеть великолепно – to look fine выглядывать из – to look out выгнать – to turn out, to drive out выгода – an advantage, profit, gain (прибыль); a interest выгодное предложение – a profitable suggestion выдающийся – outstanding выдержка из статьи – an extract from the article вызывать (являться причиной, быть причиной) – to cause выйти замуж – to marry; to get married выйти из машины – to get out of a car выйти на пенсию – to retire on a pension, to be pensioned off выключать – to turn off; to switch off;