Текст книги "Древние ольмеки: история и проблематика исследований"
Автор книги: Андрей Табарев
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notes
Примечания
1
См.: Kirchoff P. Mesoamerica: Sus limites geograficas, composition etnica у caracteres culturales //Acta Americana. -1943. -Vol. 1. – P. 92–107; Idem. Mesoamerica // Heritage of Conquest. – Glencoe, 1952. – P. 17–30.
2
Helms M. W. Middle America: A Culture History of Heartland and Frontiers. – Lanham, 1982; West R. C, J. P. Augelli. Middle America: Its Lands and People. – Englewood Cliffs, 1989. В ряде англоязычных работ рассматриваются также Нуклеарная Америка, Промежуточная область и Верхняя и Нижняя Центральная Америка (см., напр.: Weaver M. P. The Aztec, Maya, and Their Predecessors. Archaeology of Mesoamerica. – N. Y., 1972; Willey G. R. An Introduction to American Archaeology. – Englewood Cliffs, 1966.-Vol. 1: North and Middle America).
3
Такое подразделение предлагается, в частности, в одной из последних обобщающих работ по региону: Evans S. Т. Ancient Mexico and Central America. Archaeology and Cultural History. – L., 2004.
4
В современной литературе по Мезоамерике используется также термин «преклассический» (Preclassic).
5
Некоторые специалисты добавляют т. н. колониальный период (Colonial period) – 1521 г. – начало 1800-х гг.
6
См.: Табарев А. В. Древняя Мезоамерика: Программа спецкурса. – Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 1999. – 12 с; Крупянко А. А., Табарев А. В. Проблемы первоначального заселения Нового Света: археологические факты и гипотезы: Учеб. – метод. программа спецкурса. – Владивосток: Изд-во ДВГУ, 2001. – 20 с; Табарев А. В. Индейцы Северной Америки: Учеб. – метод, программа спецкурса. – Новосибирск: Изд-во НГПУ, 2004. – 35 с.
7
См., напр.: Carmack R. J., Gasco J., Gossen G. H. The Legacy of Mesoamerica. – N. Y., 1996; Archaeology of Ancient] Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia.-N. Y., 2001; Evans S. T. Ancient Mexico and Central America. Archaeology and Cultural History. – L., 2004.
[8] См.: Disselhoff Н. D. Eine mexikanische Grunstein-Maske aus der «Kunskammer» der Bayrischen Herzog // Ethnos. -1952. – Vol. XVII. – P. 130–141; Humboldt A. von. Vues de Cordillieres et Monuments des Peuples Indigenes de Г Amerique. – P., 1810. В отечественной литературе отсчет изучения ольмекских древностей ведется с находки первой каменной головы (см., напр.: Кинжалов Р. В. Современное состояние ольмекской проблемы /7 Советская агиография. – 1962. – № 2. – С. 72–81; Гуляев В. И. Древнейшие цивилизации Мезоамерики. – М: Наука, 1972. – С. 78–79; Он же. Идолы прячутся в джунглях. – М: Молодая гвардия, 1972. – 207 с.) Интересная информация о раннем периоде изучения ольмекской культуры также содержится в книгах чешского этнографа и путешественника М. Стингла (см., напр.: Стингл. М. Индейцы без томагавков.-М.: Прогресс, 1978. – 472 с; Он же. Тайны индейских пирамид. – М: Прогресс, 1982. – 248 с.) В одной из них М. Стингл упоминает (без каких-либо ссылок) экспедицию некоего «француза Дюпе (1806 г.)», который первым производил археологические исследования в районе Мексиканского залива и нашел, в частности, ряд фигурок «с изувеченными половыми органами». Очевидно, имеется в виду Гильермо Дюпе (Dupaix) (1748/50-1 817), уроженец Австро-Венгрии, который впервые попал в Мексику в 1790 г. в качестве капитана подразделения драгун. В 1805–1808 гг. при поддержке короля Карла IV предпринял ряд экспедиций с посещением древних городов майя и астеков, написал несколько книг о своих путешествиях (см., напр.: Dupaix G. Antiquites mexicaines. Relaciondetrois expeditions duCapitaine Dupaix ordonees en 1805, 1806 et 1807, pour iarecherche des antiquites du pay: En 2 Vol. -P., 1834). Во время экспедиций его сопровождал художник Хосе Кастанеда, сделавший многочисленные рисунки неизвестных европейцам руин. Отметим, в свою очередь, несколько публикаций, содержащих сведения о древностях района Мексиканского залива и предшествовавших статье X. М. Мелыара от 1869 г., напр.: Braseur de Bourbourg С. Е. Voyage surl'IsthmedeThehuantepec. -P., 1862; Hartt С. С. Remarks on Tabasco, Mexico, Occasioned by Reported Discovery of Remains of Ancient Cities Being Found in That Locality // Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia (1865–1866). – 1867. -P. 81–82.
8
Так по традиции называют изделия со шлифованной или полированной поверхностью, по форме и очертаниям повторяющие форму топора.
9
Кельт Гумбольдта частично поврежден (обломан с двух концов). Длина сохранившейся части 21 см, на кельте четко просматривается гравировка-узор из нескольких групп символов.
10
Melgar J. M. Antiguedades mexicanas, notable escultura Antigua ft Boletin de la Sosiedad Mexicana de Geografia у Estadistica. -1869. -Epoca2,– Vol. l.-P. 292–293. Статья под тем же названием вышла в том же году и в сборнике «Semanario Ilustrado». Есть все основания предполагать, что каменная голова была известна местным жителям задолго до визита X. Мельгара. Среди наиболее часто упоминаемых по этому поводу дат – 1858 г.
11
См.: Melgar J. M. Ectudio sobre la antiguedad у el origin de la cabeza colossal de tipo etiopico que existe en Hueyapan, del canton de los Tuxtlas // Boletin de la Sosiedad Mexicana de Geografia у Estadistica, – 1871. – Epoca 2. – Vol. 3. – P. 104–109.
12
Вот лишь некоторые из публикаций: Chavero A. Historia antigua de la conquista // Mexico a traves de los siglos. – 1887. – Vol. 1.; Kunz G. F. Sur une hache votive gigantesque en jadeite de l’Охаса et sur un pectoral en jadeite du Guatemala // Congres International d'Anthropologic et d'Archaeologie Prehistorique. – Dexieme Session. – P., 1889. – P. 517–523; Idem. Gems and Precious Stones of North America. – N. Y, 1890; Joyce T. A Short Guide to the American Antiquities in the British Museum. – L., 1912; Indian Notes and Monographs. Guide to the Museum. 3rd Floor. – N. Y, 1924.
13
См.: Thompson C. W. A Study of Olmec Art: A Unpublished Ph. D. – Cambridge: Harvard University, 1975.
14
Wilson T. Prehistoric Art, or the Origin of Art as Manifest in the Works of Prehistoric Man // Reports of the U.S. National Museum for the year ending June 30, 1896. – Washington, 1898. – P. 325–664.
15
Статья А. М. Пинара называлась «Opinion au sujet des Olmeques» и была опубликована в записках Географического общества в Париже в 1885 г. (пит. по: Wicke С. R. Olmec: An Early Art Style of Precolumbian Mexico. -Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1971. -P. 2).
16
Paso у Troncoso F. del. Catalogo de coleccion del D. Francisco Placarte, con la colaboracion del dueno // Anales del Mnseo Nacional de Mexico. – Mexico, 1887.
17
Также исследователи ссылаются на упоминаемую в ряде доиспанских источников область «Тамоанчан» – «страну дождей и туманов» (см., напр.: Сое М. Mexico. – L., 1994. – Р. 61).
18
Saville M. A Votive Adze of Jadeite from Mexico//Monumental Records. – 1900. -Vol. 1. -P. 138–140. Статья под тем же названием выходит два года спустя еще в одном издании: Saville M. A Votive Adze of Jadeite from Mexico // Records of the Past. – 1902. – Vol I. – P. 14–16.
19
Wicke C. R. Olmec: An Early Art Style of Precolumbian Mexico. – Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1971. – P. 4.
20
Ibid. – P. 4.
21
Holmes W. H. On a Nephrite Statuette from San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico // American Anthropologist. – 1907. – Vol. IX. -P. 691–701. См. также: Masterpieces of Aboriginal American Art// Art and Archaeology. – 1916. – Vol. 3. -P. 73; The Oldest American Monument, a Nephrite Figurine from Mexico // Art and Archaeology. – 1916. – Vol. III. – P. 275–278. Есть еще одна статья по этой же статуэтке: Washington H. S. The Jade of the Tuxtla Statuette // Proceedings of the United States National Museum. – 1922. – Vol. LX. – P. 1–12. Позднее М. Ко определил ее как «эпиольмекскую». Этого же термина придерживаются и последующие исследователи эпиольмекской письменности (см., напр.: Justeson P. L, Kaufman Т. A Decipherment of Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing // Science. – 1993. – N. 259. – P. 1665–1796.
