Текст книги "The Brothers Karamazov"
Автор книги: Федор Достоевский
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[223]sucking his own blood...: an image from St. Isaac the Syrian, Homily 73 (Greek numbering).
[224] schëmahieromonk:(from the Greek) a hieromonk who also wears a special vestment, or schema,indicating a higher monastic degree calling for special ascetic discipline.
[225]eight-pointed cross:the typical cross of the Russian Church.
[226] aer:(from the Greek) a square of cloth used to cover the chalice and paten containing the holy gifts on the altar.
[227]How believest thou: see note 4 to page 233 in section 2 5.3. Absurd in this context.
[228] Tomorrow theywill sing . . .: “As the body of a monk or schëmamonk is carried from his cell to the church, and after the funeral service to the cemetery, the stikhera[verses on biblical themes] ‘What Earthly Joy’ are sung. If the deceased was a schëmahieromonk, the canon My Helper and Defender’ is sung” (Dostoevsky’s note).
[229] gescheft:a Yiddish word that has entered Russian, meaning “a little business” or “shady dealing.”
[230] And the angel wept...: in a letter to his publisher, N. A. Lyubimov (16 September 1879), Dostoevsky refers to this “fable” as “a gem, taken down by me from a peasant woman.”
[231] Alyoskenka, little man of God:see note 3 to page 50 in section 1.2.3; the diminutive here is contemptuous.
[232] seven devils:Rakitin is thinking of Mary Magdalene; see Mark 16:9, Luke 8:1-2.
[233] Cana of Galilee:see John 2:1-11. Father Paissy reads from this passage further on.
[234]the lake of Gennesaret: the Sea of Galilee.
[235] Lyagavy:see note 1 to page 278 in section 2.5.7.
[236] Pushkin observed:in his Table– Talk,notes modeled on Hazlitt’s Table Talk(1821), whose English title Pushkin borrowed; written during the 1830s, unpublished in the poet’s lifetime.
[237] Enough: refers to “Enough. A Fragment from the Notes of a Deceased Artist” (1865) by Turgenev, a piece Dostoevsky particularly disliked.
[238] Varvara:St. Barbara, fourth-century virgin and martyr.
[239]’I wrote in this regard. . .: M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826-89), journalist, novelist, and satirist, was one of Dostoevsky’s leading adversaries (see also note 2 to page 78 in section 1.2.7). The Contemporary,a journal founded by Pushkin in 1836, became an organ of Russian revolutionary democrats; it was closed by the authorities in 1866. Shchedrin was one of its editors for a time. Dostoevsky teases his opponents (as Turgenev earlier) by associating them with Madame Khokhlakov.
[240] And naught...: from Pushkin’s Ruslan and Lyudmila(1820); the line flashes through Mitya’s mind in slightly altered form.
[241] Phoebus:Apollo, in his function as sun god.
[242] Mastriuk...: quotation from the historical ballad “Mastriuk Temriukovich,” in which Mastriuk has his clothes stolen while lying unconscious.
[243]Gullible . . .: lines from F. Tyutchev’s translation (1851) of Schiller’s “Victory Banquet” (“Das Siegesfest,” 1803), where the reference is to Clytemnestra.
[244] I am sad. . .: Mitya is, of course, rewriting Hamlet here.
[245] Yet one last tale...: cf. the first line of the monk Pimen’s speech in Pushkin’s historical tragedy Boris Godunov(1824-25), proverbial among Russians.
[246] You see, sir, when the Son of God. . .:one of many variations on the theme of hell in B.K. Andrei’s version may derive from a popular verse legend, “The Dream of the Most Holy Mother of God,” itself based on apocryphal accounts of Christ’s descent into hell.
[247]Panie: Polish forms of address, as well as Polish words and phrases, appear throughout this chapter. Panmeans “sir” or “gentleman.” Panie (pronounced PAN-yeh) is the form of direct address for a gentleman, pani (pAN-ee) for a lady; panowie(_Og-fe-vyeh) is the plural of panie. For the Polish phrases, Dostoevsky most often supplies his own translation in parentheses; we do the same.
[248] krôlowa...: Grushenka is right; the word is close to the Russian koroleva(“queen”).
[249] lajdak:“scoundrel.”
[250] Agrippina:the Polish form of Agrafena.
[251] Dead Souls:the reference is to an episode at the end of part 1, ch. 4 of Gogol’s satirical masterpiece (1842).
[252] Piron:see note 4 to page 135 in section 1 3.8.
[253]Is that you,Boileau ...: from an epigram by 1. A. Krylov (1769-1844), on a bad translation of Nicolas Boileau’s Art poétique.
[254] You’re Sappho ...: an epigram by K. N. Batyushkov (1787-1855), on a bad woman poet; legend has it that Sappho died by throwing herself into the sea.
[255] Çi-gît Piron . . .:“Here lies Piron who was nothing, Not even an academician.”
[256] To Poland . .:the action of B.K. is set in the mid 1860s, shortly after the Polish uprising of 1863; Mitya, as a former Russian officer, is making an unusually conciliatory gesture (see Terras, p. 303).
[257] ToRussia ...: Pan Vrublevsky declines to be conciliatory. Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland for the first time in 1772, a disaster that awakened the Polish national spirit.
[258] Pan Podvysotsky:in a letter to his publisher, N. A. Lyubimov (16 November 1879), Dostoevsky notes that he had heard this same anecdote three separate times over the years.
[259] gonor:Mitya uses the Polish word honor(pronounced gonorin Russian) rather than the Russian word chest’.
[260] panienochka:Maximov makes a Russian diminutive of pani.
[261] Dance cottage . . .:from a popular Russian dance song.
[262] ”new” song:in a letter to his publisher (see note 12 to page 426 in section 3.8.7), Dostoevsky notes that he copied this song down himself “from real life” and calls it “an example of recent peasant creativity.”
[263] You see, I learned ...: Maximov’s self-mockery; the sabotiereis a peasant clog-dance (French sabot,“clog”).
[264] Let this terrible cup...: see Matthew 26:39, Mark 14:36, Luke 22:42; referring to Christ’s agony in Gethsemane.
[265] The piggy. . .: refrain of several Russian folksongs.
[266] Its legs...: from a riddle song.
[267] podlajdak:Mitya adds a Russian prefix meaning sub– to the Polish word for “scoundrel.”
[268] Ah, hallway...: another popular dance song, about a peasant girl who defies her father out of love for a young man (see Terras, p. 310).
[269] the Jurisprudence:the Imperial School of Jurisprudence in Petersburg.
[270] state councillor:see note 1 to page 99 in section 1.3.2.
[271] The Soul’s journey through Torments:according to a purely popular Christian notion, as a person’s soul ascends towards heaven after death, it meets evil spirits that try to force it down to hell. Only the souls of the righteous avoid these “torments” (there are said to be twenty of them) The point here is that Mitya’s soul, figuratively, is not merely suffering but rising; the “journey” is one of purification.
[272] Diogenes’ lantern:Diogenes the Cynic (404-323? b.c.), a Greek philosopher, is said to have gone about with a lantern in broad daylight, “looking for a man.”
[273] Be patient ...an imprecise quotation from “Silentium” (1836), a famous poem by F. Tyutchev.
[274] of the twelfth grade:one of the lowest grades (there were fourteen) of the imperial civil service.
[275] the thunder has struck:refers to a Russian proverb that Dostoevsky quotes in a letter to his publisher (see note 12 to page 426 in section 3.8.7) “Unless thunder strikes, a peasant won’t cross himself.”
[276] dry and sharp:from the poem “Before Rain” (1846) by Nikolai Nekrasov.
[277]Smaragdov: see note 5 to page 125 in section 1.3.6.
[278] Oh, children . . .:beginning of the fable “The Cock, the Cat, and the Mouse”(1802) by 1.1. Dmitriev (1760-1837).
[279]A Kinsman . . .:a book translated from the French, published in Moscow in 1785.
[280] who taught you all that:Kolya’s ideas throughout his harangue are drawn from the liberal press of the time. Again, as with Madame Khokhlakov, Dostoevsky is teasing his opponents, here by reflecting their ideas through a schoolboy’s mind. There is, of course, a serious point to it, connected with one of the major themes of B.K., the influence of the word.
[281] if there were no God . . .:see note 3 to page 24 in section 1.1.4 and note 5 to page 234 in 2.5.3.
[282] Candide:Voltaire’s satirical-philosophical tale (1759).
[283]Belinsky ... Onegin: refers to the “Ninth Essay on Pushkin” (1844-45) by the influential liberal critic Vissarion Belinsky (1811-48). Onegin and Tatiana are the hero and heroine of Pushkin’s novel in verse Evgeny Onegin (1823-31).
[284] Les femmes tricottent:“Women are knitters.”
[285]The Bell: the two lines of verse Kolya quotes are from an anti-government satire that appeared in the émigré magazine North Star(no. 6,1861) and elsewhere, but not in The Bell, published in London by Alexander Herzen (1812-70), where a sequel to it appeared. The “Third Department” was the imperial secret police, whose headquarters were near the Chain Bridge in Petersburg.
[286] If I forget thee . . .:see Psalm 137, “By the rivers of Babylon . . .”
[287]Skotoprigonyevsk: roughly “Cattle-roundup-ville.”
[288] They want to setup ...:the question of a monument to Pushkin began to be discussed in the press in 1862; on 6 June 1880 the monument was finally unveiled. Dostoevsky gave a famous address on the occasion.
[289] vous comprenez . ..: “you know, this business and the terrible death of your papa.”
[290] like aSwede at Poltava:a common Russian saying; the original has “like a Swede,” the “at Poltava” being implied. Charles XII of Sweden was roundly defeated at Poltava in 1709 by Peter the Great.
[291]wisdom: in this context, the Old Slavonic word premudrost’ (wisdom) most likely refers to the Scriptures.
[292]Apocryphal Gospels: accounts of the life of Christ (such as the Gospels of Thomas or James) not accepted as canonical.
[293] Claude Bernard:French physiologist (1813-78), whose Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicinedefined the basic principles of scientific research.
[294] de thoughtibus...: Mitya’s variation on the Latin saying de gustibus non est disputandum(“there is no arguing over taste”).
[295]image and likeness: see note 4 to page 239 in section 2.5.4.
[296] Ah, what a charming little foot . . .:Dostoevsky’s (not Rakitin’s) jesting response to D. D. Minaev’s parody of a poem by Pushkin. Minaev (1835-89) was a poet of civic themes.
[297]to the uttermost farthing: see Matthew 5:26.
[298] Alyosha was startled . . .:Katerina Ivanovna suddenly addresses Ivan in the familiar second person singular, indicating greater intimacy than social conventions would have allowed them.
[299] with obvious coldness:here Ivan suddenly addresses Alyosha in the formal second person plural.
[300] Ah, Vanka’s gone....: Vanka is a diminutive of Ivan. The song must unconsciously remind Ivan of his departure on the eve of the catastrophe (see Terras, p. 381).
[301] Licharda:see note 2 to page 269 in section 2.5.6.
[302] The Homilies. . .: see note 7 to page 27 in section 1.1.5.
[303] qui frisait la cinquantaine:“who was pushing fifty.”
[304] Thomas believed...: see note 1 to page 26 in section 1.1.5.
[305] c’est noble ... c’est chivaleresque:“it’s noble, it’s delightful ... it’s chivalrous.”
[306] I donated ten roubles .... that is, to a fund to help liberate Slavs under Turkish domination in the Balkans.
[307] Satan sum...: the devil adapts a famous line from the Roman playwright Terence (190-159 b.c.): homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto(“I am a man, nothing human is alien to me”).
[308]C’est de nouveau, n’est-ce pas?:“That’s something new, isn’t it?”
[309]the waters above the firmament: see Genesis 1:7.
[310] Gattsuk...: A. A. Gattsuk (1832-91) was a Moscow publisher who published a yearly almanac in the 1870s and 1880s.
[311] great ... beautiful:see note 2 to page 71 in section 1.2.6.
[312] Le diable n’existe point:“The devil does not exist.”
[313] and various little vaudevilles ... Khlestakov:the quoted line is spoken by Khlestakov, the impostor-hero of Gogol’s comedy The Inspector-General(1836).
[314]Je pense donc je suis:“I think, therefore I am,” the well-known phrase of the philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650).
[315] a certain department.... see note 5 to page 555 in section 4.10.6.
[316] rejected all ...:the quoted words are spoken by Repetilov in Griboyedov’s Woe from Wit(see note 1 to page 221 in section 2.5.1)
[317]the ‘mellowing . . .’: a commonplace in the eighteenth-century debate on the progress of civilization.
[318]the desert fathers...: first line of a poem by Pushkin (1836) that goes on to paraphrase the fourth-century Prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian, recited in weekday services during the Great Lent.
[319] the actor Gorbunov:I. F. Gorbunov (1831-96), a personal friend of Dostoevsky, also a writer and talented improvisor.
[320]Ah, mon père...: “Ah, father, it is such pleasure for him, and so little trouble for me.” This witticism goes back to an anonymous epigram on the French actress Jeanne-Catherine Gaussain (1711-67).
[321] great and beautiful:again, see note 2to page 71 in section 1.2.6.
[322]Belinsky: see note 3 to page 555 in section 4.10.6.
[323] I did think...: Dostoevsky plays in this passage on the names of certain decorations and of certain publications: the “Lion and Sun” was a Persian order, which might be awarded to a Russian serving in the Caucasus; the “North Star” was a Swedish order, but also a Russian radical almanac; “Sinus,” the Dog Star, is also the hero of Voltaire’s Micro-mégas(1752), The devil teases Ivan with being a liberal.
[324] Mephistopheles . . .:see Goethe, Faust, part 1, lines 1335-36.
[325]à la Heine:Heinrich Heine (1797-1856), German poet and essayist of irreverent wit.
[326]Ah, mais c’est bête enfin!:“Ah, but how stupid, really!”
[327] Luther’s inkstand:it is said that Martin Luther (1483-1546) was tempted by the devil while translating the Bible and threw his inkstand at him.
[328] Monsieur sait-il...: “Does the gentleman know what the weather is like? One wouldn’t put a dog outside . . “The first half of a joke, the punch line being: “Yes, but you are not a dog.” The whole joke appears in Dostoevsky’s notebooks of 1876-77.
[329] Le mot de l’énigme: “the key to the riddle.”
[330]the doors of heaven open: see Revelation 4:1.
[331]Herrnhufer or “Moravian Brother”:the Herrnhufers emerged as a religious sect in eighteenth-century Saxony and subsequently spread to Russia. Their beliefs were rooted in the teachings of the fifteenth-century Moravian Brethren.
[332] Gott der Vater...: Herzenstube teaches Mitya to say “God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit” in German.
[333] Bread and circuses!:in Latin, panem et circenses;bitter words addressed by the poet Juvenal (65?-128 a.d.) to the Romans of the decadent period (Satires10.81).
[334] Le diable . . .:see note 10 to page 641 in section 4.11.9.
[335] then he cried out with a frenzied cry:a Hebraism reminiscent of the cries of those possessed by evil spirits; cf. Acts 8:6-7, Luke 8:28, Matthew 8:29, Mark 9:26.
[336] ”accursed” questions:God versus reason, human destiny, the future of Russia, and so forth; questions that concerned Dostoevsky himself (see Terras, p. 412).
[337] new open courts . . .: the judicial reform of 1864 introduced public jury trials in Russia.
[338] least Hamletian question . ..: refers to Hamlet 3.1.78; not a quotation.
[339] he lived among us:first line of Pushkin’s poem to the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855).
[340] A great writer... comparison:the line “Ah, troika . . .” comes from Gogol’s Dead Souls,Sobakevich, Nozdryov, and Chichikov are the grotesque heroes of the novel.
[341] like to the sun...: a line from the ode “God” (1784) by the great Russian poet G. R. Derzhavin (1743-1816).
[342] après moi le déluge:“after me the flood,” attributed to Louis XV, and also to his favorite, the Marquise de Pompadour.
[343] dark mysticism ... witless chauvinism: criticisms often leveled at Dostoevsky by his opponents, here treated good-humoredly.
[344] what lies beyond:see note 3 to page 694 in section 4.12.6.
[345] We’ll close Kronstadt . . .:island and port on the Gulf of Finland; in the nineteenth century Russia was a major exporter of wheat.
[346] strike the heart ...: quotation from Pushkin’s poem ”Reply to Anonymous”(1830).
[347] Udolpho:refers to The Mysteries of Udolpho(1794), a gothic novel by the English writer Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823), very popular in Russia in the earlier nineteenth century.
[348] the power to bind and to loose:see Matthew 16:19,18:18; rather loosely applied by Fetyukovich.
[349] The crucified lover of mankind . .:the quotation is a conflation of John 10:11,14-15, with the last phrase added by Fetyukovich. On the epithet “lover of mankind,” see note 1 to page 18 in section 1.1.4.
[350] Fathers, provoke not...: cf. Colossians 3:21. Fetyukovich “adulters” by what he omits (see Colossians 3:20).
[351] vivos voco!: “I call the living.” From the epigraph to Schiller’s “Song of the Bell,” used in turn as an epigraph by the radical journal The Bell(see note 5 to page 555 in section 4.10.6).
[352] With what measure ye mete ...: see note 1 to page 133 in section 1.3.8; Fetyukovich goes on to reverse the meaning of this “precept.”
[353] ’metal and ‘brimstone’:refers to a passage from the play Hard Days(1863) by Alexander Ostrovsky (1823-86), in which a merchant’s wife is afraid to hear these biblical words.
[354] Drive nature out the door . ..: quotation from a Russian translation of La Fontaine’s “La Chatte métamorphosée en femme” (The cat changed into a woman), Fables 2.18.
[355]These people . . .: see Matthew 25:35-43.
[356] It is better . . .:the majestic voice is Peter the Great’s; the words are a slightly altered quotation from his Military Code(1716).
[357] For Thou art our God...: the phrase appears in many Orthodox prayers, particularly in the Hymn of the Resurrection sung at Matins.
[358] Thou art angry, Jupiter . ..: a well-known saying in Russia. Its ultimate source is unknown, but a somewhat similar phrase occurs in a dialogue by the Greek satirist Lucian. See N.S. Ashukin and M. G. Ashukina, Krylatye Slova(Winged words) (Moscow, 1986), pp. 721-22.
[359] I will break the sword . . .:a sword was broken over the condemned man’s head in the ceremony known as “civil execution” (see Terras, p. 436). Dostoevsky underwent such an “execution” on 22 December 1849, and described it in a letter to his brother Mikhail written that same day.
[360] Good God, gentlemen...: refers to an actual case, involving the actress A. B. Kairova, which Dostoevsky wrote about in his Diary of a Writer(May 1876).
[361] to the last Mohicans:James Fenimore Cooper’s novel The Last of the Mohicans(1826) was very popular in Russia; Dostoevsky owned a French translation of it.
[362] fillet:a narrow band with a prayer of absolution written on it, customarily placed on the head of the deceased in Russian funeral services.
[363] may his memory ... ages of ages:liturgical language echoing the service they have all just attended; the prayer “Memory Eternal,” sung at the very end of the funeral service, refers to God’s memory.
