Текст книги "Практический курс английского языка 2 курс"
Автор книги: Владимир Аракин
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В.: I see... And how did you get along?
N.: Wonderfully. I tested his blood pressure and gave him a couple of injections, though he
said that my smile worked better than any injection.
В.: Oh, he did, did he? And he didn't have heart attack after the tooth was taken out? It would
have been natural for an old man.
N.: No, he just felt a bit sick and giddy. I gave him с tonic and told him to stay in bed for a
while and take his temperature.
В.: Perhaps I'd better drop in and check his heart? I'm on sick leave now and can do it at any
time.
N.: You needn't. I'll ring him up and in case he's running a high temperature I'll let you know.
But I do hope he won't. The day after tomorrow he's coming again,
В.: Are you sure he's not going to make an appointment with some other dentist?
N.: I don't think he will. When he was leaving he said he looked forward to having all his
teeth pulled out and he would keep them all as souvenirs to remember me by.
В.: Well, I wish you good luck. Hope to hear from you soon. Bye for now, Nell.
N.: Good-bye, Bert. I'll let you know how things are going on.
Memory Work
For every evil under the sun.
There is a remedy, or there is none.
If there be one, try to find it.
If there be none, never mind it.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (П)
Words
appendicitis n
insomnia n
attack (of smth.) n
prescription n
case (of a disease) n
recover (from a disease) υ
cholera n
remedy n
complication n
scarlet fever n
cough υ, n
sneeze о
cure of υ
sore (throat, eye, finger, etc.) adj
cure for n
surgery n
die of υ
symptom n
diphthertia n
tonic n
disease n
treat υ (smb. for a disease)
indigestion n
treatment (for smth.) n
injection n
typhoid fever n
Word Combinations
to feel smb.'s (one's) pulse
to write out a prescription (for pills, etc.)
to go to a chemist's (drugstore)
to follow the doctor's directions
to catch (a) cold
to have an accident
to be short of breath
to examine a patient (smb.'s throat etc.)
to breathe in deeply
to consult (see) a doctor
to have a nervous breakdown
to keep to a diet (of ...); to be on (go on), follow a diet
to have a prescription (medicine, mixture, tonic, etc.) made up
to take medicine (a spoonful of, etc.)
to be wrong with (one's heart, lungs, etc.); to have smth. wrong with
to be taken ill (to fall ill) with
to be laid up with
to feel sick (and giddy)
to fill smb.'s tooth
to have one's tooth filled, to have a filling
to pull (take) out a tooth = to have an extraction
to have one's tooth pulled out (taken out), extracted
to be (have one's teeth, chest, heart, etc.) X-rayed
to test smb.'s blood
to have one's blood tested
to test smb.'s blood pressure
to have one's blood pressure tested
to have, get (give) an injection (a needle)
to have a heart attack
to check smb.'s heart, lungs, etc.; to sound smb.'s heart, lungs, etc.
to be on sick leave; to get sick leave
to make an appointment with a doctor
Examples
He was taken to hospital and operated on (underwent an operation) for appendicitis.
After I've had some injections of tonic I feel quite cured of all my ailments.
The child is ill (laid up) with chicken pox (ветрянка). He'll soon recover if no complications
set in.
Smallpox (оспа) is a catching (заразная) disease marked by fever and small red spots on the
body and often leaves permanent marks.
I've been on sick leave for a fortnight already, but I don't feel any better so far.
The doctor diagnosed the illness as tuberculosis (t. b.).
A doctor who performs (carries out) operations is called a surgeon. Nowadays operations
may be performed almost on any part of the body.
When people have pain in their teeth they go to a dentist to have the holes in their teeth filled
(stopped). When necessary they may have their teeth taken (pulled) out.
People who are treated in health centres (policlinics) are called out-patients, those who stay
in hospital are called inpatients.
Something is wrong with my legs: all my joints ache and when I bend my knee it hurts me.
The old man's sight is getting dim (слабеет), his eyes are sore, swollen and itching.
N o t e: Don't say "He wrote me a prescription out"; but «He wrote out a prescription for me».
EXERCISES
I. Study Text A and explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below.
in an unthinking moment, idly turn the leaves, a fatal malady, premonitory symptoms,
complication, to walk the hospitals, to time the pulse, all for nothing, the prescription ran, a family
hotel, to follow the directions, his life was preserved.
II. a) Write English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Use them
in sentences of your own:
1. застыв от ужаса; 2. заинтересоваться чём-л.; 3. интересный случай с медицинской
точки зрения; 4. защищать диплом; 5. отнимазь у кого-л. время; 6. каждые шесть часов; 7.
забивать голову непонятными вещами.
b) Write these words in English and transcribe them:
болезнь, симптом, отчаяние, тиф, алфавит, дифтерит, холера, талия, скарлатина,
аптекарь.
c) Find in the text synonyms of the following words and phrases and explain
how they differ:18
illness (4 words), friend, doctor, look quickly, imagine, do a favour to smb., die.
III. Write 10 questions to Text A covering the main points. Prepare to discuss
the test using the words and phrases from Ex. П.
IV. Study Texts В and С and translate these sentences into English:
1. Я страдаю от бессонницы. 2. Я все время чихаю и кашляю. 3. У меня болит горло. 4.
В довершение ко всему я простудился. 5. Я задыхаюсь. 6. С легкими у вас все в порядке. 7.
Глубоко вдохните через нос. 8. У вас может быть нервное расстройство. 9. Регулярно
питайтесь и придерживайтесь овощной диеты. 10 По столовой ложке три раза в день. 11.
Обещаю полное выздоровление в течение трех месяцев. 12. Я Это обдумаю. 13. Я рада, что
застала тебя дома. 14. У меня уйма новостей. 15. Ни одного! 16. Она досаждала ему уже два
дня, 17. Я была единственным врачом в приемной. 18. Бедняжка! 19. Не говори глупостей! 20.
Для начала я как раз выбрала самый легкий зуб. 21. Ну, и как у тебя пошли дела? 22. Я
сделала ему пару уколов. 23. Может быть, мне лучше забежать..? 24, Он их сохранит на
память обо мне.
V. Reproduce Text В so that a question is asked about each sentence said by
the patient or the doctor. Recite the dialogue in class.
18 See Notes on Synonyms and Antonyms on p. 18.
Example: Patient: You'd better ask me what is not the matter with me, doctor.
Doctor: Is it really as bad as that? What are you complaining of ?
Patient: Insomnia... and pains in the stomach.
Doctor: Oh, dear, isn't it too much for one man?
VI. Relell Text С in indirect spech: a) speaking on the part of the old man;
b) reproducing Nell's talk with Bert over the telephone. You may find the
following phrases useful:
a) to look a miserable wreck, to suffer from, to cheer smb. up, to be in despair, to be in high
spirits; b) to be afraid that, to be sorry for, to doubt smb.'s skill, to wonder if..., to feel hurt, to
suggest that one should...
VII. Study Essential Vocabulary (II) and
a) translate the illustrative examples into Russian;
b) express in writing the suggested idea using do for emphasis. Add a
sentence to show that the emphasis is necessary:
Examples:
Your brother did go to the chemist's to have your prescription made up
though he was pressed for time. Mother told you to put on your coat but you wouldn't and you did
catch a cold.
1. to have a nervous breakdown; 2. to keep to a diet; 3. to try to make an appointment with; 4.
to give (get) an injection; 5. to get sick leave; 6. to set in (about complications); 7. to prescribe pills
for; 8. to undergo a treatment; 9. to recover from; 10. to diagnose Smb.'s illness (as); 11. to have
one's tooth filled; 12. to need the services of a surgeon.
VIII. a) Supply prepositions where necessary:
Scarlet fever is an infectious fever, marked .. the appearance ... the second day ... a bright red
rash consisting ... closely-set red spots. Shortly after the patient develops a high temperature and
suffers ... painful sore throat. ... the third or fourth day the rash starts to fade and ... favourable cases
the temperature falls and the patient feels better. ... the end ... a week the rash usually disappears.
Complete recovery may be expected ... the following month, The complications ... scarlet fever are
very serious, the commonest being inflammation ... the ear. Scarlet fever is essentially a disease ...
children and young persons.
b) Give a short description of some other disease using a few phrases from
the text above.
IX. Correct the following statements, beginning each sentence with one of the
following phrases:
You're wrong. You're mistaken. I can't agree with you. Nothing of the kind. But... (it is, they
don't, etc.). I don't think you're right. Of course not. Just the other way round. On the contrary.
Surely not! By no means!
Example:
– You never take your temperature when you аге ill.
– Oh, yes (of course), I do. I always take my temperature when I'm ill.
1. Sick people never stay in bed while they are ill. 2. You were laid up with-flu last week, I
believe. 3. It is not dangerous to take care of a person who has got a catching disease. 4. People often
feel sick and giddy when they are quite well. 5. We seldom sneeze and cough when we have a cold.
6. You never have a sore throat when you have tonsillitis. 7. She doesn't feel any pain in her heart
when she has a heart attack. 8. Children have swollen eyes when they have been laughing too much.
9. People need the services of the doctor when they are well, I think. 10. Probably you consult a
dentist when you have a stomach-ache.
X. Read the text. Summarize it in 5-6 sentences without using direct speech;
Hob sat in the doctor's waiting-room. On the chairs at the wall other patients were sitting.
They all looked sad except Hob who was reading an exciting story in a magazine. Just then the
doctor came in to say that he was ready to see the next person. Hob got up and went into the
consulting room.
Before Hob could say a word the doctor said, "Now what's the trouble? Sit down there and
we'll have a look at you. Unfasten your jacket and your shirt, please. I'll listen to your heart." Hob
tried to speak, but the doctor interrupted him and ordered him to say "ninety-nine". Hob said it.
"Now let me see your throat, open your mouth wide." The doctor had a good look and then he said,
"Well, there's nothing wrong with you." "I know there isn't," said Hob, "I just came to get a bottle of
medicine for my uncle."
(From Essential English for foreign students by С. Е. Eckersley, Lnd.. 1977)
XI. Write 10 sentences to go with each of the pictures on pp. 68, 71.
XII. Answer the following questions:
1. What are the symptoms of flu (tonsillitis, measles, mumps, scarlet fever, etc.)? 2. Who is
treated at the policlinic, and who is treated at the hospital? 3. What do you do when you fall ill? 4.
What does the doctor do when he comes to examine you? 5. What do you feel when you have flu? 6.
How does a sick person look? 7. How should we translate into Russian "He is ill" and "He has ill
manners"? 8. What catching diseases do you know? 9. Do people in this country get their pay when
they are ill?
ХIII. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Я, должно быть, схватил грипп. 2. Вам лучше обратиться к врачу. 3. Врач пощупал
мой пульс, прослушал сердце и легкие и измерил температуру. 4. Она не в состоянии
разговаривать, у нее ужасно болит зуб. 5. Я вся дрожу. Должно быть, я простудилась. 6. Я не
могу читать вслух, у меня болит горло. 7. Беспокоиться не о чем, его успешно
прооперировали. 8. Я, пожалуй, приму эти пилюли от головной боли. 9. Почему ты ходишь в
такую погоду без шляпы? Ты ведь недавно серьезно болел. У тебя могут быть осложнения. 10.
Вам сделали рентген? 11. Вот рецепт. По столовой ложке микстуры три раза в день. 12. Вы
послали за доктором? 13. У вас два больных зуба. Вам нужно обратиться к зубному врачу. 14.
Врач попросил пациента раздеться до пояса и выслушал его. 15. Кто пойдет в аптеку заказать
лекарство? 16. Если бы ты не следовала советам врача, ты бы не поправилась так скоро. 17. На
вашем месте я придерживалась бы диеты, у вас ведь не в порядке желудок. 18. Как жаль,
доктор забыл выписать мне лекарство от насморка. 19. Почему у вас одышка – у вас высокое
давление или что-нибудь с сердцем? 20. Ребенок болен скарлатиной. Придется ему дней
десять полежать в постели.
XTV. Make up stories and dialogues through mime19.
Have the students to prepare a mime and perform it twice (for tasks A and B).
The performed actions should be rather slow to allow the other students to tell the
story or speak for the mimes.
A. Describe the actions of the mimes using the Present Indefinite, Continuous
or Perfect tenses. (for one or two students)
B. Speak for each mime. (for two students)
19 The noun mime has two meanings: 1. a performance without words (пантомима); 2. an actor in such a performance (мим).
С Tell the story in reported speech orally or in writing. (for one student)
Suggested topics and stages for actions:
1. At the Doctor's
a) A patient enters the room and tells the doctor what he (she) is suffering from.
b) The doctor asks the patient to strip to the waist and examines him (her).
c) The patient asks the doctor what's wrong with him. He seems to be worried.
d) The doctor tries to comfort the patient and writes out a prescription.
2. At the Dentist's
a) A patient complains of a bad toothache.
b) The dentist asks him to sit down and examines his mouth. One of his teeth should be
pulled out.
c) The patient is afraid. He feels sick and giddy.
d) The dentist pulls out his tooth and shows it to the patient who brightens up and looks
happy.
3. At the Bedside
a) A boy complains of a sore throat.
b) His mother is worried. She takes his temperature, it's normal. His throat is all right
c) Then the boy pretends to have a stomach-ache and a headache, to be sick and giddy.
d) His mother understands his tricks and orders him to go to school.
XV. Try your hand at teaching.
Find a picture on a medical subject and ask your «pupils» to describe it.
A. Preparation. a) Make up a list of new words (in spelling and transcription) that might be
needed to discuss it.
b) Write questions about the picture, using the phrases: in the picture, in the foreground
[background), in the right(left-) hand corner, to the right (left) of.
c) took up the words and phrases you may need to discuss the picture in class in "Classroom
English", Section V.
В. Work in Class. Show the picture to the members of your group; write the new words on
the blackboard, translate them (or explain their meaning) and make the students repeat them in
chorus; ask your questions.20
XVI. a) Give the idea of the text in English:
Сколько стоит аппендицит?
Бумажка была счетом за удаление у «мистера Стрельникова» аппендицита. Одному из
нас с подобного рода бумагой пришлось столкнуться впервые, и было очень интересно
читать: «Анализ крови – 25 долларов. Плата хирургу за операцию – 200 долларов.
Анестезия – 35 долларов. Плата за каждый день пребывания в госпитале – 200 долларов.
Плата за телевизор – 3 доллара в день». И так далее. Всего расставание с аппендицитом
мистеру Стрельникову стоило 1112 долларов! Сюда входит плата врачу за постановку
диагноза, за удаление ниток из шва...
Если бы мистер Стрельников пожелал продлить пребывание в госпитале до
существующей у нас нормы (семь дней), бумажка счета стала бы вполовину длиннее. Как
гражданин страны, где медицинское обслуживание бесплатное, денег из своего жалованья
мистер Стрельников не платил. Уплатило за него государство. А в больнице он был столько,
20 The first picture should be discussed with the whole group under the teacher's guidance; the other pictures may be discussed m
pans.
сколько бывают американцы, – три дня.
(Стрельников
В.,
Песков Б. Земля за океаном. М., 1975)
Prompts: bill, anaesthesia, to take out the stitch, twice longer.
b) Say what you know about the cost of health service in America, in Russia
and in other countries nowadays.
ХVII. a) Bead and translate the texts below:
1. In Great Britain primary health care is in the hands of family practitioners who work
within the National Health Service. The family practitioner services are those given to patients by
doctors, dentists, opticians and pharmacists of their own choice. Family doctors who are under
contract to the National Health Service have an average about 2,250 patients. They provide the first
diagnosis in the case of illness and either prescribe a suitable course of treatment or refer a patient to
the more specialized services and hospital consultants.
A large proportion of the hospitals in the National Health Service were built in the nineteenth
century; some trace their origin to much earlier charitable foundations, such as the famous St.
Bartholomew's and St. Thomas' hospitals in London.
About 85 per cent of the cost of the health services is paid for through general taxation. The
rest is met from the National Health Service contribution and from the charges for prescriptions,
dental treatment, dentures and spectacles. Health authorities may raise funds from voluntary sources.
(See: "Britain 1983". Lnd., 1983)
2. Nobody pretends that the National Health Service in Britain is perfect. Many doctors
complain that they waste hours filling in National Insurance forms, and that they have so many
patients that they do not have enough time to look after any of them properly. Nurses complain that
they are overworked and underpaid.
3. Many Health Service hospitals are old-fashioned and overcrowded, and, because of the
shortage of beds, patients often have to wait a long time for operations. Rich people prefer to go to
private doctors, or to see specialists in Harley Street, the famous "doctors" street in London. When
these people are ill they go to a private nursing-home, for which they may pay as much as £ 100 a
week. Alternatively, they may hire a private room in an ordinary hospital, for which they will pay
about £ 10 a day.
(Musman R. Britain To-day. Lnd., 1974)
b) Write 10 questions about the facts mentioned in the texts that you find
interesting and discuss them in class.
XVIII. Find some jokes on a medical subject and tell them to your fellow-
students.
XIX. a) Give а very short description of each picture in the Present Tense. Use
prompt words and phrases listed in the Note.
b) Make up a story about the pictures in the Past Tense c) Find a short title to
the story.
Note: сточная труба – sewer; носилки – stretcher; санитарная машина – ambulance;
санитар – ambulance man; операционная operating-room; гипсовая повязка – plaster-bandage.
XX. Film «Mr.Brown's Holiday». Dilm segment 2 "Miss Peggy and the Pussy
Cays" (Canterbury), a) Watch and listen, b) Do the exercises from the guide to the
film.
STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH
П
This time you will learn more about the smallest thought units that build up writing,
beginning with a paragraph and how they work within the paragraph.
Key-words are main words in the passage that help to emphasize the main point and
understand the subject you are writing about. That is why key-words are the first elements to choose
when setting your mind on writing on a certain subject and there are different ways to use them in a
paragraph: repeating them, using synonyms, bringing them in close semantic relation.
E. g. "He read the letter slowly and carefully. It was not the kind of case he wanted, it was not
the kind of case he had promised himself. It was not in any sense an important case..." (From "The
Nemean Lion" by A. Christie). Hercule Poirot, the famous detective of A. Christie's had been
dreaming of an unusual case. That one about the kidnapping of a dog was a disappointment. It was
not a proper case for him.
The central thought of the paragraph is emphasized by repeating the key-word, otherwise
echo-word.
Assignments:
1. Go over the test "A Day's Wait" and pick out the key-words and phrases that indicate the
topic: of illness and treatment. Arrange them into three groups according to the ways that are
commonly used to point out the central thought. Which is the largest group and why?
2. Prepare a list of key-words end phrases before writing a paragraph: a) describing how the
poor boy looked before the doctor саше; b) telling a story of his recovery; c) arguing about the
turning point in his illness; d) explaining the difference between miles and kilometers, between the
Fahrenheit thermometer and the Centigrade thermometer.
LABORATORY EXERCISES (II)
1. a) listen to the text «A Victim to One Hundred and Seven Fatal Maladies»,
mark the stresses and tunes, b) Repeat the test following; the model.
2. Listen to the dialogue «A Visit to the Doctor». Repeat the text in the interval
and record your version. Compare your version with the original and correct your
mistakes.
3. Respond to the following suggestions. Begin your sentences with "Hadn't
we (he) better.."?
4. Extend the statements. Begin your sentences with «It's time you (he, etc.)» +
a verb in the Past Subjunctive.
5. Write a dictation. Check the spelling using a dictionary.
6. Translate the given sentences into English. Check them with the key.
7. Listen to the text «Doctor Sally» or some other text on the topic. Get ready
to act it out in class.
CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS
Crossword Puzzle
Across
1. Stop a hole in a tooth with cement, etc. 3. Seize something with the teeth (also cause a
sharp pain). 11. Fill a hole in a tooth with cement, etc. 13. Fibers (волокна) connecting the brain
with all other parts of the body and carrying feelings to the brain. 14. Let out the air suddenly
through the nose and the mouth (usu. when having a cold). 18. An instrument for measuring
temperature. 19. A kind of medicine having good effects on the body. 23. The middle joint of the leg
where the leg bends. 25. A hollow in the lungs (каверна). 27. A person who practises medicine and
treats people. 28. The drink made by pouring boiling water on dried leaves bearing the same name,
often used as a tonic. 29. A coloured liquid used for writing with a pen. 30. Take one's clothes off.
31. Come into two or more parts; crack a bone, joint.
Down
2. Breathing organs found in man and animal. 3. Take air into the body and send it out. 4.
Exist. 5. The degree of heat or cold in the air, water, body, etc. 6. Be still, relax after work, efforts,
etc. 7. Small spots (red or pink) close together on the skin (usu. a symptom of a disease). 8.
Difficulty in digesting food. 9. Be aware through the senses. 10. A catching disease marked by fever
and small spots that cover the whole body (common among children). 12. Give medical care to
people in order to cure them. 15. A high temperature. 16. The red liquid in the body. 17. The regular
beating of the arteries as the blood is forced along them. 20. An open sore (язва, нарыв) on internal
organs. 21. A special choice of food ordered by a doctor. 22. Ill, unwell. 24. A person specially
trained to look after sick people. 26. A short sleep. 27. Not clearly seen.
UNIT THREE
SPEECH PATTERNS
1. You like the way they work.
I like the way the doctor treats the child. Do you like the way she wears her hat? I don't like
the way you speak to me. The teacher didn't like the way the children behaved in class.
2. It is always interesting for tourists to take a trip along the Thames in a boat.
It was difficult for the students to make notes of his lecture.
It will be convenient for you to live in our hostel.
It would be useful for him to give up smoking.
It would have been natural for the sick man to fall asleep after the injection.
EXERCISES
I. Say whether you like or dislike the way:
1. the doctor treated the boy (in the story "A Day's Wait");
2. the boy behaved during his illness;
3. Hemingway described the boy's mood;
4. you spent your summer holidays;
5. the students of your group work at their English;
6. you were taught English at school;
7. women dress nowadays;
8. the girls in your group dress their hair.
II. Fill in missing adjectives + preposition:
1. Will it be......everybody to have our meeting after the lessons? I believe so, but I don't
know if it will be......our teacher. 2. Would it be......the second-year students to read English
newspapers? If you mean papers published in Britain I think it would be......them so far. 3. Which is
more......a student: to read or to speak English well? If the student is going to become a teacher, it's
equally ... ... him or her both to read and speak well. 4. Do you think it would be......students with
bad spelling to copy English texts? It might be......them, of course, but to tell you the truth it's a very
tiresome job. 5. Will it be.......students to take part in the phonetic contest at our department? Of
course. It will be ......first-year students as it will give them a good chance to brush up their
pronunciation.
III. Translate these sentences into English:
1. Ей будет легко подружиться с детьми – им нравится, как она с ними играет. 2, Мне
было бы интересно принять участие в экскурсии, если бы я был помоложе. 3. Мне не
нравится, как ты читаешь, тебе надо уделять больше внимания чтению вслух. 4. Я считаю, вам
необходимо посоветоваться с врачом по поводу головной боли. 5. Мне не нравится, как эта
медсестра делает уколы. 6. Первокурсникам будет интересно узнать об истории и традициях
нашего института.
IV. Make up micro-dialogues using Speech Patterns 1—2:
Model: – Why didn't you come to N's recital yesterday? I liked the way he played.
– I'd have come if I were a musician as you are. But it's difficult for me to understand
serious music, I prefer jazz.
TEXT. INTRODUCING LONDON
London is an ancient city. It grew up around the first point where the Roman invaders found
the Thames narrow enough to build a bridge. They found a small Celtic settlement then known as
Londinium and by A. D.21 300 they had turned it into a sizeable port and an important trading centre
with a wall which enclosed the homes of about 50,000 people.
One in seven of the population of the United Kingdom is a Londoner. About 7 million people
live in Greater London.22 London dominates British life. It is the home of the nation's commerce and
finance, the main centre of its legal system and the press. It has the largest university and the greatest
possibilities for entertainment and for sport in the country. London is one of the famous capital cities
of the world, and every year attracts crowds of visitors from home and abroad. They come to explore
its historic buildings, to see its museums and galleries, its streets and parks, and its people.
The built-up area of Greater London stretches 50 kilometres from east to west and many of
its districts are linked with particular activities, for example, parliamentary and government activity
centres on Parliament Square of Westminster and Whitehall. Just as "Westminster" stands for
Parliament so "Whitehall" is often used as the name for central Government.
Off Whitehall in a small side-street Downing Street – is a quiet, unimpressive house – No.
10 – the official home of Prime Minister.
Just as Wall Street in New York is the centre of commerce and finance so the City of London,
sometimes called "the square mile"23 is the centre for money matters. Here in Threadneedle Street is
the Bank of England – sometimes called "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street" – the central
banking institution whose pound24 notes form the main currency in the country. Fleet Street near St.
Paul's Cathedral used to be a busy street full of foreign, provincial and London newspaper offices
such as The Daily Express, The Daily Telegraph. 25
21 A. D. = Anno Domini (Lat.): in the year of the Lord, new era ['isre].
22 Greater London includes the suburbs of the city all of which are connected with the centre of London and with each other by
underground railway lines.
23 mile: a measure of length, 1609 metres. English measures of length (yard – 91 cm, foot – 30 cm, inch – 2.5 cm), weight (stone
– 6 kg, pound – 454 g, ounce – 31 g), liquids (gallon – 3.79 lit, pint – 0.57 lit) are not based on the decimal system.
24 pound: a monetary unit circulating in Great Britain. Up to 1971 English money with its pennies, shillings and pounds was not
based on the decimal system either: 12 pence for a shilling, 20 shillings for a pound, 21 shillings for a guinea, the latter got its name
from the first coin struck from gold on the coast of Guinea. In 1971 Britain changed over to, decimal currency system – 100 new
pence to the pound (£). New coins (or pieces) were introduced: the 1/2 p., 2 p., 5 p., 10 p., 20 p. and 50 p. coins.
25 The Daily Express: a «popular» paper for those who prefer entertainment to information. It is largely filled with sporting
news, accounts of crime, advertisements (ads.), gossip of little worth (about private life of society people, film stars, etc.) and strip
cartoons. Other popular papers are The Sun, The Daily Mirror, The Daily Mail. This kind of newspapers is called the tabloids.
The Daily Telegraph: a daily London newspaper of conservative orientation. It is a "quality" paper for educated readers who are
interested in important domestic and foreign news. Other quality papers are The Observer, The Guardian, The Times and The
Independent.
Though most of the British national newspaper offices have moved to Wapping, an area in
East London, the name of Fleet Street is still used to describe the newspaper industry.
In South Kensington there are several large museums. The Victoria and Albert Museum with
a magnificent collection of fine and applied arts also includes a wide-ranging display of ceramics,
metalwork and a selection of Constable' s26 masterpieces which are well worth seeing. The Natural
History Museum contains plants, animals and minerals. The Hall of Human Biology enables visitors
to learn about their bodies and the way they work. Exhibits in the Science Museum display the
discovery and development of such inventions as the steam engine, photography, glass-making,
