Текст книги "Практический курс английского языка 2 курс"

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clarity, pronunciation, fluency, rythm, intonation.

III. Study Essential Vocabulary (II), Explanatory Notes and name: a) as many

kinds of sport as you can; b) some open-air games; c) some indoor games.

IV. What do yon call a person who goes la for:

wrestling, cycling, weight-lifting, swimming, diving, running, mountaineering, boxing,

skiing, racing, hunting, playing football, playing chess, playing draughts, athletics, skating, playing

volley-ball, playing basket-ball, playing hockey?

V. a) Fill in prepositions if necessary:

Sport is very popular ... Britain. ... other words a lot... British people like the idea ... sport, a

lot even watch sport, especially. . the TV. However, the number who actively take part ... sport is

probably quite small. ... the whole British people prefer to be fat rather than fit

The most popular spectator sport is football. Football is played ... a Saturday afternoon ...

most British towns and the fans, or supporters ... a particular team will travel... one end ... the

country... the other to see their team play,

Many other sports are also played ... Britain, including golf ... which you try to knock a

ball ... a hole; croquet... which you try to knock a ball... some hoops; basket-ball... which you try to

get a ball... a net; tennis ... which you try to hit a . ball so that your opponent cannot hit it and cricket

which is played ... a ball, but is otherwise incomprehensible. As you can see, if the ball had not been

invented, there would have been no sport.

Actually that's not quite true. Athletics is not played ... a ball, nor is horse-racing. Perhaps

that explains why they are not so popular as football.

(See

"Approaches". Cambridge 1979)

b) Retell the text.

VI. Answer the following questions. Do not answer in one sentence. Add

something:

1. What kind of sport do you go in for? 2. Do you play draughts? 3. Do you attend hockey

matches? 4. What football team do you support? 5. Did you ever try figure-skating? 6. Who usually

likes tobogganing? ?. What do spectators do at the stadiums? 8. Where are boat-races held in

Moscow? 9. What is the most popular sport in Russia? 10. Do Russain teams participate in

international matches? 11. Who coaches your volley-ball team? 12. Where are the Oxford and

Cambridge boat-races held? 13. What is the difference between a "sport" and a "game"? 14. What

sports and games do you know? 15. What games take the first place in public interest? 16. What is

the great national sport in England?

VII. Read Text С and try to explain the phrases listed below. Do not merely

translate them into Russian. Change them into a type of English that is more easily

understood and explain what they mean in the context of the conversation.

shout for his team; is in good form today; lost the toss; to play with (against) the wind; to

kick off; come on; the game of his life; 3 minutes to go.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Я предпочитаю легкую атлетику боксу и борьбе. 2. Я мечтаю поставить рекорд по

плаванию. 3. Сегодня я не могу бежать, я не в форме. 4. Люди во всем мире следят за

Олимпийскими играми. 5. Он уделяет много времени физической подготовке. 6. Я болею за

футбольную команду «Спартак». 7. Наша игра закончилась вничью. 8. Он охотно будет

тренировать нас в фехтовании. 9. Вы занимаетесь легкой атлетикой? 10. Виндсерфинг и

дельтапланеризм появились совсем недавно. 11. Мальчик мечтает стать хоккеистом и просит

купить ему клюшку и шайбу. 12. Сколько человек примут участие в институтском шахматном

чемпионате? 13. Разве вы не хотели бы завоевать кубок в этом соревновании? 14. Кто первый

забил гол? 15. Вы пойдете на этот матч? 16. Стрельба из лука стала достаточно популярным

видом спорта. 17. Никто не ожидал, что они выиграют со счетом 2:0. 18. Ему хорошо дается

фигурное катание. 19. Женщины не играют в футбол, правда? – Играют, но редко. 20. Кто

завоевал первенство вашего института по шашкам? – Один из наших первокурсников. 21. Не

стоит вступать больше чем в два спортивных кружка одновременно. 22. Я предпочитаю

художественную гимнастику любому другому виду спорта. 23. Мы не сможем с вами

соревноваться, мы недостаточно подготовлены. 24. Вы собираетесь участвовать в

соревнованиях по гребле? – Обязательно. 25. Я уверен, что игра закончится вничью. 25. У

нас прекрасный зал и все возможности для хорошей физической подготовки.

IX. Correct the wrong statements. Add a few more sentences to make up a

dialogue:

1. There is no difference between "soccer" and "rugby". 2. Badminton can be played only

indoors. 3. The goal-keeper acts as a judge in football. 4. Ice hockey is popular with women. 5. A

tennis ball is struck with a club. 6. Women are good football players as a rule. 7. People who play

draughts are called draughtsmen. 8. We use balls when playing badminton. 9. Golf is played on ice

fields. 10. Hockey is one of the most popular summer games. 11. Table-tennis and lawn-tennis are

one and the same game. 12. In hockey a handball and rackets are used. 13. Boxers fight with bare

hands. 14. Track and field events are never included in Olympic Games. 15. You may touch the ball

with your hands when playing football.

Prompts: I just don't agree...; I'm not so sure...; All I know is... but at least...; How can you

say such a thing! You seem to think that...; That is just the other way round. You are badly mistaken.

X. Try to describe your favourite game. Use a dictionary to look up any special

words. Let your partners guess which game you are describing. Speak according to

the plan that is given in the example:

E x a m p l e:

1. Number of players (per team):

Two teams of eleven players each.

2. Equipment necessary: a ball.

Each player wears shorts and special boots.

3. Place where played: a special field which has goal posts at both ends.

4. How to play and win: the players kick the ball to each other. They try to kick it between

the goal posts of the opposing team. The opposing team try to stop them, The team scoring the

greatest number of "goals" wins.

5. Length of game: one hour and a half, with a break in the middle.

6. Some of the rules: only the two goal-keepers (who stand in front of the two goals) are

allowed to touch the ball with their hands; no one can kick or push another player.

(See "Approaches," Cambndge, 1979)

XI. a) Speak on each kind of sport on the list below; briefly describe it as well

as the qualities it requires from the sportsman, е.g. strength, endurance, quickness

of reaction, courage, etc. Say a few words about its advantages and attractive

features:

mountaineering, rowing, yachting, hockey, tennis, basket-ball, volley-ball, chess, boxing,

wrestling, fencing, artistic gymnastics, figure-skating, skiing, skating, ski-jumping, sky-diving,

archery, discus throwing, wind-surfing, steeplechase, marathon.

b) Make up dialogues discussing one (or several) of the sports from the list

above. Use the following:

in my opinion ...; there's nothing like ...; I don't quite see what people find in ...; how can you

say such a thing!; I don't know anything more exciting than ...; I see nothing exciting in ...; I can't

agree with you there; absolutely marvellous; I like it immensely.

XII. a) Read the text and comment on it:

Hang Gliding The Sport of the 1980s

Hang gliding, like windsurfing, comes from America. The person who thought of this sport,

Francis Rogallo, got the idea when he was watching space capsules falling towards the sea. The

capsules had a sort of wing which helped them to go more slowly until they reached the sea.

But this idea isn't as new as you might think: in the fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinchi

drew pictures of a hang glider; it was a sort of kite which could carry a person.

The modern hang glider can go with the wind or against it, and the pilot can change direction

by moving the control bar. Hang gliders rise and fall with the movements in the air – near lulls, for

example, they usually go up.

All over the world, these giant butterflies are becoming more and more popular, as people

discover the fun of flying.

(From «Modern English International».

Mozaika, 1984, No. 264)

b) What do you know of the kinds of sport which recently appeared! Describe

them and say what attracts people in them.

XIII. Act out the following situations:

1. Two friends are talking after a football match. One is happy – his favourite team has won;

the other is not as his team has lost the match.

2. Imagine a dialogue between two sports fans about their favourite sports.

3. A friend of yours claims to be an "all-round sportsman". Once you call on him and find

him surrounded by a thick cloud of cigarette smoke. You have a talk with him.

4. It's Sunday afternoon. In a few minutes, there will be a football match on TV, while on

another channel there will be a fashion show. Argument between husband and wife.

5. You are in the hall of your institute. You are an ardent athlete and like to get up at sunrise,

at which your room-mate is grumbling. You try to make him do at least his morning exercises.

XIV. Translate into English:

1. Я, кажется, знаю этого человека. Он был когда-то отличным бегуном, а теперь он

тренирует молодых спортсменов. 2. Неужели правда, что он не принимал участия в игре на

кубок? – Да, ему не повезло; накануне игры он слег с воспалением легких 3. Я едва мог

поверить своим ушам, когда мне сказали, что команда нашего института выиграла со счетом

6:0. 4. Напрасно вы торопились. Соревнования не состоятся из-за плохой погоды. 5. Он был

страшно расстроен, когда ему сказали, что его команда проиграла. 6. Моя старшая сестра

занимается художественной гимнастикой уже три года. 7. Я рад, что сегодняшняя игра

закончилась вничью. Мы могли проиграть, многие из нас не в форме. 8. Соревнования по

легкой атлетике еще не начались. 9. Кем был установлен последний мировой рекорд по

ярыжкам в высоту?

XV. a) Translate the text into Russian:

The Football Match

Something very queer is happening in that narrow thoroughfare to the west of the town. A

grey-green tide flows sluggishly down its length. It is a tide of cloth caps.

These caps have just left the ground of the Bruddersford United Association Football Club.

To say that these men paid their shilling to watch twenty-two hirelings kick a ball is merely to say

that a violin is wood and catgut, that "Hamlet" is so much paper and ink. For a shilling the

Bruddersford United A.F.C. offered you Conflict and Art; it turned you into a critic, happy in your

judgement of fine points, ready in a second to estimate the worth of a well-judged pass, a run down

the touch line, a lightning shot, a clearance kick by back or goal-keeper; it turned you into a partisan,

holding your breath when the ball came sailing into your own goalmouth, ecstatic when your

forwards raced away towards the opposite goal, elated, downcast, bitter, triumphant by turns at the

fortunes of your side, watching a ball shape Iliads and Odysseys for you; and what is more, it turned

you into a member of a new community, all brothers together for an hour and a half, for not only had

you escaped from the clanking machinery of this lesser life, from work, wages, rent, doles, sick pay,

insurance cards, nagging wives, ailing children, bad bosses, idle workmen, but you had escaped with

most of your mates and your neighbours, with half the town, and there you were, cheering together,

thumping one another on the shoulders, swopping judgements like lords of the earth, having pushed

your way through a turnstile into another and altogether more splendid kind of life, hurting with

Conflict and yet passionate and beautiful in its Art. Moreover, it offered you more than a shilling's

worth of material for talk during the rest of the week.

(From

"Good

Companions" by J. B. Priestley. Abridged)

b) Comment on the extract:

1. Explain the words: "To say that these men paid their shilling to watch twenty-two hirelings

kick a ball is merely to say that a violin is wood and catgut, that "Hamlet" is so much paper and ink."

2. Explain the words: "For a shilling the Bruddersford United A.F.C. offered you Conflict and Art."

3. What, in the author's opinion, does football give people? 4. Do you agree with the author in that?

What do you think about such games as football and hockey and the secret of their popularity?

XVI. a) Study the text and search for some arguments in favour of sport.

Summarize the text:

How Healthy Are You?

Check your knowledge.

What sort of shape are you in? Are you the sort of person who goes for a run each morning,

or are you the other kind who gets out of breath when reaching for a cigarette?

Maybe you have a lot of energy. You go to work or school, you make decisions all day, you

do extra work at home. Exercise? You don't have enough time – why bother anyway?

Well, the answer to that question is your body design. Human beings weren't built for sitting

at a desk all day: your body is constructed for hunting, jumping, lifting, running, climbing and a

variety of other activities. If you don't get the exercise that your body wants, then things can go

badly wrong. Your mind works all day, and your body does nothing: the results can vary from

depression to severe illness to early death.

Not a very cheerful thought, and of course the natural reaction is "It's not going to happen to

me." Maybe, maybe not. Here are two ways of looking after yourself: firstly, by seeing if you are

doing the right sort of exercise, and secondly by seeing if you have the right kind of diet.

(From «Modern English International». Mozaika. 1984, No. 263)

b) Persuade your partner to start practising sport immediately.

c) Speak on: 1. the role of sport in modern life; 2. sport as part of school and

college life.

XVII. Role-playing.

Work in groups of four or fire. You are people of different age and social standing.

Express your attitude to sport and sportsmen in general.

XVIII. Describe these pictures in suds a way as if you have seen the event with

your own eyes. Use some details, try to sound as convincing as possible. Use some

words and phrases given below:

the stadium with a seating capacity of ...; a pole-jumper; in good form; a referee; a starter; a

cross-bar;

wave a start; rushing towards; like lightning;

race past; carrying the pole; puzzled;

plant the pole; up in the air; with a smile on his face; awestricken;

pretty-looking; embarrassed; with her eyes downcast; with his hands pressed; land onto;

break the record; the record of his life; candidate master of sports of Russia.

STUDIES OF WRITTEN ENGLISH

VI

The plot is a very important aspect of written works. But there is something even more

important, that is, the main idea or the message.

Message is the main idea that a writer wants to communicate in his work through the

characters and their behaviour, the physical and emotional background or sometimes through his

own generalizing statements. To make it clear and understandable you have to learn how to write the

gist.

Gist is commonly understood as the essence or main point (of an article, paragraph or

argument), also as the essential part of a story, novel, or play that helps to understand the main idea.

Summary deals with the plot of complete written works, such as a story, novel or play. Gist

deals with the main idea of any thoughtful writing, no matter whether it is a paragraph or a novel. It

is expected to be very short and clear.

In order to write the gist of a story ("A Day's Wait", for example) you have to do the

following:

1. Read the story carefully, paying attention to the characters, general atmosphere and the

author's remarks or statements (е.g. a bright cold day, a pale-faced and shivering boy, the growing

strain), the atmosphere of suspense.

2. Jot down the main points and see how they are linked ( е.g. the boy is ill but he won't go to

bed; he is still worried and keeps staring at the foot of the bed; he can hardly believe that he has no

reason to worry about his health).

3. Point out the author's remarks (the boy was looking at the foot of the bed strangely; that's a

silly way to talk; he had been waiting to die all day; relaxation was very slow).

4. Go over these points, reconsider them carefully and formulate the main idea, е.g. It is a

story telling us how fear and self-pity through ignorance or misleading information may cause worry

and suffering or how remarkably patient the child's endurance may be.

Assignments:

1. Give your own version of the gist of «A Day's Wait» and "How We Kept Mother's

Day".

2. Write the gist of «A Friend in Need». When writing analyse the title of the story.

3. Write the gist of two letters written by Judy and compare them. What is their

message?

LABORATORY EXERCISES (П)

1. Listen to the dialogue «Sports and Games Popular in England». Mark the stresses

and tunes. Repeat the text following the model.

2. Listen to the text «The Football Match», mark the stresses and tunes. Repeat it

following the model.

3. Write a spelling-translation test Check it with a dictionary.

4. Task I: Translate the English sentences into Russian (in writing) and check them with

the key.

Task П: Translate your sentences hack into English (orally) and check them with the

key.

5. Listen to the text «Sport in Great Britain».

Task I: Write down the Russian equivalents given in the exercise. Task II: Listen to the

text again and write down the English equivalents of the Russian phrases.

Task Ш: Write 10 questions on the text Be ready to discuss it in class.

CURIOSITY QUIZ FOR EAGERS

1. Say in what countries the following sports and games are popular:

cricket, surfing, karate, reindeer racing, rugby, baseball, judo (jujitsu), lacrosse, lasso-

throwing, soccer, croquet

II. Which is better – to be a specialist or a generalist?

Divide your class into 2 teams. Match each specific term in column I. with the generic

term in column II. The team which is the first to match the terms correctly wins the score.

I

II

barbell

basket-ball

racket

cricket

wicket

golf

alpenstock

fencing

knockout

figure-skating

bishop

tennis

catcher

ice-hockey

gauntlet

mountaineering

puck

baseball

tee

boxing

spin

chess-playing

spike

weight lifting

III. Read one of the short stories by W. S. Maugham and speak about it in class. Speak

not only on the contents, but also give analyses of the characters, the author's mastership,

methods of characterization, style and language. See Notes on Style, p. 52.

UNIT SEVEN

I SPEECH PATTERNS

1. There is hardly a country in the world where such a variety of scenery can be found.

There is hardly a book by this author which he has not read.

There was hardly a football match which he missed.

There is hardly another team with better opportunities to win.

2. That would make you think you were in Holland.

The teacher made Jack rub out all the ink marks in his textbook.

They couldn't make William Tell bow before the tyrant's cap.

The slightest noise would make him start.

Make him repeat the rule. (Bur: He was made to repeat the rule.)

EXERCISES

I. Change the following sentences to as to use the patterns:

Pattern 1: 1. I don't think there is another hockey-team of equal popularity. 2. There was not

a single world championship he missed. 3. I'm not sure we have a vacancy on our staff. 4. We've no

more time, but you can finish the composition off at home. 5. There was scarcely a living soul at the

stadium. 6. I don't think there is any reason for their losing the game.

Pattern 2: 1. The coach forced the athletes to postpone their training. 2. The strangers

wanted Roger to drive up to the back yard, and he obeyed. 3. They will never force Andrew to break

his promise. 4. During the conversation she felt uneasy. 5. He will not break with his bad habits, no

matter what you are saying.

II. Complete tee following, using Pattern 2:

1. What events made you ...? 2. Who could make your friend ...? 3. Which of the experiments

made the scientist...? 4. What kind of lesson makes you .,.? 5. What made Leo Tolstoy ...? 6. The

new coach made us ... .

III. Translate the following sentences into English, using the patterns:

1. Едва ли найдется страна, в которой не побывал бы старый моряк. 2. Едва ли есть

другой город с таким населением, как Токио. 3. Едва ли у них была другая возможность

освободить Овода. 4. Едва ли найдется человек, который не любит представлений кукольного

театра. 5. Ужас! Пожалуй нет другого слова, чтобы описать мое состояние в тот момент. 6.

Пожалуй не было ни одного соревнования по шахматам, которое бы он пропустил. 7. Едва ли

найдется другой тренер, такой внимательный и терпеливый. 8. Что заставило вашего брата

бросить бокс? 9. Двое воришек заставили Оливера лезть через окно. 10. Дориан думал, что

ничто не заставит его нарушить обещание, данное Сибилле Вейн. 11. Игра актера заставляла

зрителя не только чувствовать, но и думать, 12. Что заставило Байрона сражаться на стороне

греческого народа? 13. Что заставило Лэнни вернуться в Стилвелд? 14. Этот эпизод

рассмешил мою сестру, а меня опечалил.

IV. Respond to the following statements and questions, using the patterns.

(Make use of the conversational formulas given in the Reminder.)

1. I believe the Tower of London comes first among the historic buildings of London. 2. I

think Vasily Blazheny Cathedral is quite unique. 3. The City of London is overcrowded in the

daytime. 4. Christopher Wren was the most talented British architect of the XVII century. 5. Since

1927 up to 1946 A. Alekhin was the most outstanding chess-player. 6. Most schools in Britain have

adopted the core curriculum. 7. Can you lend me a rouble? 8. All of them are staring at the

advertisement. I wonder, why? 9. When I mentioned his name Mary buried her face in her hands and

would never answer my question.

Reminder. You don't say sol Just [only) fancy! Indeed? Why! Is that sol Dear me! Who'd

have thought it? I am surprised. I am shocked. It's amazing! It's incredible] Certainly! Of course.

Naturally! Yes indeed! Looks like that. Well, I think.

TEXT. THE BRITISH ISLES

The British Isles consist of two main islands: Great Britain and Ireland. These and over five

hundred small islands are known collectively as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland. Their total area is some 94, 250 square miles. 57 Great Britain proper comprises England,

Wales and Scotland. The southern part of the isle of Ireland is the Irish Republic (or Eire).

Britain is comparatively small, but there is hardly a country in the world where such a variety

of scenery can be found in so small a compass. There are wild desolate mountains in the northern

Highlands of Scotland – the home of the deer and the eagle – that are as lonely as any in Norway.

There are flat tulip fields round the Fens58 – a blaze of colour in spring, that would make you think

you were in Holland. Within a few miles of Manchester and Sheffield you can be in glorious heather-

covered moors.59

Once the. British Isles were part of the mainland of Europe – the nearest point is across the

Strait of Dover, where the chalk cliffs of Britain are only twenty-two miles from those of France.60

The seas round the British Isles are shallow. The North Sea is nowhere more than 600 feet

deep, so that if St. Paul's Cathedral were put down in any part of it some of the cathedral would still

57 94,250 square miles: this is about the same size as New Zealand or half the size of France.

58 the Fens: low marshy land with lots of waterways (Фенленд)

59 moors (pl), moor: an area of open waste land; moors in England and Scotland are often used for preserving game.

60 The Channel Tunnel, which links England and France, is a little over 50 km (31 miles) long, of which nearly 38 km (24 miles)

are actually under the English Channel.

be above water. This shallowness is in some ways an advantage. Shallow water is warmer than deep

water and helps to keep the shores from extreme cold. It is, too, the home of millions of fish, and

more than a million tons are caught every year.

You have noticed on the map how deeply indented the coast line is. This indentation gives a

good supply of splendid harbours for ships; and you will note, too, that owing to the shape of the

country there is no point in it that is more than seventy miles from the sea – a fact that has greatly

facilitated the export of manufactures and has made the English race a sea-loving one.

On the north-west the coasts are broken by high rocky cliffs. This is especially noticeable in

north-west Scotland, where you have long winding inlets (called "lochs") and a great many islands.

Western Scotland is fringed by the large island chain known as the Hebrides, and to the north east of

the Scottish mainland are the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

In Scotland you have three distinct regions. There is, firstly, the Highlands, then there is the

central plain or Lowlands. Finally there are the southern uplands, "the Scott country," 61 with their

gently rounded hills where the sheep wander. Here there are more sheep to the square mile than

anywhere in the British Isles.

In England and Wales all the high land is in the west and north-west. The south-eastern plain

reaches the west coast only at one or two places – at the Bristol Channel and by the mouths of the

rivers Dee and Mersey.

In the north you find the Cheviots62 separating England from Scotland, the Pennines going

down England like a backbone and the Cumbrian mountains оf thе Lake District,63 one of the

loveliest (and the wettest) parts of England. In the west are the Cambrian mountains which occupy

the greater part of Wales.

The south-eastern part of England is a low-lying land with gentle hills and a coast which is

regular in outline, sandy or muddy, with occasional chalk cliffs, and inland a lovely pattern of green

and gold – for most of England's wheat is grown here – and brown plough-land with pleasant

farms and cottages in their midst. Its rich brown soil is deeply cultivated – much of it is under

wheat; fruit-growing is extensively carried on. A quarter of the sugar used in the country comes from

sugar-beet grown there, but the most important crop is potatoes.

The position of the mountains naturally determined the direction and length of the rivers, and

the longest rivers, except the Severn and Clyde, flow into the North Sea, and even the Severn flows

eastward or south-east for the greater part of its length.

The rivers of Britain are of no great value as water-ways – the longest, the Thames, is a little

over 200 miles – and few of them are navigable except near the mouth for anything but the smaller

vessels.

In the estuaries of the Thames, Mersey, Tyne, Clyde, Tay, Forth and Bristol Avon64 are some

of the greatest ports.

(From "Essential English for Foreign Students" by C. E. Eckersley, Book 3, Lnd., 1997.

Adapted)

61 «the Scott country» : a hilly country in the south-east of Scotland where Sir Walter Scott (1777-1832), the famous British poet

and novelist, lived.

62 the Cheviots (the Cheviot Hills): a wool-producing country in Britain. The Cheviot breed of sheep has given its name to a

woollen cloth of high quality.

63 the Lake District: a beautiful place that has become famous thanks to a distinguished trio of poets – William Wordsworth

(1770-1850), Samuel Coleridge (1772-1834) and Robert Southey (1774-1843) – who made their homes therе. ("Lake poets" is the

name that was given to them.)

64 There are several rivers in Britain that bear the name of Avon. The longest is the Bristol Avon flowing into the Bristol Channel,

but best known throughout the world is the one flowing into the Severn. On its banks, in Stradford-on-Avon, the greatest English

poet William Shakespeare (1564 -1616) was born and spent his youth.

Memory Work

The sea is calm to-night,

The tide is full, the moon lies fair

Upon the Straits; – on the French coast, the light

Gleams, and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,

Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.

Come to the window, sweet is the night air!

Only, from the long tine of spray

Where the ebb meets the moon-blanch'd sand,

Listen! you hear the grating roar

Of pebbles which the waves suck back, and fling,

At their return, up the high strand,

Begin, and cease, and then again begin,

With tremulous cadence slow, and bring

The eternal note of sadness in.

(From «Dover Beach» by Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)

VOCABULARY NOTES

1. vary υt/i 1. менять(ся); изменять(ся); разнообразить, е.g. Market prices often vary. I try

to vary my diet.

Syn. change

2. разниться, расходиться, е.g. Our opinions vary.

Syn. differ

Note: vary is to change or differ partially.

variantn вариант, е.g. This word has two spelling variants.

variousadj (a noun in the singular is never used after it)

1. различный, разный, е.g. There are various reasons for my refusal.

2. разнообразный, е.g. I'll give you various exercises on that rule.

Syn. different, е.g. They are quite different people.

variedadj разнообразный (used with nouns both sing, and pi.), е.g. varied climate, scenery,

surface, temperature, opinions, sports, etc., е.g. The novel describes the varied career of an

adventurer.

varietyn 1. разнообразие, е.g. You must have more variety in your food.

2. разновидность; вид, е.g. I've got some rare varieties of such stamps. There are some rare

varieties of leaf-bearing trees in the park.

variety-show варьете, эстрадный концерт

2. scenen 1. сцена, явление (в пьесе), е.g. The duel scene in «Hamlet» impressed us

greatly. Her acting was wonderful in the last scene.

2. место действия (в пьесе, в книге, в жизни), е.g. In the first act the scene is laid in

France. Trafalgar was the scene of a famous battle between the British fleet and the combined

French and Spanish fleets.

3. пейзаж, картина, зрелище, е.g. I like the way this writer describes rural scenes. You

could see awful scenes after the earthquake.

sceneryn(uncountable) 1. декорация, е.g. The scenery was impressive in the last act. They

have almost no scenery in that play.; 2. пейзаж, ландшафт, е.g. I prefer plains to mountain scenery.