Текст книги "The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution"

Автор книги: Walter Isaacson

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Текущая страница: 41 (всего у книги 42 страниц)

iPhone, 381

Jacobi, Werner, 180

Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 21, 26

Jacquard loom, 21, 23, 26, 33, 35, 467

Jefferson, Geoffrey, 124, 128

Jefferson, Thomas, 481

Jenkins, Jim, 328

Jennings, Jean, 69, 86, 95–100, 107, 110, 117, 119

on limitations of computers, 115

and public display of ENIAC, 113–16

Jennings, Ken, 470

Jeopardy!, 470, 476

Jerry and David’s Guide to the Web, 447

Jobs, Steve, 4, 5, 94, 134, 139, 150, 151, 155, 193n, 211, 270, 274, 278, 346–47, 349, 364, 370, 388, 391, 398, 406, 414, 449, 464, 480, 483–84, 485, 486

Apple partnership share of, 352

Atari job of, 347–48, 350

audaciousness celebrated by, 163

bitmapping praised by, 365

Breakout work of, 348, 350

circuitboard sales plan of, 351–52

creativity of, 486–87

Gates’s dispute with, 368–69

IBM PC studied by, 362–63

ousted from Apple, 411, 485

paranoia of, 367–68

personal computer idea of, 352–53

Pixar headquarters designed by, 480–81

Johnson, Clifton, 282

Johnson, Edward “Ned,” III, 189n

Johnson, Lyndon, 278

Johnson, Steven, 483

junction transistor, 150

patent for, 153

Justin’s Links from the Underground, 423–25

J. Walter Thompson advertising, 395

Kahn, Robert, 239, 252, 256–57, 258, 403

Internet created by, 258–59

Kapor, Mitch, 431

Kasparov, Garry, 470, 476

Kay, Alan, 207, 208, 278, 281–86, 308, 363–64, 367, 449, 480

Dynabook proposed by, 288–91, 292

personal computers foreseen by, 284–85, 286, 287–88

recruited to PARC, 287–88

Kay, Michael, 296

Kaypro, 395

Kelly, John E., III, 471, 475

Kelly, Mervin, 133–34, 137, 139, 146, 152–53

Kelvin, Lord, 37

Kennedy, John F., 181, 182

Kennedy, Robert, 278

Kennedy, Ted, 252

Kern County Land Co., 187

Kesey, Ken, 262, 266, 269, 270, 281, 296, 388

Kilburn, Thomas, 119

Kilby, Jack, 170, 171–74, 176, 306, 353

calculator development and, 182–83, 196

Nobel Prize won by, 173, 180–81

resistor desinged by, 173, 177

solid circuit of, 173–74

Kilby v. Noyce, 178–79

Kildall, Gary, 357–58

Killian, James, 229

Kimsey, Jim, 396–97, 400

King, Martin Luther, 278

King, William, 15

Kissinger, Henry, 2, 294, 346

Kleiner, Eugene, 162, 167

Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, 393, 464

Kleinrock, Leonard, 239, 243–44, 251, 252, 253, 255, 393, 402

background of, 242–43

on nuclear survivability, 250

packet switching and, 244–46

Kline, Charley, 255–56

K-Model, 49, 80

Knox, Dillwyn “Dilly,” 77

Kotok, Alan, 205, 207

Kovitz, Ben, 439–41

Kubrick, Stanley, 311, 468

Kun, Béla, 102

Kunz, Paul, 415

Kurzweil, Ray, 474

Lakeside Mothers Club, 316, 322

Lakeside Programming Group, 318–27

Lamb, Lady Caroline, 10, 15

Lampson, Butler, 291, 363

Land, Edwin, 5, 154

Landweber, Lawrence, 383

Lanier, Jaron, 419

Larson, Chris, 337

Larson, Earl, 83–84

Last, Jay, 162, 163, 165

learning, 122, 126–27, 226

Leary, Timothy, 267

Leibniz, Gottfried, 19, 20, 33, 38, 90

Leibniz wheel, 20

Leicester Polytechnic, 414

Leigh, Augusta, 10–11

Leigh, Medora, 16, 31

Lensman (Smith), 205

Leonardo da Vinci, 72, 452, 474

Levy, Steven, 202, 298, 460–61, 504

Lewis, Harry, 330

Li, Yanhong (Robin), 461

“Libraries of the Future” (Licklider), 227–28, 231, 232

Library of Congress, 120

Lichterman, Ruth, 97–98

Licklider, J. C. R, 216, 221–24, 226, 233, 234, 244, 251, 269, 385, 474, 475, 480, 481, 482, 486

art loved by, 223–24

Command and Control Research lead by, 229

on human-machine interaction, 225–26, 227–28, 229, 231, 232, 302, 363, 384, 401, 455, 464, 475, 478–79

online communities and, 261

time-sharing developed by, 224–26, 229

Licklider, Tracy, 223

Lilienfeld, Julius, 146

LINC, 236

Lincoln Laboratory, 221, 225, 233, 234, 236

linear equations, 52–53, 59–60, 61, 67, 81

linear model of innovation, 220–21

Linux, 375–76, 378, 379, 380–81

Lipkin, Efrem, 301, 302, 310

Lisa, 365–66

LISP, 203–4

Lockheed, 265

Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, 155

logarithms, 19, 20, 55

logic, 123

Logical Computing Machine, see Turing Machine (Logical Computing Machine)

logic gates, 48–49

LOGO, 284

London Mathematical Society, 123

Loop, Liza, 265

Lord Emsworth, 445

Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 257

Los Alamos, 103, 110, 112

Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, 154

Lotus, 431

Lovelace, Annabella, 16

Lovelace, Ralph, 16

Loving Grace Cybernetics, 303

Lowe, Bill, 356

LSD, 266, 267, 268–69, 271, 278, 300

Ludd, Ned, 9

Luddites, 9, 14, 487

Lukasik, Stephen, 248–49, 385

Lycos, 227

Lyon, Matthew, 260

McCarthy, John, 202, 203–4, 224, 236, 281, 285

AI conference organized by, 468

time-sharing developed by, 224–26

McGuinn, Roger, 152

machines, thinking by, 49, 115, 202–3

AI and, 474–79

Lovelace’s doubts about, 8, 12, 29, 122, 123, 126, 467–68, 475, 478

Turing on, 29, 42, 122–29, 468, 485

Macintosh, 349, 353, 370, 381, 414

McKenna, Regis, 166

McKenzie, Alex, Kleinrock criticized by, 245

McLuhan, Marshall, 267, 269

McNulty, Kay, 28, 97–98, 99, 117

McQueeney, David, 477

Madison, James, 481

madrigals, 189

Magnavox Odyssey, 211, 215

Mailgram, 391n

Malone, Michael, 166–67, 192

Manchester Mark I, 120

Manchester University, 119–20

“Man-Computer Symbiosis” (Licklider), 226, 276, 475, 478–79

Mandel, Tom, 390, 421

Manhattan Project, 219, 225

Mansfield, Mike, 248

Manutius, Aldus, 284

Mark I, 2, 51–52, 81, 89–90, 92–94

bomb calculations done on, 104

Hopper’s history of, 90, 91

operation of, 92–93

speed of, 94, 105

Mark II, 93–94

Markoff, John, 267, 281, 341n, 422

Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, The (von Neumann), 42

Matsumoto, Craig, 180

Mauchly, Jimmy, 66

Mauchly, John, 62–70, 69, 72, 73, 74–75, 81, 82, 88, 92, 94, 97, 104, 105, 110, 113, 119, 134, 137, 211, 238, 481

ENIAC public display and, 115

female programmers aided by, 99

McNulty married by, 117

patents sought by, 116, 177

patent trial of, 67, 82–84

and storage of programs in ENIAC, 100–101, 106

von Neumann accused of stealing ideas by, 111–12

Mauchly, Kay McNulty, see McNulty, Kay

Mayer, Marissa, 481

Mazor, Stan, 197

mechanization, 33

“Meetings with von Neumann,” 106–7

Melbourne, Viscount, 15

Meltzer, Marlyn Wescoff, see Wescoff, Marlyn

memex, 263–64, 273, 276, 409

memory, 56, 58

programs stored in, 87, 107–8

memory unit:

on Atenoff’s device, 61, 66–67

on Z1, 53

Menabrea, Luigi, 24–26

mercury delay lines, 119

Merholz, Peter, 427

Merlin, 19

Merry Pranksters, 266, 269, 270, 296

Merton, Robert, 439

message switching, 238

Metcalfe, Bob, 256, 364

Metropolis, Nick, 119

Michie, Donald, 123

microchips, 9, 35, 39, 170, 171–99, 201, 467, 473

dispute over invention of, 178–80

initial sales of, 181–85

Noyce’s version of, 174–76, 178–80

number of transistors in, 184

Micropayments Markup Working Group, 421

microprocessors, 196–99, 256, 264, 305, 350, 351

Microsoft, 197, 312, 338–43, 361, 414, 434, 482

Apple’s contract with, 367–69

creation of, 337–38

operating system of, 357–62, 368–69

Milbanke, Annabella, see Byron, Lady

Milhon, Jude (St. Jude), 301, 302

military, ballistic missiles of, 169

military-industrial-academic complex, 217, 220–21, 263, 482

Miller, Herman, 280

Millikan, Robert, 133

Mills, Thomas, 70

Mims, Forrest, 305, 306

Mind, 124

Mining Data at Stanford (MIDAS), 456

MINIX, 374, 376

Minsky, Marvin, 202–3, 205, 206, 226, 235–36, 284, 468

Minskytron, 205, 206

Minuteman II, 181, 182

Miracle Month, 142–45

MIT, 34, 38, 40, 47, 68, 156, 157, 200, 217, 222, 271, 336–37, 370, 371, 372, 472, 483

MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), 306, 308–9, 310, 311, 332, 335

MKUltra, 266

Model K, 49, 80

modems, 3, 386–87

moon landing, 35, 182

Moore, Betty, 162

Moore, Fred, 294–95, 296–97, 304

Moore, Gordon, 130, 158, 161–62, 163, 164, 170, 176, 191, 192, 257, 347, 350, 481

corporate culture and, 484–85

Intel founding and, 187–88

as nonauthoritarian, 189–90

on Noyce’s leadership skills, 194

and Shockley’s replacement, 165, 166, 167

Moore School Lectures, 118–19

Moore’s Law, 183–85, 198, 201, 284, 291, 326

Moravec, Hans, 472

Morcom, Christopher, 41, 42

Mosaic, 415–18, 420, 422, 433, 452

“Mother of All Demos, The,” 273–74, 278, 279, 280–82, 283, 294, 308, 354, 388

Motwani, Rajeev, 454

mouse, 276–78, 279, 363

MS-DOS, 360, 374

Mumford, Lewis, 267

Munzner, Tamara, 453–54

Murray, Arnold, 129

music, 26, 27, 467

MySpace, 436

Myth of the Machine, The (Mumford), 267

NASA, 231, 271, 274, 299

NASA Ames Research Center, 155

National Center for Atmospheric Research, 283

National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), 415–16, 417

National Defense Research Committee, 51, 219

National Information Infrastructure Act (1993), 402

National Physical Laboratory, 120, 124, 237, 246

National Science Foundation, 220, 249, 383, 402, 453

National Semiconductor, 343

Navy, U.S., 469

Nelson, Ted, 410–11, 418–19, 456

Netscape, 208

networks, 243, 482

data blocks in, 240–41

distributed, 240, 246, 250, 253

lack of centralization in, 235, 240, 250

packet switched, 238, 244–46, 247, 249

Network Working Group, 254

Neumann, Max, 101

neural networks, 203

neurons, 473

Newman, Max, 44, 46, 78, 81, 82, 119, 120, 128, 129

newsgroups, 386

Newton, Isaac, 19

New Yorker, 469

New York Times, 115, 149, 245, 422, 458, 469, 473, 479–80

New York World’s Fair (1939), 64, 67, 68

NeXT, 411, 414

Nishi, Kay, 359

Nixon, Richard, 278, 280

NM Electronics, 188

noncomputable numbers, 45

North Carolina, University of, 386

Norton, Larry, 478

Norvig, Peter, 473

Nova, 209, 291

Novack, Ken, 397

Noyce, Robert, 130, 157, 158, 159–61, 163, 166, 167, 170, 347, 353, 391, 481, 502–3

corporate culture and, 189–90, 191, 192, 193–95, 234, 479, 481, 484–85

Fairchild resignation of, 184–85

Intel employees empowered by, 193–95

Intel money raised by, 187–88

Intel’s organization chart drawn by, 193

microchip of, 174–76, 178–80

microprocessor and, 196–97

in patent lawsuit, 178–79

planar process and, 175–76

resistor designed by, 173

as Shockley’s replacement, 167

on synergy, 183

n-p-n junction architecture, 150

NSFNET, 383

n-type, 147

Nuance Communications, 472

nuclear weapons, 250–51

Internet and, 247–51

Nupedia, 438–39, 441, 442

Nutting, Bill, 209

Nutting Associates, 209, 210, 215

Obama, Barack, 484

Office of Defense Mobilization, 228–29

Office of Scientific Research, 219

Ohm’s Law, 97

oil, 183

Olsen, Ken, 264

Olson, Judith, 449–50

“On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem“ (Turing), 46–47, 76

On Distributed Communications (Baran), 241–42

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Kesey), 266

online communities, 261

oNLine System (NLS), 278, 281, 283, 284, 293, 354

On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences (Somerville), 14

Opel, John, 361

open architecture, 482, 483

OpenOffice, 483

open-sourcing, 261, 370–81

Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (Fuller), 294

operating systems, 357–62

open-source, 372–81

operations, 26–27

Ordnance Department, U.S. Army, 72, 73

O’Reilly, Tim, 432, 446

O’Reilly Media, 428–29, 431

oscillators, 173–74

Osculometer, 71

Packard, Dave, 156, 189, 464

packets, 242

packet switching, 238, 247, 249, 256, 258, 482

Kleinrock’s taking credit for, 244–46

Page, Carl, 449

Page, Larry, 435, 448–51, 452, 453–56, 485

Google founded by, 458, 460, 462–64

hypertext limitations and, 456–57

PageRank and, 458–62

Web crawler of, 457–58

PageRank, 458–62

Palevsky, Max, 188

Palo Alto Community Center, 273

Papadimitriou, Christos, 330

Papert, Seymour, 284

PARC Universal Packet, 293

Pascal, Blaise, 19–20, 22, 33, 90

Patent and Trademark Office, U.S., 120, 121n, 179

patents, 121, 215

tension over, 176–77

Paterson, Tim, 358–59

Pathfinder, 420, 421

PC, 362

PC-DOS, 360

PC-Link, 399

PDP-1 computer, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 329

PDP-8, 264, 297

PDP-10, 319–22, 325, 329, 333, 334, 336

PDP-11, 371

peace movement, 248, 261, 265, 266–67, 295

peer-to-peer connections, 260–61, 378

Pellow, Nicola, 414–15

Pendery, Don, 288

Pennsylvania, University of, 28, 38, 65, 68, 71, 72–73, 82, 94, 95, 96–97, 108, 110, 112, 113, 115, 118–19, 481

Pennywhistle, 387

People Connection, 398

People’s Computer Center, 304

People’s Computer Company, 310, 372

PepsiCo, 395

Perceptron, 469, 473

Perlman, Radia, 251

“Personal Computer for Children of All Ages, A,” 289

personal computers, 263–304

Gates’s belief in future of, 329–30

IBM vs. Apple, 362–63

Internet and, 4

Jobs’s idea for, 352–53

Kay’s prediction of, 284–85, 286, 287–88

software for, 335

technology needed for, 261, 264–68

Philco, 157, 193

Philips, Thomas, 15–16

phone circuits, 54

phone signals, 50

photovoltaic effect, 142–44

Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices (Grove), 191

PicoSpan, 388–89

Pierce, John, 148

Pinker, Steven, 472

Pitts, Bill, 209–10, 215

Pixar, 208, 481

planar process, 174–78

planimeter, 37

plutonium-239, 103

p-n junction, 173

PNP transistor, 153

Poggio, Tomaso, 471

Polaris, 181

Pong, 211–15, 329, 347, 348

Popular Electronics, 306, 307, 308–9, 313, 314, 332, 350

Post Office Research Station, 78, 79

Practice of Management, The (Drucker), 192

Presley, Elvis, 152

Princeton University, 40, 77–78, 104

printing press, 4

private enterprise, 482–83, 484

PRNET, 256, 257, 258

Processor Technology, 353

Procter & Gamble, 395, 399

Prodigy, 399, 400, 419

programming, 87–129, 478

as Babbage’s conceptual leap, 33

of ENIAC, 95–100

Lovelace’s exploration of, 25–26, 27–29, 88, 90, 478

as true value of computers, 117–18

von Neumann’s work on, 107–8

on Z1, 53

“Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection, A” (Kahn and Cerf), 259

p-type, 147

punch cards, 3, 14, 23, 26, 28, 33, 35, 267, 345, 394, 478, 481, 484, 487

Pyra Labs, 429, 430

QDOS, 358–59

Q-Link, 398

Qualcomm, 473

Quantum, 398

Quantum 2000, 399

quantum physics, 42, 45, 134–35

queuing theory, 243

QuickWeb, 434

radar, 72, 273

radio, 39

transistors for, 149–52

Railway Express Agency, 309

Ralls, John, 175

Ram Dass, 388

RAND Corporation, 221, 237, 238, 241, 244, 246, 247, 249

RankDex, 461

Raskin, Jef, 363

Raymond, Eric, 377, 380, 381, 438

Raytheon, 217, 252

RCA, 68, 151, 177, 181, 211

rebel entrepreneurs, 201

Regency TR-1, 151

Reich, Charles, 267

Reid, T. R, 172, 174

relays, 48, 49, 50, 54

on Z1, 53

Remington Rand, 82, 116, 121

Remote Procedure Cell, 411

“Report on an Electronic Diff. Analyzer” (Mauchly and Eckert), 74

Requests for Comments (RFC), 254–55, 257, 482

Resource One, 301

Rheingold, Howard, 280, 389–90, 404, 425, 427

Riordan, Michael, 310

Roberts, Ed, 305, 307, 309, 332–33, 334–35, 338, 340

background of, 305–6

Roberts, Larry, 216, 229–30, 233–34, 241–42, 393, 481, 482

ARPA funding raised by, 235–37

ARPA hiring of, 234

bids solicited for ARPANET minicomputers, 251–52

decentralized network favored by, 235

gambling by, 243–44

Kleinrock hired by, 246

on nuclear weapons myth of Internet origin, 247–48

personality of, 230

robot, 281

robots, navigating by, 472

Robot Wisdom, 427

Rock, Arthur, 167–68, 170, 184, 185, 192

Intel money raised by, 187–88, 213

venture capital and, 185–88

Rockefeller, John D., Jr, 186

Rockefeller, Laurence, 153, 186, 188

Rolling Stone, 269, 288, 308, 388

Rometty, Ginni, 470, 477, 478

Roosevelt, Franklin, 219

Rosen, Ben, 355–56

Rosenberg, Scott, 426

Rosenblatt, Frank, 469

“Rosencrantz and Ethernet” (Cerf), 259

Rosenfeld, Jeremy, 440

Rossetto, Louis, 420, 425–26

routers, 237, 250, 251–52, 253

Rubenstein, David, 362

Russell, Bertrand, 47

Russell, Steve, 203–6, 207, 320, 321, 473

St. Jude (Jude Milhon), 301, 302

Sams, Jack, 356–57

Samson, Peter, 200, 200, 206

Sanders, Bob, 207

San Francisco Chronicle, 271

Sanger, Larry, 438, 439–40, 441, 442–43

Sarofim, Fayez, 188

SATNET, 256

Say Everything (Rosenberg), 426

Scantlebury, Roger, 237, 238, 242

Schreyer, Helmut, 53, 54

“Science, the Endless Frontier” (Bush), 263n

Scientific American, 47

Scientific and Advanced Technology Act (1992), 402

Scientific Data System, 187

Scientific Memoirs, 25, 30, 32

Scientific Revolution, 3, 479

Scripting News, 429

search engines, 227, 423, 446–65

Searle, John, 127–28, 470–71

Sears, 398–99

Seattle Computer Products, 358

self-driving cars, 456

Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), 225, 226, 475, 486

semiconductivity theory, 153

semiconductor amplifier, 147–48

semiconductors, 135, 154–56

Sendall, Mike, 412

Sequoia Capital, 214n, 464

Seva Foundation, 388

Shannon, Claude, 34, 47–50, 54, 122–23, 133, 139, 243, 283

Shapin, Steven, 3

Shaw, Artie, 150

Shelley, Mary, 12, 29, 468

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 12

Shirky, Clay, 442, 444

Shockley, William, 130, 132, 134, 136, 180, 199

acoustic delay line developed by, 101

Bardeen and Brattain’s dispute with, 145–49, 152–53, 163

credit for transistor taken by, 145–49, 177

IQ of, 136–37

midlife crisis of, 153–54

Nobel Prize won by, 164, 165

poor leadership skills of, 152, 163–64, 165

racial views of, 137, 168

replacement for vacuum tube sought by, 137, 141–45

researchers recruited to company by, 157, 161, 162

semiconductor amplifier idea of, 147–48

solid-state studied by, 139–41

in World War II, 138

Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162–64, 485

Shockley replaced at, 165–67, 168

Siemens, 180

Signals and Power Subcommittee, 202

silicon, 134, 135, 142, 154, 155, 174

Silverstein, Craig, 456

Simon, Leslie, 73–74

Simonyi, Charles, 367

singularity, 474

Siri, 472

Sketchpad, 283

“Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communications System” (Sutherland), 283

slide rules, 37, 55, 56

Smalltalk, 289

Smarter Than You Think (Thompson), 427

Smith, Adam, 20

Smith, E. E. “Doc,” 204, 205, 206

SNARC, 203

SNDMSG, 384

Snow, C. P., 487

Snow White, 129

Snyder, Betty, 86, 97–99, 117

ENIAC’s glitch fixed by, 114

and public display of ENIAC, 113–16

social networking, 4, 400

software, 313–81

open-source, 261, 370–81

Software Publishing Industry, 121n

Sokol, Dan, 341

solid circuit, 173–74

solid-state physics, 134, 135–36, 138–41

Solomon, Les, 306, 308–9

Somerville, Mary, 14–15, 32

sonic waves, 95

Source, 392–93, 395, 400

source code, 322

Soviet Union, 247, 278

space program, 169

Spacewar, 200, 202, 204, 205–7, 209, 224, 320, 329, 388

speech-recognition technologies, 472

Spence, Frances Bilas, see Bilas, Frances

Spencer, Herbert, 2

Sperry Rand, 82, 83, 84n, 116

Sputnik, 169, 171, 228, 436

SRI, 255–56

Srinivasan, Srinija, 448

Stallman, Richard, 349, 370–73, 376, 379–80, 413, 438

Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL), 269, 281, 285, 286

Stanford Industrial Park, 199

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 415

Stanford Research Institute, 221, 252, 275

Stanford Research Park, 156

steam engine, 33

stepped reckoner, 20

Stevenson, Adlai, 116

Stibitz, George, 49, 50, 52, 58, 64, 75, 80, 104, 119, 133

store-and-forward switching, 238

Strachey, Oliver, 77

Strategic Air Command, 181, 251

subroutines, 28, 93

in ENIAC, 75

of video games, 205–6

Suess, Randy, 385

“Summit Ridge Drive,” 150

Sun Microsystem, 450, 463

surface states, 141

Sutherland, Ivan, 208, 231–32, 243, 252, 283

Swarthmore University, 67–68

Swimming Across (Grove), 190

Switchboards, 301

“Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, A,” 49

symbolic logic, 17, 26, 49, 54, 58, 123, 344

Symbolics, 371

Syzygy, 210

Tanenbaum, Andrew, 374

Taylor, Bob, 216, 221, 224, 225, 229–33, 252, 276, 294, 385, 482

ARPA funding raised by, 235–37

Internet designed as decentralized by, 250

Kleinrocker criticized by, 245

on nuclear weapons myth of Internet origin, 247

On Distributed Communications read by, 241

online communities and, 261

PARC leadership style of, 287

personality of, 230, 234

recruited to PARC, 286–87

Robert’s hiring suggested by, 234

TCP/IP protocols, 259, 383

Teal, Gordon, 150

teamwork, innovation and, 1, 84, 85, 91–92, 108, 110, 246, 260, 479–86

Tech Model Railroad Club, 202, 203, 204, 207, 224, 288, 370–71, 483

technotribalism, 267–68

Teitelbaum, Ruth Lichterman, see Lichterman, Ruth

Tektronix, 433

Teledyne, 184–85, 187

telephones, 240, 241

television, 218

Teller, Edward, 102, 112, 113

Tennis for Two, 215

Terman, Fred, 136n, 156, 187, 199, 450

Terman, Lewis, 136–37

Terrell, Paul, 352

Tesla, Nikola, 448–49, 461

Texas Instruments, 149–50, 168, 171, 173–74, 177–78, 179, 482

military microchips by, 181

textiles, 33

Thacker, Chuck, 287, 291, 363

“That’s All Right,” 152

Third Wave, The (Toffler), 394

Thompson, Clive, 427

Time, 3, 218, 219, 248, 268, 390, 420

Time Inc., 420, 421–22

Times (London), 124

time-sharing, 224–26, 229, 242, 249, 384, 390

Time Warner, 3

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 265, 378

Toffler, Alvin, 394

Tolkien, J. R. R., 257

Tomlinson, Ray, 384

Tom Swift Terminal, 303

Tools for Conviviality (Illich), 302–3

TOPS-10, 321

Torborg, Jeff, 445

Torvalds, Linus, 349, 373–79, 380

traffic jams, 244

Traf-O-Data, 326–27, 329, 332, 333

transistors, 3, 48, 131–69, 174–76, 184, 243, 406, 480, 502–3

on ballistic missiles, 169

invention of, 131, 144–45, 150, 227, 414, 485

licensing fee for, 149–50

name coined for, 148

press conference for, 148–49

price of, 151, 184

production of, 150

for radios, 149–52

Shockley’s taking credit for, 145–49, 177

Transmission Control Protocol, 259

Trellix, 431

Triplanetary (Smith), 204n

Tri-Pos (Minskytron), 205, 206

Trips Festival, 269–71, 273, 278, 388

Truman, Harry, 219, 220, 263n

“Tube Relay and Techniques of Its Switching, The” (Schreyer), 54

Tuck, Hugh, 209–10, 215

Turing, Alan, 34, 40–47, 92, 101, 119

Bletchley Park code-breaking by, 77–78

Colossus and, 76

death of, 129, 500

on general-purpose computers, 87, 326–27, 406

homosexuality of, 41, 46, 128–29

influence of, 82, 84

spartan existence of, 102–3

stored-program computer of, 120, 242

on thinking machines, 29, 42, 122–29, 468, 485

Turing, John, 40

“Turingery,” 78–79

Turing Machine (Logical Computing Machine), 44–46, 47

Turing’s Cathedral (Dyson), 120

Turing Test, 124–28, 478

Watson and, 470

Turner, Ted, 391

Twitter, 433, 479–80, 485

2001: A Space Odyssey, 311, 468, 477

TX-2, 243

U-2 planes, 155

UCLA, 253, 255–56, 259

Ulam, Stanislaw, 113

Uniform Resource Locators, 411

Unisys, 116

Unitarian Universalist Church, 413–14

UNIVAC, 109, 116, 238, 274

UNIX, 372, 374, 375, 381, 389, 414

untyped lambda calculus, 46

uranium-235, 103

USCO, 269

Usenet, 386, 422

“Use of High Speed Vacuum Tube Devices for Calculating, The” (Mauchly), 73

vacuum tubes, 39, 48, 56, 58, 60, 61, 64–65, 73, 75, 79, 94, 133, 135

Shockley’s search for replacement for, 137, 141–45

Vail, Theodore, 132

Valentine, Don, 214n

Veblen, Oswald, 73–74, 120

Venrock Associates, 186

venture capital, 185–88, 189, 213–14

video games, 200, 201–15, 393

artificial intelligence and, 11

Vietnam War, 248, 278, 295, 299, 329, 397

Vinge, Vernor, 474

Virtual Community, The (Rheingold), 425

VisiCalc, 354, 355–56, 431

Vitruvian Man, 474

von Meister, William Ferdinand, 382, 390–94, 396, 397

von Neumann, John, 42, 46, 64, 77, 92, 101–5, 109, 110, 111–12, 118, 119, 134, 269

AI work of, 469, 472

atomic bomb work of, 103–4

death of, 104n

Goldstine’s first meeting with, 105–6

singularity coined by, 474

on stored memory, 110–11

stored-program computer work of, 105, 110–11, 120, 478

von Neumann, Klára, 119, 120

von Neumann, Nicholas, 102

Waldrop, Mitchell, 223

Wales, Ada, 446

Wales, Jimmy, 379, 435, 436–41, 442–44, 445–46

Wall Street Journal, 167, 363

Wang, 356

War Department, U.S., 68, 73, 115

Warnock, John, 208

Washington, George, 481

Washington Post, 172, 392

Watson (computer), 470–71, 475, 476–77, 486

Watson, Dr. John (char.), 477

Watson, Thomas (Bell’s assistant), 132, 477

Watson, Thomas, Jr. (IBM chief), 151

Watson, Thomas, Sr. (IBM founder), 477

Wavy Gravy, 388

Wayne, Ron, 348

weather patterns, 95

weather predictions, 115

weaving looms, 14, 21, 23, 26, 33, 35

WebCrawler, 227

Weiland, Ric, 318–19, 323

WELL, 302, 388, 389–90, 421, 422, 426

Wellington, Duke of, 7, 8

Wells Fargo, 213

Wescoff, Marlyn, 97–98

Westinghouse, 155, 181, 265

WhatsApp, 485

What the Dormouse Said (Markoff), 267, 281, 341n

Whitney, John Hay “Jock,” 186

Whole Earth Catalog (Brand), 265, 271–72, 278, 280, 297, 303, 388, 389, 408

Whole Earth communalists, 265, 294, 295, 297, 305, 309

Who Owns the Future? (Lanier), 419

Wiener, Norbert, 64, 223, 226, 243, 267, 269, 272

Wiesner, Jerome, 217–18, 219

WiFi, 387n

Wigner, Eugene, 140

Wikipedia, 264, 302, 379, 381, 441–46, 470, 482, 483, 486

creation of, 439–41

WikiWikiWeb, 434, 436

Wilkes, Maurice, 119, 120

Williams, Evan, 428–33, 435, 479–80

Williams, Frederic Calland, 119

Wilson, Woodrow, 132

Windows, 368–69, 370, 381

Winer, Dave, 429

Winograd, Terry, 455–56, 457–58

Wired, 303n, 420, 425

Wojcicki, Susan, 464

Wolfe, Tom, 157, 159, 193, 194, 270, 281

women:

as ENIAC programmers, 95–100, 117

math doctorates received by, 88

word processing, 2467

Wordsworth, William, 3

World Book Encyclopedia, 436–37, 442

World Health Organization, 388

World’s Fair (1939), 218

World War II, 72, 89, 138, 172

code breaking in, 76–79

science promoted by, 218–19

Z3 destroyed in, 54, 81

World Wide Web, 3, 405–65

Berner-Lee’s collaborative vision of, 413–14, 418, 433

initial creation of, 412–13

placed in public domain, 413, 436

profits from, 419, 420–21

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 420–21

Wozniak, Steve, 134, 211, 333n, 341n, 344–47, 348, 349, 353, 355, 398, 407, 464, 483–84

Apple partnership share of, 352

Breakout work of, 348, 350

terminal designed by, 350–52

Xanadu, 410–11, 419

Xerox, 371

Xerox Alto, 291, 293

Xerox PARC, 133, 221, 278, 286–91, 292, 293–94, 308, 363–64, 365, 367, 388, 482

Ethernet invented at, 256

Xerox Star, 365

X Mosaic, 416

Yahoo!, 447–48, 449, 450, 462, 464–65, 481

Yang, Jerry, 447–48

YouTube, 436

Z1, 52

Z2, 53

Z3, 53–54, 80–81

Znaimer, Sam, 328–29

Zuckerberg, Mark, 391

Zuse, Konrad, 52–54, 57, 75, 80–81

influence of, 82, 85