Текст книги "The Crusades. The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land"

Автор книги: Thomas Asbridge

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Hattin, 347

Battle of, 343–53, 363, 370, 371, 378, 435, 513, 631, 663, 677

Horns of, 350, 353

Hauran, 136, 247, 344

Hebron, 505

Hellespont, 382, 420

Helmold of Bosau, 211–12

Henry I of Cyprus, 568

Henry II of Champagne, 385, 415, 417, 449, 468, 472, 492, 494, 504, 510, 512

death of, 538

titular monarch, 496, 510

Henry II of England (formerly Henry of Anjou), 323, 345, 369–70, 376, 377–8, 379, 380, 382–4, 385, 390, 448

death of, 383

Eleanor marries, 369

Saladin Tithe’s gains for, 386

Henry II of Jerusalem, 653, 655

Henry III of England, 570, 577–8, 580, 640

Henry VI of Germany and Sicily, 381, 522

Henry VII of Sicily, 551

Henry of Albano, Cardinal, 372

Henry of Anjou, see Henry II of England

Henry of Germany, Prince, 213

Henry the Lion, 381

Henry the Younger, 376

death of, 377

Heraclea, 60

Heraclius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 342, 356, 360

Herman of Salza, 564, 566–7

Hethum, king of Cilician Armenia, 616

Hezbollah, 679

Hijaz, 18

Hisn Kifr, 258

Hohenstaufen dynasty/empire, 198, 381, 522, 551, 562

Gregory IX’s disdain for, 567

papacy’s open warfare against, 577

see also Frederick I of Germany; Frederick II of Germany

Holy Sepulchre, Church of, 28, 90–1, 104, 161, 175, 185–6, 361–2, 512, 569, 570, 575, 645

Fulk’s plea for forgiveness at, 5

Godfrey becomes Advocate of, 103

homosexuality, 412

Homs, 192, 193, 248, 292, 334, 618

Honorius III, Pope, 536, 551, 559–60, 563, 564

death of, 567

Hospitallers (Hospital of St John), 169–71, 185, 271, 344, 353, 386, 463, 468, 489, 541–5, 560, 568, 572, 576, 595, 634–5, 641–2, 650, 655, 658

at Great Siege of Acre, 400

political influence of, 170

supranational nature of, 170, 663

see also Krak des Chevaliers; Templars

House of Sorrow, see Jacob’s Ford

Hubert Walter, bishop of Salisbury, 415, 425, 512

Hugh III of Burgundy, Duke, 323, 431, 448, 449, 451, 454, 460, 461, 468, 579, 491, 492, 494, 496, 503, 508, 510

Richard I’s right to command acknowledged by, 456

rumour spread by, 495

Hugh of Brulis, 132

Hugh of Falchenberg, 119, 127, 133

Hugh of Lusignan, 131, 632, 634

Hugh of Payns, 168, 199

Hugh of Vermandois, 210

Hülegü Khan, 615–18, 620

Humphrey of Toron, 260, 328, 342, 435–6, 483, 493, 512

Hungary, 218, 382, 534, 551, 615

Ibelin dynasty, 323, 539

Iberia, 8, 12, 20, 27, 43, 152, 197, 200, 211, 212, 213, 541, 663

Ibn al-‘Arabi, 28

Ibn al-Athir, 102, 112, 238, 260, 282, 287, 335–6, 341, 355–6, 363, 395, 409, 486, 490–1, 515

Ibn al-Khayyat, 113

Ibn al-Muqaddam, 289, 290–1, 292, 294, 309–10

Ibn al-Qalanisi, 112

Ibn al-Qaysarani, 226, 237, 262

Ibn al-Zaki, 362–3

Ibn ‘Asakir, 262

Ibn Jubayr, 181–2, 250, 262, 330–1

Ibn Qudama, 341

Iftikhar ad-Daulah, 94, 95, 98, 102

Il-ghazi of Mardin, 157, 163, 164, 165, 240, 242, 243

death, 167

tolls abolished by, 183

Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, 261–2, 263, 286, 290, 297–8, 308, 309, 333, 334, 352, 353, 358–61 passim, 362, 392, 397, 403, 411, 426

truce document penned by, 512

Imad al-Din Zangi, 289, 318, 320, 321–2, 333, 334, 499

In Praise of the New Knighthood (Bernard of Clairvaux), 169

Inab, Battle of, 239–44, 245, 368

Innocent II, Pope, 200

Innocent III, Pope, 521–6, 528, 531–5, 541, 550–1, 552, 554, 659, 662

Albigensian Crusade launched by, 532

death of, 535, 536, 551

Fifth Crusade proclaimed by, 533

Fourth Crusaders ignore

Constantinople prohibition of, 531

management and operation of holy war refined by, 523–4

new (Fourth) crusade envisaged by, 524

Innocent IV, Pope, 577 new crusade proclaimed by, 577

Iran, 19, 20, 22, 191, 614, 615

Iraq, 1, 19, 20, 22, 114, 154, 181, 191, 193, 228, 244, 248, 258

see also Baghdad; Mesopotamia

Isa (jurist and imam), 274, 332, 338

death of, 411

Isa (swimmer), 417

Isaac II Angelus, emperor of Byzantium, 382, 393, 529

Isaac Comnenus, 429–30

Isabella II, queen of Jerusalem, 539, 565, 567–8

Isabella of Jerusalem, 301, 328, 342, 435–6, 493, 538

Henry marries, 496

Islam:

Abbasid dynasty within, 20, 21–2, 623

fragmentation of, 27

Almoravids among, 27

appetite for conquest demonstrated by, 18–19

bifurcated world as described by, 25

Burid dynasty within, 190, 192, 236, 246–8

Byzantium’s quarrelsome respect for, 27

caliphs in, 18, 20

‘Rightly Guided’, 19

Christian Europe and, on eve of Crusades, 26–9

coexistence of Christians and followers of, see Outremer: life in

continued unabated commerce between Christendom and, 331

‘Crusader–Zionist’ alliance against, 676, 677

crusades profoundly affected by disarray within, 22

early history of, 17–20

emergence of Shi‘ia sect of, 20

Fatimid dynasty within, 20, 21–2, 23, 56, 71, 266

fragmentation of world of, 20–3

Isma‘ili Order within, 156, 645

Jerusalem’s immutable, historical link with, 91

jihad cause reawakened in, 1

Koran’s explicit demand for spread of, 18

little post-Crusade response from, 225

modern parallelism and, 675–7

modern, and shadow of Crusades, 674–5

Near Eastern, Sunni–Shi‘ite schism sunders, 71

Nizari sect within, 156

punishments for sex between Christians and followers of, 178

religious and political divisions in, 19–21

Saladin’s scattered authority over, 339

Second Crusade countered by, 232–7

Shi‘ia sect contests Sunni authority within, 20

spreading influence of, 19

style and practice of warfare by, 23–4

‘submission’ definition of, 18

turbulent disarray of Sunni version of, 22

Turks’ coming transforms, 21

Umayyad dynasty within, 19, 230

coup ends rule of, 20

Urban’s demonising characterisation of, 36–8

Urban’s dire warning concerning, 33

warfare and jihad, late 11th century, 23–6

Ismail of Damascus, 574, 575

Ismat (Saladin’s wife), 231, 296–7

death of, 297n

Israel, 675, 676, 678

Istanbul, see Constantinople

Italy, 6, 8, 143, 144, 183, 206, 208, 369, 381, 555, 651–2

Bohemond’s rapturous arrival in, 143

crusader envoys’ ill-fated treaty with, 527–8, 528–9, 531

fighting aristocracy of, 43

mercantile fleet of, 7, 172

Norman Sicilian aggression in, 208

Normans of, 45, 57, 70, 215–16

northern, Frederick I and, 369, 381

polities in, 7

seaborne merchants of, 7

southern, Gregory IX’s invasion of, 571

southern, Norman conquest of, 44

southern, seizure of by Muslims, 8

see also Rome

Ivanhoe (Scott), 671

Izz al-Din, 317, 320, 321, 332, 333, 334, 397

Jabala, 179, 396

Jackson, David, 335

Jacob’s Ford (House of Sorrow), 311–15

Jacobites, 104

Jaffa, 95, 117, 121, 128–9, 131, 132, 354, 393, 457, 479–80, 488, 538, 569, 631, 635

Baldwin I’s flight to, 133

crusaders’ rebuilding of, 480

Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

Richard I arrives at, 476, 479

Saladin orders demolition of, 423, 476

Saladin’s strike force against, 510–11

Third Crusade stalls at, 480

war council at, 479

James II of Aragon, 651, 652

James of Avesnes, 385, 403, 407, 417, 418, 472

death of, 474

James of Vitry, 534, 536, 538, 545, 551–2, 556, 559

Damietta’s Muslim children baptised by, 558

Jazira, 258, 281, 320, 321, 322, 499, 500

al-Afdal’s exile in, 540

al-Ashraf installed as regional emir in, 540

Jazirat, 423

Jazr, 152, 165

Jean of Ibelin, 538–9, 568, 572

Jericho, 127

Jerusalem, 93

al-‘Arabi’s description of, 28

al-Afdal (vizier) seizes, from Turks, 89

Aqsa mosque (Temple of Solomon) in, 91, 101, 111, 180, 187, 262, 362, 506–7, 570, 624

Baldwin of Boulogne declared new ruler of, 119

Calvary chapel in, 185–6

capture of (638 ce), 19

Church of Our Lord (Templum Domini) in, 362

Damascus Gate in, 92, 97, 375

dangerous undermanning in, 490

delegations of Third Crusaders fulfil pilgrim vows at, 512

devotional importance accorded to, in Middle Ages, 676

Dome of the Rock in, 91, 112, 187, 362, 570, 624

Fatimids conquer, 21

First Crusade advances on and besieges, 89–96

first direct assault, 94

First Crusade’s assault on, 96–103, 111

aftermath of, 103–7

recorded casualties in, 102

return to Europe after, 106–7

Franks re-establish presence in, 572

Frederick II enters, 570

Frederick II’s recovery of, 569

Godfrey’s death and, 118

Holy Sepulchre in, see main entry

Hospital of St John in, 169, 185

Hospitallers formed in, 169 (see also main entry)

Islam’s early dominion over, 17

al-Kamil surrenders, 569

Khwarizmians attack, 574–6

limited political, economic and strategic value of, 540

Louis IX offers to exchange Damietta for, 602

military orders formed in, see Hospitallers; Templars

most revered focus of pilgrimage, 13

Mount of Olives in, 91

in Muslim histories, 112

Notre-Dame de Josaphat monastery near, 187

Nur al-din’s ornate pulpit in, 262–3, 363

Old City within, 91

Order of the Temple of Solomon (Templars) formed in, 168 (see also Templars)

patriarch of, 9

plunder amassed in, after First Crusade, 106

Quadrangular Tower in, 92, 97

reconquered from Fatimids, 22

ritual purification as prelude to taking of, 96

St Anne’s convent in, 187

Saladin’s 1187

conquest of, see Jerusalem, Kingdom of: Saladin’s 1187 conquest of

Saladin’s 1187 entry into, 357, 361

Saladin’s belief in sanctity of, 515

Temple Mount (Haram as-Sharif) in, 91, 101, 362, 569, 676

Third Crusade’s first advance on, 480–2, 481, 488–9

Third Crusade’s second advance on, 502–3

indecision during, 502–3

Third Crusade turns back from, see Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from

Tower of David in, 92, 102, 103, 118, 119, 357

unrivalled sanctity of, 13

in Urban’s Clermont sermon, 36

Wailing Wall in, 91

Zion Gate in, 92

see also Jerusalem, kingdom of; Outremer; Palestine

Jerusalem, kingdom of, 115, 126, 128, 148, 161, 176, 178, 232, 236, 249, 290, 318, 492, 538, 648–9, 676

Angevin–Capetian rivalry perpetuated by political future of, 435

Angevin–Capetian settlement concerning throne of, 448

Baldwin of Boulogne anointed first king of, 120

Baybars’ truce with, 644

Conrad of Montferrat and, 435–6, 448

‘crusader state’, 115

Egypt a client state of, 271

extreme vulnerability of, 353–4

Franks request terms on Saladin’s 1187 conquest of, 358

Frederick II’s compromise with Latin nobility of, 571

Fulk V of Anjou crowned king of, 173

Guy and Sibylla become king and queen of, 342

Hohenstaufen domination rejected by, 573

interest in Egypt shown by, 268

Louis IX bolsters coastal defences of, 607

Nablus general assembly in, 172

nascent, 106

prayer-book treasure from, 174

repossession of, 361–3

Saladin begins first significant campaign against, 306

Saladin’s 1183 attack on, 326–9

Saladin’s 1187 conquest of, 355–63, 391

William of Tyre becomes chancellor of, 195n

see also Baldwin II; Baldwin III; Baldwin IV; Baldwin V; Guy of Lusignan; Jerusalem; Outremer; Palestine

Jesus of Nazareth, 14, 15, 49, 250

Muhammad acknowledges, 18

spear that pierced, 77–8

Urban invokes authority of, 38

Jezreel valley, 619

jihad, 1, 23–6, 113, 226, 256, 263, 264, 659–60, 677

changing nature of, 25–6

enthusiasm for, 183, 189

examined, 25, 669–70

gathering pace of, 258

Nur al-Din a champion of, 238, 249, 262

Saladin’s passion for, 287, 306, 334, 514, 515

Zangi prioritises, 228

Joachim of Fiore, 389

Joanne of England, 389, 390, 429

Richard I’s suggestion of al-Adil’s marriage to, 484–5, 487

Job, 250

John II Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 171–2, 254

John the Baptist, 49, 169, 250

Crypt of, 187

John of Brienne, 539, 551, 552, 555, 557, 560, 561, 565, 571, 592

censured, 562

crown of Sicilian Armenia pursued by, 559

Damietta demanded by, 558

John of Ibelin, 631, 635

John of Joinville, 581, 584, 585, 586–7, 595, 598, 600, 601–2, 603–4, 605, 640

John, Prince (later king of England), 377, 383, 385, 493–4, 502, 516, 526

Philip Augustus’ alliance with, 497, 502

John of Villiers, 654, 655, 656

Joscelin II of Edessa, 193–4, 230–1, 237

Joscelin III (of Courtenay), 237, 259, 260, 304, 307, 323

release of, 304

surrender of, 259

Joscelin of Cornault, 594, 603

Joscelin of Courtenay, 138–9, 146, 149, 154

death of, 168

Joscius of Tyre, Archbishop, 367, 371, 372, 380

Jubail, 147, 150, 649

Judaean hills, 90, 92

lawlessness in, 122

Judaism:

Islam seen as ‘refinement’ of, 18

Islam’s poll tax on, 18

Jerusalem’s immutable, historical link with, 91

see also Arab–Israeli conflict

Judas Iscariot, 400

Jurdik, 273, 292, 322, 507

Just War, prerequisites of, 15

Kafr Sabt, 346, 348

al-Kamil, 540, 552, 554, 556, 557–8, 560–2, 568–9, 593

death of, 573

Frederick II agrees terms with, 569

Frederick II’s communications with, 565–6, 568–9

Kemal, Namik, 674

Kerak, 167, 281, 282, 304, 318, 324, 344, 396, 557

Saladin besieges, 327–8, 329, 331

Kerbogha of Mosul, 72, 75, 76, 78–9, 79–81, 89

shameful retreat of, 81

Keukburi of Harran, 320, 332, 344, 345, 354, 404, 423

Khadir al-Mihrani, 626, 645, 646

al-Kharruba, 402, 408, 410

al-Khilafa, Shams, 125, 126

Khwarizmians, 566, 574–5, 589, 614

Kilij Arslan I, 52, 53, 56, 57–9

see also Dorylaeum, Battle of; Nicaea, Siege of

Kilij Arslan II, 305, 316–17, 382

Kinaniyya, 589, 590

kingdom of Jerusalem, see Jerusalem, kingdom of

Kitbuqa, 615, 618, 619, 620 ‘Knights, much is promised’, 210–11

knights, 13–14

bloodshed sinful to, 14

forms of warfare familiar to, 14

Kogh Vasil, 138

Konya, 420, 421

Koran, 18, 24, 25, 180, 234

Krak des Chevaliers, 171, 396, 545–6, 634, 638, 641–2, 650

Kublai Khan, 618

La Forbie, 575–6

La Mahomerie, 70

Lake Mansallah, 552, 553, 560

Latakia, 137–8, 139, 142, 145, 396, 416, 538, 548, 618, 637, 650

Lateran Palace, Rome, 34

Latin Romania, 531, 532, 541, 573, 577, 628

Latin West, transformation of, 519–21

Latrun, 354, 482, 504

Le Mans, 372, 383

Lebanon, 62, 86

general council convened to consider, 149

Leon I, prince of Cilician Armenia, 252

Leon I, king of Cilician Armenia (formerly Prince Leon II), 539, 559

Leopold V of Austria, Duke, 381, 444, 515

Levant, see Outremer

Liège, 106

Limassol, 429

Lisbon, 212, 213

Lloyd George, David, 674

Lot, 250

Louis VII of France, 201–2, 207, 210, 211, 212, 214–21 passim, 233, 236, 303, 369, 376, 388

crusading precedent set by, 214

death of, 323

Raymond of Antioch’s scheme rejected by, 233

Richard I’s disputes with, 377

Louis VIII of France, 578

Louis IX of France, 1, 578–9, 578–80, 615, 632, 662, 670

capture and imprisonment of, 604–5

death of, 641

dysentery suffered by, 603, 604

extreme piety shown by, 607–8

first crusade of, 580–608

effect of indecision on, 602

preparations for, 580–4

scurvy suffered during, 601–2

illnesses of, 580, 640–1

John of Joinville’s account of, 581

release of, 606

return of, to France, 607

second crusade of, 639–41

Edward I continues, 641, 643–4

see also Damietta; Mansourah

Louis of Blois, 527

Low Countries, 6, 534, 639

fighting aristocracy of, 43

Ludwig III of Thuringia, 403, 418

Ludwig IV of Thuringia, 566

Ludwig of Bavaria, 560

Lusignan dynasty, 377, 494

Lydda, 131, 307, 354, 482

Lyons, Malcolm, 335

Ma‘sud of Anatolia, 219, 232, 237, 249

Mahalla Canal, 561, 593, 601

Mainz, 372

al-Majusa, 184

Malik Shah, 22

mamluks, 2, 192, 274, 276, 442, 465, 590–1, 594, 597, 598, 600, 606

Bahriyya among, 591, 594, 597, 600, 606, 612–13, 621

Mamluk dynasty, 611, 612–13, 614, 616–18, 617, 618–37, 643, 645–8, 650–1

centralised power in state of, 624

diplomacy of, 626–8

intelligence network of, 630

military machine of, perfecting, 628–30

at Siege of Acre, 651–6

sultanate, 612, 613, 617, 620, 621–2, 627, 646

Qalawun and, 648

see also Ayn Jalut, Battle of; Baybars Manfred of Sicily, 627, 632

mangonels, see siege engines, projectile-launching

Mansourah, 558, 560, 591, 592, 593, 595, 601

Battle of, 596–9, 662

al-Mansur Ali, 612

al-Mansur Muhammad, 500

Manuel Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 172, 216, 218–19, 221, 254–6, 260, 271, 305

death of, 317

Manzikert, Battle of, 27

Marash, 60, 141

Mardin, 258, 321

Maria of Antioch, 254, 304

Maria Comnena, queen of Jerusalem, 271, 299, 328, 356, 360, 436

Maria of Jerusalem, Queen, 539

Marj Ayun, 260

Marqab, 396, 430, 396, 430, 634, 650

Marrat, 84, 85, 90, 662

in Muslim histories, 112

Mary Magdalene, 207

al-Mashtub, 274, 276, 332, 405, 426, 440, 441, 444

Masyaf, 295, 645

Matthew of Edessa, 153

Maudud of Mosul, 150, 151, 153, 154–6

assassination of, 156

Mayer, Hans, 490

Mecca, 17, 19, 281, 325, 513

Muhammad conquers, 18, 24

Medina, 17, 19, 281, 325

Melaz, Princess, 117

Melisende, queen of Jerusalem, 173, 174, 178, 185, 194, 245–6, 303

psalter of, 174–5, 185

Mesopotamia, 20, 22, 23, 138, 226, 227, 246, 257, 289, 321, 495, 499, 541, 615, 638

heartland of Sunni Islam remains in, 191, 229

Hülegü Khan subjugates most of, 615

Saladin and, 312, 319, 332, 339

see also Iraq

Michael VIII Palaeologus, 628, 639

Michaud, François, 672, 674

military orders, see Hospitallers; Templars; Teutonic Knights

Mohammad/Mohammed, see Muhammad

monasticism, 11, 12

Möngke Khan, 615, 618

Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia, 615–16, 617, 625, 627, 628–9, 635, 639, 643, 645–6, 648

Mongols, 546, 566, 611, 613–20, 617, 621, 622, 625–8 passim, 633, 635, 638, 643, 644–6, 648

see also Ayn Jalut, Battle of

Mont Gisard, Battle of, 307–8

Montfort, 544, 568, 643

Montjoie, 583, 586

Montreal, 159, 281, 282, 304, 344, 396, 557

Moors, 20, 26, 27, 43, 374, 532

Morlaàs, St Foi in, 12

Morphia (wife of Baldwin II), 173

Moses, 18, 250

Mosul, 72, 138, 146, 150, 191, 236, 238, 244–5, 258, 288, 289, 293, 319–20, 332

Saif al-Din seizes, 229

Saladin’s campaign against, 320–3

Saladin’s compromise with, 334

second siege against, 333

Mount Cadmus, 220

Mount Carmel, 187, 401

Mount Gilboa, 619

Mount Pilgrim, 147, 148, 150

Mount Silpius, 64, 67, 73, 75, 76, 636

Mount Staurin, 64, 67

Mount Tabor, 155

Mount Toron, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407

Mount Zion, 92, 97, 98, 100

al-Mu‘azzam, 540, 554, 556, 561, 566

death of, 567

al-Mu‘azzam Turanshah, 594, 601, 602, 605–6, 612

al-Mughith, 625

Muhammad, 91, 250, 325

conversion campaign of, 18

‘Night Journey’ of, 19, 361–2

questions concern legitimacy of successors of, 19

‘revelations’ experienced by, 17–18

warfare embraced by, 24

Muhammad, sultan of Baghdad, 150

Munqidh clan, 152–3

Murtzurphlus (Alexius V), emperor of Byzantium, 530

al-Mustansir, Caliph, 623

Mutamin, 276–7

Myriokephalon, Battle of, 305

Nablus, 172, 178, 246, 329

al-Nasir, Abbasid caliph, 317, 320, 321, 393

Nasir al-Din ibn Shirkuh, 334

al-Nasir Yusuf, 613, 616, 618, 620

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 678

Navarre, 389

Nazareth, 326, 344, 569, 631, 644

Near East:

arteries of commerce linking West with, 182

Baybars’ reshaping of, 622

Baybars seeks to make fortress state of, 621

Byzantium re-emerges as force in, 254

Cairo becomes capital of, 624

capture of True Cross hits Christian morale in, 352

change in shape and balance of power in, 153

commercial interdependence developed in, 456

convulsive changes in balance of power in, 535

crusader strongholds in, 544

cycle of religious violence perpetuated in, 4

disunited Islam remains in, 167

Fatimids conquer large swathes of, 21

in late 11th century, 22–3

Islam secures lasting possession of, 3

Latin settlement gives rise to remarkable society in, 189

Mamluk dynasty seizes power in, 612

Maudud’s adventure into, 154

Mongols bring panic to, 616

Muhammad of Baghdad reacts to Frankish subjugation of, 150

new outpost of Western European world born in, 115

Nur al-Din’s death leaves power vacuum in, 288

trading pacts and alliances develop in, 162

Nestorians, 104

New York and Washington, attacks on, 668, 679

Nicaea, 57, 66, 219, 220, 531

Siege of, 52–6

Nicholas IV, Pope, 651

Nicholas of Cologne, 533

Nile:

Amalric seeks to conquer, 271

Delta, 265, 266, 267, 278, 457, 552, 553, 560, 590, 592

region, 265–8 passim, 272, 282, 298, 305, 318, 338, 552, 566, 641

river 160, 277, 552–4, 592–3

flooding of, 265, 266, 557, 560, 592, 601

supply chain along, 601

Nilometer, 266

‘Nine Worthies’, 670

Normandy, 369, 372, 384

offensive against, 383

Normans, 7–8

Italian, 45, 57, 70, 215–16

Sicilian kingdom of, 198

North Africa, 8

al-Afdal’s (vizier’s) army taken from, 104

Islam reaches, 19

proxy battleground, 270

Shi‘ite faction seizes control of, 21

Nur al-Din Mahmud, 229–33, passim, 235, 236–49, 251–3, 255–65 passim, 268–71, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278–9, 280, 281–6, passim, 287, 288, 297, 368, 670

death of, 284

Frank truce offer refused by, 258

illnesses of, 253, 255, 283–4

‘Just King’ sobriquet of, 149, 262

ornate pulpit ordered by, 262–3, 363

see also Aleppo; Damascus

Nusrat al-Din, 253

Odo of Châteauroux, 577, 580, 584, 587–8, 604

Odo of St Amand, 307, 313

Old Man of the Mountain, see Rashid al-Din Sinan

Oliver of Paderborn, 534, 551, 552, 554, 556, 558, 559

Order of the Temple of Solomon, see Templars

Oriflame, 218, 583, 588, 604

Orontes River, 64, 66, 80, 152, 240, 260

Otho of Grandson, 651, 653, 655

Otranto, 566

Ottoman Turks, 658, 670

Outremer (Levant):

assimilation in, 666

backwater, 23

Baybars seeks to eradicate Latin presence in, 630

becomes leading centre of trade, 547

beset by adversity, 245

commerce and economy in, 546–9

complexity of trade routes in, 182

emergence of two religious orders in, 168

end of days of, 656

Field of Blood’s aftermath confronted by, 166

Franks consolidate hold over, 115

high mortality rate of, 126

influences that created, 666

James of Vitry’s speaking tour of, 536

knowledge and culture in, 183–6

La Forbie battle shatters remaining military strength of, 576

land of faith and devotion, 186–8

languages spoken in, 177

life in, 176–83

Louis IX serves as overlord of, 607

medical knowledge in, 184–5

name of, explained, 115

pilgrims to, 186–7

Qalawun turns attention towards, 648

Richard I credited with saving, 516

Second Crusade set to revitalise, 218

‘severe and terrible judgement’ suffered by, 370

in 13th century, 535–49

vulnerability of, 664

see also Jerusalem; Palestine

Palestine:

absorbed into Arab-Islamic state, 19

Ascalon a stepping stone between Egypt and, 128

Baldwin I consolidates hold over, 122, 128

Baybars’ exploratory raids into, 631

British mandated to administer, 673

coup avoided in, 167

crown rights bring threat of civil war to, 173

deepening crisis among Latins in, 342

earthquakes in, 281

eastern Christian repression in, 28

Fifth Crusaders begin to arrive in, 551

Frederick II asserts rights to direct rule over, 565

Frederick II’s weakened authority in, 568

Godfrey’s authority in, open to challenge, 116

Godfrey’s depleted army for defence of, 106

Haute Cour becomes important forum for legal, political and military decision making in, 174

imperial rights asserted over, 572

Latin armies united in, 496

Latin Christendom’s foothold in, 513

Louis VII marches to, 233

Maudud invades, 154

Mongols arrive in, 616

Muslims hold all of, 656

rejuvenated fortunes of, 574

Saladin’s first invasion of, 278–9

Saladin’s 1183

offensive against, 324–31

Saladin’s 1187

offensive against, 343–64

Shawar appeals for aid from, 270

shifting balance of power in, 323

southern, Saladin demolishes fortresses in, 498

tales of eastern Christian repressions in, 28

unconquered bulk of, 121

see also Baldwin of Boulogne (later Baldwin I); Battles of Ramla

papacy:

anti-popes and, 198

crusading strengthens authority of, 668

establishment of, 9

military arm perceived needed by, 16

role of, as Christendom’s protector, 10

upheavals hamper crusading ability of, 198

Paris, 198, 217, 372, 387

Sainte-Chapelle in, 579

Paschal II, Pope, 107, 143, 144

Pelagius, cardinal-bishop of Albarno, 555, 556, 557–8, 559–60, 561, 562, 571, 592

‘People’s Crusade’, 41, 48, 52

Persians, 21, 23, 227, 264, 288, 392

Ilkhanate, 627, 628, 648

Peter Desiderius, 95

Peter the Hermit, 41, 69, 106

Peter Tudebode, 109

Philip II Augustus of France, 323, 367, 369, 378, 379, 380, 382–90, 446–9, 496–7, 516, 526, 578

at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of

Guy–Conrad feud and, 436

John of England’s alliance with, 497, 502

journey to Holy Land by, 388–90, 429

report of death of, 483

Richard I and, rivalry or unity between? 434–6

Richard I’s changed relationship with, 384

Richard I’s disputes with, 377–8

small war chest of, 387

Third Crusade quit by, 449

see also Third Crusade

Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais, 403, 495

Philip of Flanders, Count, 305–6, 431, 447

Philip of Nevers, 447

Philippopolis, 219, 382

Piacenza, 34

pilgrimage, 13

Pilgrims’ Castle, 545n, 638, 656

Pisa, 7, 182, 298, 436, 541, 547, 649, 666

naval support from, 117, 394, 401, 402

Poitiers, 19

Poitou, 323

Poland, 615

Pons, count of Tripoli, 154, 155, 157

Portugal, 27, 212

Prester John, 614

Punch, 673

al-Qaeda, 668, 677, 679

Qalat Ja‘bar, 228

Qalawun, 613, 621, 632, 633, 644–5, 647–8, 650–1, 652, 665

becomes sultan, 647

death of, 652

Qara Arslan of Hisn Kaifa, 193–4

Qaragush, 276, 277, 318, 338, 396, 410, 416, 418, 419, 426, 440, 441, 444

heavy weapons of, 417

letter smuggled by, 414

Qaraqorum, 615

Qutb al-Din Maudud, 245

Qutb, Sayyid, 679

Qutuz, 612, 616, 618, 619, 620, 622

Ralph of Caen, 140

Ramla, 90, 121, 307, 354, 478, 482, 487, 488, 491, 634

Battles of, 128–34, 166

Ranulf of Glanville, 420

Rashid al-Din Sinan, 294–6, 495, 496

Raymond II of Tripoli, 245

Raymond III of Tripoli, 245, 259, 260, 302, 303–4, 304, 306, 323, 324, 328, 329, 332, 342–3, 368

appointed regent, 331

death of, 393, 539

Guy reconciled with, 344

Muslim troops welcomed into Tiberias by, 343

release of, 302

Saladin’s 1187 invasion of Palestine and, see Palestine: Saladin’s 1187 offensive against

seeks protection from Saladin, 342–3

surrender of, 259

Raymond of Aguilers, 77, 81, 109, 111

Raymond of Le Puy, 169

Raymond of Poitiers (later of Antioch), 173, 194, 219, 233, 239

death of, 242, 244, 245, 368

Eleanor and, 233

Inab and, 240–2

Louis VII rejects scheme of, 233

Raymond of Toulouse, 35, 39, 43–4, 46, 52, 57, 63, 69, 70, 73, 82–6 passim, 87–8, 96–7, 98–9, 100, 103, 104, 105, 147–8, 149, 662

Alexius renews alliance with, 107

groundswell of support for, 86

humiliating retreat of, 99

Iftikhar ad-Daulah negotiates release with, 102

Summaq campaigns let by, 84

waning popularity of, 92

Reconquista, 663

Red Sea, 159, 324

Reform movement, 10, 11, 16, 45

Reformation, 670

Regensburg, 218, 382

relics:

Apostles’ bones, 49

Crown of Thorns, 49, 530, 578

Holy Lance, 77–8, 83–4, 86–7, 104, 106, 111

Bartholomew’s trial by fire casts doubt on efficacy of, 87

Kerbogha said to have been paralysed by, 81

Raymond of Toulouse becomes supporter of, 83

John the Baptist, 49, 106, 530

True Cross, 104, 106, 120–1, 129, 134, 158, 162, 163, 164, 307, 345, 443, 451, 557

capture of, 351, 352, 371, 373

Richard I’s failure to recapture, 512, 513, 519

Virgin Mary’s hair, 49

Reynald of Châtillon, 252, 254, 255, 256, 260, 304–5, 307, 318, 328, 331, 350

Red Sea campaign launched by, 324–5

capture of, 256

figure of hate in Islam, 326

Muslim caravan attacked by, 343

release of, 304

Saladin’s audience with, 351–2

Saladin beheads, 352

Rhineland, 212

Rhineland Jews, massacre of, 41

Riccardo Filangeri, 567, 572

Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’), 1, 367, 374–80, 383–90, 428–30, 446–99, 501–5, 507–13, 515, 526, 552, 655, 662, 670, 671, 672

arrival of, in Holy Land, 428–9

Ascalon’s rebuilding by, 492

at Battle of Arsuf, 466–76

becomes king of England, 383–4

Berengaria marries, 429

birth and background of, 375–8

calamitous failure of leadership by, 509

confirmed as Henry’s successor, 383

Conrad’s assassination and, 495–6

Conrad’s parley with, 492

Conrad’s telling advantages over, 492

cross taken by, 374, 378, 380

crossbow bolt hits, 466

death and burial of, 516

descriptions of, 374–5, 379

elaborate negotiations with Saladin conducted by, 482–8

Frederick II compared to, 569

at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of

Guy–Conrad rivalry and, 436, 448

illnesses of, 433, 511

installed as duke of Aquitaine, 376

installed as duke of Normandy, 384

Joanne-al-Adil marriage suggested by, 484–5, 487

John’s power bid and, 494

journey of, to Holy Land, 388–90, 429

Leopold captures, 515

Lionheart sobriquet of, 374

march from Acre by, 458–76, 461

dispatch/letter sent to Garnier during, 469, 472–3, 475

military discipline and, 327, 387

Muslim potentates contacted by, 511

naval assault on Cyprus by, 429

Philip Augustus and, rivalry or unity between, 434–6

Poitou title of, 376

post-Crusade campaigns of, 516

in Punch, 674

resigns as commander-in-chief of Third Crusade, 508

return to Europe undertaken by, 412–13, 515

Saladin’s Acre diplomatic exchanges with, 434

Saladin’s attack on Jaffa and, 410–11

Saladin’s attempt to exploit rift between Conrad and, 487

Saladin’s protracted 1192 negotiations with, 510

Saladin seeks diplomatic re-engagement with, 501

Saladin’s supply caravan attacked by, 505

Saladin’s three-year truce with, 512

scholars’ views of, 375, 379, 490

songs composed by, 516

Third Crusade a contest between Saladin and, 367

Third Crusade’s preparations’ cost to, 386

see also Third Crusade

Richard of Cornwall, 573

Richard of Salerno, 146, 154

Ridwan (ibn Tutush) of Aleppo, 22, 66, 141, 142, 152

death of, 156

River Jordan, 155, 156, 160, 167

Upper, 260, 311

see also Transjordan

River of Reeds, 466, 467

River Rochetaille, 466, 467, 468, 470

River Saleph, 421

Robert II Flanders, Count, 46, 57, 92, 106

Robert IV of Leicester, 432, 472, 482, 510

Robert (knight of Jerusalem), 132

Robert of Artois, 580, 592, 596–7, 598, 607

Robert of Dreux, 207, 403, 474

Robert ‘Guiscard’ (‘the Wily’), 44

Robert of Hereford, 493

Robert of Nantes, patriarch of Jerusalem, 584–5, 604

Robert of Normandy, Duke, 46, 47, 57–9, 92, 106

Robert of Rheims, 109–10, 111

Roda, 266

Roger II of Sicily, 215–16, 218

Roger of Rozoy, 131–2

Roger of Salerno (later prince of Antioch), 153–4, 154–5, 157–9, 163–4, 327

death of, at the Field of Blood, 164, 166

Roger of Tosny, 432

Roland, 374, 376

Romania, Latin, 531, 532, 541, 573, 577, 628

Rome:

Christianity becomes official religion of, 8

declining empire of, 9

popes exiled from, 9

Eugenius III’s dispute with people of, 201

exposed to attack, 216

Germany’s acrimonious dispute with, 208

Hohenstaufen encirclement of, 571

imperial rule of, 5, 8

secular governance of, 201

Roupen III, prince of Cilician Armenia, 317

Roupenid dynasty, 171n, 539

Royal Book (al-Majusa), 184

Ruj valley, 154

Russia, 21, 612, 614

Sa‘ad al-Daulah, 128, 129, 130

Sacro Catino, 124

Saddam Hussein, 678–9

Sadi, ra’is of Tyre, 179

Saewulf, 122

Safad, 170–1, 396, 633–4

Saffaram, 423, 446, 452, 460

Saffuriya, 318, 226, 345, 346, 347

Safita, 296

Safwat of Damascus, 135

Saidnaya, 187

Saif al-Din (nephew of Nur al-Din), 289, 293–4

death of, 317

Saif al-Din (son of Zangi), 229, 231, 233, 235, 499

death of, 244

St Andrew, 77, 83

St Augustine of Hippo, 15

St Denis, 217, 218, 388

St Foi, 12

St Francis of Assisi, 556–7