Текст книги "The Crusades. The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land"

Автор книги: Thomas Asbridge

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Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.

(page numbers in italic type refer to maps)

Aachen, 550

Abaq, 246–7, 248

Abaqa, 639, 640, 643, 644, 648

Abd al-Ghani, 341

‘Abd al-Latif Hamza, 675

Abd al-Zahir, 623

Abdulhamid II, 674

al-Abiwardi, 113

Abraham, 18, 91, 250, 362

Abu Abdallah, 640

Abu Sulaiman Dawud, 301

Abu’l Fida, 651, 652, 653, 655, 656

Abu’l Haija the Fat, 276, 277, 410, 419, 425–6, 490, 500, 502, 506

Acre, 90, 117, 182, 221, 305, 318, 319, 393, 399, 450, 451, 538, 547–9, 576, 619, 633

as pilgrimage destination, 549

Baldwin I’s 1104

siege of, 124

book production in, 549

Cursed Tower at, 400, 438, 439, 654

Genoese sailors try to take control of, 492

Great Siege of, 398–420, 399, 422–8, 430–4, 436–46, 662 (see also Acre: Siege of)

battle for the sea during, 412–15

conclusion of, 441–3

crusaders’ strategy for, 437–9

definitive breach in, 440–1

effect of city’s fall after, 445–6

first battle in, 405–8

hiatus in, 410–13

inhabitants on edge of starvation during, 414

Latins’ hunger, illness and deaths during, 424–5

negotiation during, 441–3

Saladin–Richard diplomatic exchanges during, 434

struggle on land during, 415–16

walls rebuilt after, 456

independence declared by residents of, 572

James of Vitry elected new bishop of, 536

Latins begin openly fighting over, 492

Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

new capital, 538, 547

Outremer’s leading centre for commerce, 547

reinforcements from, for Third Crusade’s second advance on Jerusalem, 502

Richard I’s march from, 458–76, 461

Richard I’s massacre on plains of, 452–4

Saladin’s proposal to Conrad regarding, 487

Saladin’s winter rest in, 395–6

Siege and sack of 651–6 (see also Acre: Great Siege of) surrender of (1187), 354–5

surrender of (1191), 443, 450

Tower of Flies at, 401, 414

transformation of, into fleshpot, 460

Adalia, 220

Adela, countess of Blois, 107

Adelard of Bath, 184

Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy, 35, 39, 43, 56, 69, 76, 78, 81, 83–4

burial of, 84

death of, 82

al-Adid, Fatimid caliph, 267, 273, 275, 277, 279

death of, 280

al-Adil ibn Ayyub, 276, 291, 298, 318, 324, 325, 328, 333–4, 338, 354, 394, 408, 425, 440, 462, 475, 478, 500, 512, 540–1, 552, 554

death of, 554

power in Damascus seized by, 540

Richard I’s communications with, 467, 483, 484–6, 511

Richard I’s suggestion of Joanne’s marriage to, 484–5, 487

series of truces agreed by, 541

truce document delivered to Richard I by, 512

Adrianople, 219, 382

al-Afdal (son of Saladin), 188, 297, 337–8, 344, 350–1, 394, 404, 414, 475, 478, 500, 512, 540, 554

al-Afdal, Egyptian vizier, 22, 71, 89–90, 94, 104–5, 125, 126, 128, 131, 135, 136, 267

Ascalon landing of, 104

Baldwin I’s deal with, 125

Jerusalem seized by, 89

Afghanistan, 668, 677

Afonso Henriques, king of Portugal, 212

Agnes of Courtenay, 237, 299, 304, 323

Aigues-Mortes, 581, 583, 640

Aimery of Limoges, 304–5

Aimery of Lusignan, 538

al-Akharini, 262

Albigensian Crusade, 532

Aleppo, 22, 66, 71, 114, 138, 139, 152–3, 157, 162, 165, 183, 191, 230, 231–2, 236, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 288, 310, 345, 500, 540, 613, 618

Abaq agrees to renewed truce with, 247

Abaq declares loyalty to, 248

al-Afdal’s attempt to seize control of, 554

al-Zahir designated ruler of, 394

Baybars’ regional governor in, 622

court intrigue in, 317

Damascus forms new relationship with, 231

evacuation of, 648

failed expeditions against, 171

Great Mosque in, 230, 263

Mongols advance on, 616

non-Koranic taxes abolished in, 322

Nur al-Din made new emir of, 229

Nur al-Din strengthens fortifications of, 255

offensive by, 163–4

Qutuz takes control of, 620

readied for attack, 233

Saladin’s campaign against, 320–3

Saladin extends authority over, 339

Saladin occupies, 322

Saladin’s plan to extend authority over, 312

Saladin’s stalking of, 292–4

Zangi seizes power in, 190

Alexander the Great, 63, 266, 670

Alexandria, 9, 266–7, 271, 278, 298, 546, 592, 628, 657

Sicilian fleet attacks, 289

Alexius I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 34, 52, 54–6, 63, 64, 71, 72, 74, 82, 140, 218

ambitions of, 48–50

Bohemond’s crusade and, 143, 144

death of, 172

Alexius Angelus, Prince (later emperor of Byzantium), 529–30

Alfonso VII, king of León-Castile, 212–13

‘Ali, 19–20

‘Ali al-Harawi, 187

‘Ali ibn Wafa, 241

Alice of France, 376, 377, 380, 389–90

Alice, Princess (daughter of Baldwin II), 167–8

Allenby, General Edmund, 673–4, 679

Almería, 213

Alphonse-Jordan of Toulouse, 207

Alphonse of Poitiers, 580–1, 606

Altuntash of Bosra, 232

Amalfi, 7

Amalric, king of Jerusalem, 268, 270–3, 278, 279, 289, 301

illness and death of, 299

Amanus Mountains, 396

Ambroise, 468–9, 472, 473, 474, 491, 497, 503, 509

Anatolia, 22, 27, 74, 220, 281, 316, 420, 541, 645–6

Andrew of Brienne, 403, 407

Andrew of Chauvingny, 384, 432, 482, 510, 512

Andronicus Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 317

Angevin dynasty, 369–70, 377, 378, 386

allegiances switched from, 383

Philip’s return from Third Crusade and, 448–9

Richard I of England ruler of, 383–4

Anjou, 4, 369, 372, 384

House of, see Angevin dynasty

Anna Comnena, 48, 52, 55, 143

Ansariyah Mountains, 257, 294, 396, 545, 641, 645

‘Ansbert’, 454

Antioch, 27, 49, 55, 65, 61–83, 84, 85–6, 90, 137–8, 139, 140, 145–6, 149, 150, 151–3, 157–8, 161, 163, 165, 166, 178, 254, 310, 320, 393, 538, 539, 548, 576

Baybars’ assault on, 636–7

bleak future for, following Edessa conquest, 195

‘crusader state’, 115

extended borders of, 151–2

Holy Lance’s purported role in Battle of, 83

John II’s suzerainty over, 171

long march to, 59

Louis VII reaches, 233

Manuel rides into, 255

in Muslim histories, 112

Nur al-Din’s offensive against, 239

patriarch of, 9

expelled, 117

punitive raids against, 281

rejuvenation of, 252

remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547

Roger of Salerno takes power in, 153–4

Saladin’s 1188

attack on, 396

scholars gather in, 184

Siege of, first, 61–74

Siege of, second, and Battle of, 74–82

famine during, 76–7

Tancred takes command of, 137

Tancred takes up regency of, 120

Antiochus, 63

Apamea, 153, 157, 166, 240, 242, 243

Aqaba, 159, 279, 324–5

Gulf of, 324

Aqtay, 594, 606, 612

Aquitaine, 207, 257, 372, 376–7, 384

Arabia, 19, 160, 325

Arabian Peninsular, 18, 19, 281

Arabic numerals, 666

Arab–Israeli conflict, 677, 678

Aragon, 649

al-Arish, 306, 324

Armenia, 421, 541, 559, 614, 635

Armenians, 23, 60, 66, 104, 137

marriage between Greeks and, 177–8

Arnulf of Chocques, 87, 92, 103–4, 117, 127

patriarch designate of Jerusalem, 103

reinstatement of, 120

Arqa, 86, 87, 148, 150

Arsuf, 90, 116, 117, 123, 632, 633

Baldwin I finds safety in, 132–3

Battle of, 466–76

significance of, 474–6

Forest of, 466

Saladin orders demolition of, 423

Artah, 139, 141, 259

Battle of, 142

Arthur, King, 374

Artois, 447

Artuqids, 157, 237

Asad, Hafez, 678

Asadiyya, 276

Ascalon, 104, 105–6, 117, 120, 125, 128, 130, 133, 135, 236, 251–2, 268, 306–7, 393, 453, 501, 502

Richard I’s insistence on keeping, 511

Richard I’s plan to seize, 479

Richard I’s rebuilding of, 492, 496, 511

Saladin’s razing of, 477, 478, 480

submission of, 354

al-Ashraf, 540, 554, 561

al-Ashraf Khalil, 652–5

Ashtara, 344,

Ashur, Sa‘id, 677

Asia Minor, 16, 22, 26, 34, 47, 50, 55, 74, 112, 218, 219, 257, 339, 382, 420, 531, 614, 627

Baybars’ attack on, 645

Crusade of 1101

crosses, 107

First Crusade’s armies amass in, 52

First Crusade crosses, 56–61

Greek recapturing of, 27

Kilij Arslan II’s ambitions in, 317

in Muslim histories, 112

Second Crusade crosses, 216

western, 218, 305

Askanian Lake, 53, 55

Assassins, 2, 156, 241, 245, 294–6, 495, 645

atabegs, 135n

al-Atharib, 152, 165

Aubery Clements, 440

Augustus Caesar, 48, 670

Austria, 551

Ayas the Tall, 456

Ayn al-Daulah, 272, 274

Ayn Jalut, 327, 328

Battle of, 616–19

Ayyub ibn Shadi, 192, 230, 248, 275–6

Ayyubid dynasty/empire, 275, 339–40, 514, 647

conflict limited by, 611

decline of, 589, 622

intelligence system of, 416

post-Saladin fate of, 540–1

strategy of, in 1192, 499–501

al-Azimi, 28, 112

Baalbek, 192, 230, 246, 249, 292, 309, 619

al-Babayn, 270

Baghdad, 20, 26, 66, 112, 191, 321, 615

Great Seljuq Sultanate of, 22

relief force raised by, 72

Tughrul appointed sultan of, 21

Baghras, 170, 396

Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, 286–7, 396–7, 407, 408, 410, 414, 422, 431, 434, 439, 452–3, 485

during Richard I’s march from Acre and Battle of Arsuf, 464, 465, 466, 470, 471, 475

on Saladin’s final illness, 514

during Third Crusade’s second advance on Jerusalem, 505, 506–7

Baldric of Bourgueil, 109, 110

Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Boulogne), 45–6, 52, 60–1, 69, 116–17, 118–36, 146, 148–9, 150–1, 154–6, 157, 575

Acre besieged by, 124

anointed first king of Jerusalem, 120

autocratic rule of, 174

Caesarea attacked by, 123–4

council of arbitration called by, 150

declared new ruler of Jerusalem, 119

fake death of, 133

Fatimid raiding party attacks, 122

flight of, from Ramla, 132

forceful governance displayed by, 126

general council convened by, 149

Genoese fleet and, 122–3

illness and death of, 160

last years of, 159–60, 162

Maudud and Tughtegin’s lightning assault on, 155

Sidon besieged by, 125

Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem (Baldwin of Bourcq), 119, 146–7, 149, 150–1, 158, 166, 172, 243

Antioch’s losses recouped by, 167

autocratic rule of, 174

Battle of Harran and, 138–9

captive, 139, 146, 167

count of Edessa, 138

daughters of, 173

death of, 168, 173

Jerusalem crown assumed by, 163

tax cuts by, 183

Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 173, 243, 245–6, 247, 251–3, 254, 255

death of, 256–7

invasion of Nile region threatened by, 268

Theodora marries, 254

Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, 299–305, 306, 310–14, 318–19, 323, 368

choice of new heir to, 328–9

death of, 332

early reign of, 303–4

leprosy suffered by, 301–3, 326, 331

rift between Guy of Lusignan and, 329, 332

Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 303, 328–9

death of, 342

Baldwin, archbishop of Caesarea, 124

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, 372, 424

Baldwin of Carew, 472

Baldwin of Flanders (later Emperor), 527, 531–2

crowned sovereign of Romania, 530

Baldwin of Ibelin, 323, 342

Balearic Islands, 200

Balian of Ibelin, 350, 356–7, 358, 360, 361, 492, 512

Baltic, 197, 211, 212, 213, 533, 541

Livs of, 532

Banyas, 167, 193, 234, 253, 260, 270, 289, 290

siege of, 299

Barada River, 234

Baraka, 626, 646, 647

barid (postal system), 625

Barin, 193

Barons’ Crusade, 573–4, 580

Bartholomew, Peter, 77–8, 83–4

trial by fire of, 87

visionary ravings of, 86–7

Basel, 209

Basil of Ani, 422

Basilius, 174

Baybars, 2, 606, 612–13, 618, 620–39, 641–7, 665, 670

Antioch sacked by, 636–7

appointed commander, 619

becomes sultan, 621

illness and death of, 646

war against Franks by, 630–7

Beatrice of Edessa, 237

Beaufort, 397, 398

Beaulieu, Fulk’s monastery at, 12

Bedouins, 23

Beirut, 125, 319, 320, 354, 412, 416, 433, 448, 538, 649, 656

Jean of Ibelin awarded lordship of, 539

remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547

Beit Nuba, 481, 488

Third Crusade’s first retreat from, 489–91, 499

Third Crusade’s second retreat from, 507–9

Belen Pass, 64

Belgium, 672

Belus Hills, 152, 163, 240, 243

Belus River, 404, 408, 461, 549

Belvoir, 396

Berengaria, Princess, 389, 390, 429, 435

Richard I marries, 429

Berke Khan, 574–5, 627

Bernard of Clairvaux, 168–9, 196, 200–1, 206–9, 212–4 passim, 215, 217, 368

Bernard, patriarch of Antioch, 138, 147

Berry, 377

Bertrand of Moncontour, 47

Bertrand of Toulouse, 148, 149–50

death of, 154

bestiality, 412

Bethlehem, 121

al-Kamil surrenders, 569

Church of the Nativity in, 120

Bethsan, 318–19, 326

Bible:

Commandments, 14

New Testament, 14, 110

Old Testament, 14–15, 110

Revelation, 111

Bilbais, 268, 270, 271–2

bin Laden, Osama, 668, 677, 679

Biqa valley, 304, 309

al-Bira, 628, 629, 631

Blachernae, Palace of, 50

Black Mountain, 187

Blanche of Castile, 578, 582, 607

Blondel, 516

Bohemond II of Antioch, 166, 167

Bohemond III of Antioch, 245, 256, 259, 323, 344–5

Nur al-din releases, 260

Saladin’s truce with, 322

surrender of, 259

Bohemond IV of Antioch, 539

Bohemond VI of Antioch, 616, 618, 635, 636, 642–3

Bohemond VII of Antioch, 649, 650

Bohemond of Taranto, 44–5, 46, 48, 50, 52, 57–9, 63, 69, 70, 73–4, 75–6, 80–1, 82–4 passim, 85–6, 116–17, 137, 142, 146, 147

Anatolian Turks capture, 117

appearance of, 44

Battle of Harran and, 138–40, 166

Constance marries, 143

Crusade (1106–8) of, 142–5

death of, 145

elected army commander-in-chief, 79

Firuz’s betrayal and, 72–3

fleeting later historical records of, 145

Godfrey’s wishes concerning, 118

Boniface of Montferrat, 528, 529

Book of Contemplation (Usama ibn Munqidh), 179–

Book of Holy War (Kitab al-Jihad), 113

Bosphorus Strait, 50, 52, 219, 530

Bosra, 232

Bouqia, 171, 257, 259, 545

Bourzey, 396

Brindisi, 565

British Library, 174

Bursuq of Hamadan, 157–8, 159

Bush, George W., 668, 679

Byzantium, 6, 16, 26, 34, 36, 103, 117, 143

Antioch’s reconquest secured by, 63

crusade failed by, 74–5

First Crusade and, 47–56

focus of civilisation, 48

Islam’s quarrelsome respect for, 27

Jerusalem captured from, 19

Manuel takes control of, 216

re-emerged force in Near East, 254

Roger of Sicily’s expansionist policies threaten, 216

Sicily’s tension with, 216

see also Constantinople

Caesarea, 90, 117, 127, 354, 464, 632, 633, 643

Baldwin I’s 1101

attack on, 123–4

Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

Saladin orders demolition of, 423

Cairo, 21, 251, 266, 267, 271, 273, 618, 278, 279, 559, 594

al-Azhar mosque in, 624

hostility between Damascus and, 283

Mamluks in, see Mamluk dynasty

military garrison in, 277

Saladin extends authority over, 339

union of Damascus and, 298

Calixtus II, Pope, 172, 199, 200

Capetian dynasty, 198, 369–70, 377

Richard I’s post-Crusade campaigns against, 516

see also France; Philip II Augustus of France

Carolingians, 6–7

conquest campaigns sponsored by, 15

decline of, 9

Carpinel, Geldemar, 118, 127, 129

carrier pigeons, 297, 416, 625

Castile, 564

catapults, see siege engines, projectile-launching

Cathars, 521

Albigensian Crusade launched against, 532

Cave de Sueth, 318, 324

Cecilia of France, 143, 154

Chahine, Youseff, 678

Châlons-sur-Marne, 215, 218

Chalus, 516

Chanson d’Antioche, 110–11

Charlemagne, 6, 8, 376

Godfrey’s lineage to, 45

Charles of Anjou, 581, 606, 627, 640, 641

Charles the Hammer, 19

Chastel Neuf, 260

Chavli of Mosul, 146, 147

Children’s Crusade, 533, 534, 536

China:

Islam reaches, 19

northern, Mongols subjugate, 614

Christendom:

continued unabated commerce between Islam and, 331

drive to rejuvenate, 10

Fourth Lateran Council discussion of, 535

Latin, establishment of, 8

secular world’s influence on, 10

see also Christianity

Christianity:

all-embracing nature of, 10–11

challenges to, around 1200, 520

coexistence of Muslims and followers of, see Outremer: life in

Constantine’s conversion to, 6, 8

Dominicans within, 521

Europe converted to, 8

European, Islam and, on eve of Crusades, 26–9

Franciscans within, 521

heresy within, 520–1

horrors of damnation evoked by, 11

Islam’s poll tax on, 18

Islam seen as ‘refinement’ of, 18

Nestorian, 614

paganism in Roman empire displaced by, 8

punishments for sex between Muslims and followers of, 178

Urban’s dire warning concerning, 33

warrior saints celebrated by, 15

weapons come to be blessed by, 15

see also Christendom

Cilicia, 60, 69, 137, 138, 139, 142, 145, 167, 317, 539, 633

Cistercian order, 206

Cîteaux, 206

Clement IV, Pope, 639, 640

Clermont, 33, 35, 110

Cluniac movement, 11

Cluny, 11, 206

Cologne, 381

Conon de Béthune, 373

Conrad III of Germany, 208–9, 214–17, 218–21 passim, 233, 235–6, 303

crusading precedent set by, 214

wounding of, 220

Conrad, constable of Germany, 131, 134

Conrad of Montferrat, 393–4, 395, 398, 403, 407, 410, 412, 430, 449, 451, 484, 492–3, 528

assassination of, 495–6

Guy’s rivalry with, 435–6, 448, 493

Jerusalem crown offered to, 494

Jerusalem throne and, 435–6, 448, 493

‘king elect’, 436

Richard I’s parley with, 492

Richard I’s right to command acknowledged by, 456

Saladin’s attempt to exploit rift between

Richard I and, 487

Saladin’s contact with, 487

Saladin seeks diplomatic re-engagement with, 501

telling advantages of, over Richard, 492

ultimatum of, to Saladin, 495

Constance of Antioch, 167–8, 173, 245, 252

death of, 304,

Constance of France, 143, 145

Constantine the Great, 5–6, 8, 48, 90

Constantinople, 5, 19, 26, 48–9, 52, 107, 382, 546

exorbitant taxation in, 34

exposed to attack, 216

Fourth Crusade’s offensive against, 529–32

massacre in, 317

patriarch in, 9

see also Byzantium

Convent of Our Lady, Saidnaya, 187

Copts, 23, 104, 266

Coxon, 60

Cresson, 344

Crusade of 1101, 107–8

Asia Minor crossed by, 107

crusade, etymology of, 372

crusader castles, 544–6

Crusader States, 161, 537

creation of, 115–62

discussion of crisis facing, 172

in early 13th century, 537; see also Outremer: in 13th century

instability in, following Field of Blood, 167

martial expertise provided by, 170

Military Orders focus on protection of, 170

northern, watershed in history of, 142

see also Antioch; Edessa; Jerusalem; Outremer; Tripoli

Crusades:

bias in scholars’ interpretations of, 3n

causes and outcomes of, 658–64

chronology of, 685–7

consequences of, in medieval world, 664–8

in eastern Mediterranean, 665–6

in Western Europe, 667–8

debate fuelled by, 2

etymology concerning, 40, 669

in history, 680–1

indulgences for participation in, 40, 199, 204, 211, 524, 525, 534, 579

justification for, 15

legacy of, 657–81

longer shadow cast by, 668–80

Arab Nationalism and Islamism, 677–9

later medieval and early-modern perceptions, 670–1

modern Islam and, 674–5

modern parallelism and, 675–80

in Western history and memory, 671–4

modern conflicts equated with, 2

overview of, 1–2

prayer-book treasure from, 174–5, 185

salvation offered by participation in, 10, 38, 40, 42–3, 200, 520, 523, 659, 661

see also Albigensian Crusade; Barons’ Crusade; Crusade of 1101; Crusader States; Damascus expedition; First Crusade; Second Crusade; Third Crusade; Fourth Crusade; Fifth Crusade; Frederick II of Germany and Sicily: Crusade of; Louis IX of France: first crusade of; Louis IX of France: second crusade of; Venetian crusade

Cumans, 612

Cursat, 636

Cyprus, 69, 103, 252, 255, 304, 429–30, 436, 494, 513, 531, 568, 576, 657

imperial rights asserted over, 572

Jerusalem’s crown shifts to, 574

Louis IX’s staging post, 581, 584

Daimbert of Pisa, Archbishop, 116–17, 118, 120

Baldwin of Boulogne outmanoeuvres, 119

deposing of, 120

Damascus, 19, 21, 22, 66, 71, 114, 134–6, 183, 231–2, 233–5, 244–51, 288, 500, 451, 558, 574, 568, 589, 613, 624, 648

al-Adil seizes power in, 540

Aleppo forms new relationship with, 231

Baybars’ regional governor in, 622

building programme in, 261

cave shrines near, 250

Court of Justice in, 261

Duqaq takes, 22

Galilee the greatest threat to, 330

Grand Umayyad Mosque in, 113, 250, 291, 514

hostility between Cairo and, 283

kings march on, 234–5

al-Mu‘azzam installed as regional emir in, 540

Nasir al-Din’s target, 334

new suburb of, 261

Nur al-Din’s target, 244, 246

Qutuz takes control of, 620

Saladin extends authority over, 339

Saladin’s occupation of, 290–2

Saladin’s post-illness return to, 337

Second Crusade retreats from, 235

Second Crusade targets and besieges, 233–5

surrender of, to Mongols, 618

Tughtegin takes power in, 135

union between Cairo and, 298

Zangi aims to conquer, 191–2

Zangi lays siege to, 192–3

see also Syria

Damascus expedition, 199

Damietta, 278, 298, 552, 555–61, 562, 592, 594, 600, 601, 602, 604, 606, 628

Louis IX’s assault on, 585–8

Dandalo, Enrico, doge of Venice, 528–9

Danes, 212, 403

Daniel the Abbot, 122

Dante, 670

Dar al-Harb, 25

Dar al-Islam, 25

Darum, 278, 354

Richard I conquers, 496

Dead River, 465

Dead Sea, 159

Destroit, 464

Dirgham, 267, 269

Disraeli, Benjamin, 672

Divine Comedy (Dante), 670

Diyar Bakr, 157, 193, 237, 258, 321, 333, 338, 406, 499

Dog River, 135

Doukas family, 530

Duqaq of Damascus, 22, 66, 71, 119, 135

Durazzo, 144–5

Edessa, 60, 61, 69, 141, 146–7, 150, 151, 154, 161, 230–1, 233, 370, 500, 663

agrarian and commercial resources of, 146

Antioch effective overlord of, 146

‘crusader state’, 115

dismemberment of, 236–7

Eugenius’s lack of clarity over, 205

rebuilding programme in, 226

Zangi attacks and conquers, 194–5, 225–7

Edward I of England (formerly Lord Edward), 640, 651

Baybars’ assassination plot against, 644

Louis IX’s second crusade continued by, 641, 643–4

Egypt, 1, 19, 21, 22, 23, 56, 89, 134–6, 183, 238, 265–75, 425, 552–62

abolition of Fatimid caliphate in, 280, 339

al-Adil assumes full control of, 540

al-Kamil installed as regional emir in, 540

al-Salih Ayyub secures position in, 574

audit of revenue of, 283

Bahriyya mamluk regiment flees, 612

Baldwin I’s ambitious raiding campaign into, 159–60

Baldwin I’s counter-attack on, 134

Battles of Ramla and, 128–34

Baybars assumes authority in, 621

dominant position lost by, 546

Louis IX accepts blame for setbacks to, 607

Louis IX’s assault on, see Louis IX: Crusade of

Mamluks in, see Mamluk dynasty

non-Koranic taxation of trade abolished in, 278

Pharos’ Lighthouse in, 267

Qutuz proclaimed ruler of, 616

Raymond III’s truce with, 332

Richard I favours attack on, 502–3

abandoned, 510

Saladin’s return to, 297

Saladin’s rule of, see Saladin

Saladin thrown a lifeline by continued prosperity of, 499

Shi‘ite caliph established in, 266

spiral of chaos in, 267

struggle for control in, on al-Kamil’s death, 573

Uthman appointed ruler of, 338

see also Nile

Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 674

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 207, 217, 376, 385, 389

Henry of Anjou marries, 369

Raymond and, 233

Ellenblum, Ronnie, 312

Emma (daughter of Arnulf of Chocques), 127

End of Days, 5, 19

England, 208, 323, 369, 372, 378, 386, 388, 526, 534, 555

Anglo-Saxon, 8

civil war in, 198

crusading tax in, 385

Innocent III seeks to broker peace deal between France and, 526

Richard I becomes king of, 383

Richard I’s time in, 375

see also Edward I; Henry II; Henry III; Richard I

Enlightenment, 670, 671

Ephesus, 220

Eschiva of Tiberias, Lady, 301, 346

Étampes, 215

Eugenius III, Pope, 201, 202–6, 211–14 passim, 216

in Paris, 217

Quantum praedecessores encyclical of, 202–3, 204–6, 210

Euphrates River, 20, 60, 138, 317, 320, 321, 500, 628, 648

Eustace Garnier, 127

Everard of Brienne, 403, 405, 407

Excalibur, 374

al-Fadil, 276, 279–80, 287, 297–8, 333, 334, 336, 354, 363, 392, 514

Fakhr al-Din, 566, 568, 586, 588, 589–90, 593–5, 596

Famagusta, 429

Farrukh-Shah, 292, 295, 298, 317, 318

Fatima, 20, 21

Ferrand, 408

Fertile Crescent, 20

Field of Blood (Ager Sanguinis), 164–5, 166, 172, 178, 225, 243, 310

Fifth Crusade, 533–5, 550–62, 614

Egypt targeted by, 552–4

indecision paralyses, 558–9

lost momentum of, 554–5

response to preaching of, 533–4

scurvy among, 556

First Crusade, 33–104, 51, 108–15, 197–8, 199, 200, 203, 202–3, 208, 658

act of Christian aggression, 4

advance on and besieging of Jerusalem by, 89–96

first direct assault, 94

Antioch’s famine during, 76–7

apparel, armour and weaponry of knights in, 42n

Arabic poets commemorate, 113

Asia Minor crossed by, 56–61

assault on Jerusalem by, 96–103, 111

aftermath of, 103–7

recorded casualties in, 102

return to Europe after, 106–7

Baghdad sends huge relief force during, 72

Battle of Dorylaeum during, 57–9

cannibalism during, 84

disjointed beginnings of, 40

Firuz’s betrayal and, 72–3

Franks suffer illness and malnourishment during, 68–9

group discussion determines direction of, 57

Historia commemorating, 109, 111

histories of, 108–13

Islam’s response to, 111–14

lack of water during, 59

Latin Christendom stunned by success of, 108

Muslim envoys discuss negotiated settlement during, 71

numbers involved in, 42

‘People’s Crusade’ and, 41, 48, 52

propitious timing of, 22

purgative rituals during, 69

retrospective interpretations of, 39

return to Europe after, 106

Siege (1st) of Antioch during, 61–74

Siege (2nd) and Battle of Antioch during, 74–82

Siege of Nicaea during, 52–6

in Syria, 62–88

Urban instigates, 10, 33–9, 202

First World War, 673, 674, 675

Firuz, 72–3

fitz-Fulk the Leper, Robert, 157, 165–6

Flanders, 212

Flori, Jean, 474

Fontevraud, 384

Fourth Crusade, 525–32

Constantinople and, 529–32

Doge Dandalo commutes debt of, 528

diversions from, 527–32

excommunication of, 529

financial shortfall hits start of, 528

initial manpower shortages for, 528

Innocent imposes minimum terms of service in, 525

laity largely shapes, 526

preaching of, 525

Venice deal and, 527–8, 531

Fourth Lateran Council, 535

France, 6, 39, 143, 144, 173, 215, 323, 369, 373, 378, 382, 384, 527, 533, 555, 649, 667, 673

call to cross in, 372

courtly life and chivalry in, 372

crusading tax in, 385

derivation of name of, 6

fighting aristocracy of, 43

Innocent III seeks to broker peace deal between England and, 526

involvement of, in Second Crusade, see Louis VII; Second Crusade

involvement of, in Third Crusade, see Acre: Great Siege of; Philip II Augustus; Third Crusade

Islam reaches, 19

Michaud on, 672

polities in, 7

Roman ecclesiastical authority consolidated in, 9

Urban seeks to extend papal influence to, 35

Urban’s message to, 41

see also Capetian dynasty; Louis VII of France; Louis IX of France; Philip II Augustus of France

Francia, 6

Frankfurt, 209, 213, 215

Frederick I of Germany (Barbarossa) (‘Red Beard’), 303, 367, 369, 381–2, 416, 420–2

cross taken by, 381

death of, 421–2, 426

see also Germany

Frederick II of Germany and Sicily, 522, 550–1, 556, 558, 562–72, 580

al-Kamil agrees terms with, 569

anointed emperor, 559–60

crown rights to Germany and Sicily removed from, 577

Crusade of, 562–71

death of, 572

excommunications of, 567, 572, 579

Gregory IX calls for crusade against, 572

Gregory IX excommunicates, 567, 572

Gregory IX lifts excommunication of, 571

illness spreads through army of, 566

Jerusalem entered by, 570

Jerusalem recovered by, 569

return to Italy by, 571–2

weakened authority of, in Palestine, 568

see also Hohenstaufen dynasty/empire

Frederick of Swabia, 381, 421, 424

Freiburg, 209

Frisia, 381, 403

Fulcher, of Chartres, 56, 109, 118–19, 121, 129–30, 177, 183

Fulk V of Anjou, king of Jerusalem, 173, 174, 185, 193, 379

Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 4–5, 6–7, 11

monastery established by, 12

pilgrimage embraced by, 13

salvation sought by, 5, 12

Fulk of Neuilly, 525, 527

Fustat, 266, 269, 278, 279, 298

Gabriel, Archangel, 17

Galeran, bishop of Beirut, 576, 577–8, 580

Galilee, 117, 154, 260, 318, 342, 344, 345, 346, 393, 548

Baldwin I divides, 127

Ibn Jubayr’s description of, 181

Muslims raid, 127

Raymond’s plan to seize lordship of, 342

Saladin invades, 326

Saladin’s winter campaign in, 396

Sea of, 136, 310, 313, 408

strategic, political and economic significance of, for Ayyubid realm, 330

Tancred reinstated as lord of, 150

Gallipoli, 382

Garnier of Nablus, 471

Garnier of Rochefort, 469

Gascony, 12

Gaston IV of Béarn, 12

Gauclem Faidit, 373

Gaul, north-eastern, Franks take control of, 6

Gaza, 171, 251, 354, 575

Gazelle (warhorse), 129, 132

Geddington, 372

Genghis (Chinggis) Khan, 613

Genoa, 7, 182, 213, 298, 436, 547, 627–8, 649, 650, 652, 666

fleet from, 95, 122, 124, 147, 149, 394

St Lorenzo Cathedral in, 124

Geoffrey of Lusignan, 400, 405, 436, 437, 478

Georgia, 321, 541, 614

Gerard of Ridefort, 344, 346, 354

death of, 406

Gerbod of Windeke, 131, 133

Germany, 6, 45, 198, 215, 216, 369, 381, 534, 551, 615, 649, 667

call to cross in, 372

Empire of, 550

fighting aristocracy of, 43

internal rivalry racks, 198

involvement of, in Second Crusade, see Conrad III; Second Crusade

ongoing power struggle in, 526

polities in, 7

pressure on Rome from, 198

Rome’s acrimonious dispute with, 208

see also Frederick I of Germany; Frederick II of Germany; Hohenstaufen dynasty; Teutonic Knights; Welf dynasty

Gerold, patriarch of Jerusalem, 568, 570, 572

Gervase of Bazoches, 127

Gesta Francorum (Deeds of the Franks), 108–10, 111

Gibbon, Edward, 670

Gilbert of Lacy, 257

Gillingham, John, 375, 454, 490

Gisors, 380

Godfrey of Bouillon, 45–6, 50, 57, 86, 92, 97–8, 99–100, 106, 111, 116–18, 160, 575, 670, 672

Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre, 103

Arsuf assault by, 123

bear attacks, 60

bleak initial prospects of, as ruler of

Jerusalem, 116

contested nature of elevation of, 116

illness and death of, 117–18

pre-emptive strike against al-Afdal’s (vizier’s) Fatimids by, 104–5

regal title forgone by, 116

Godfrey, bishop of Langres, 219

Golan Heights, 136

Golden Horde, 614, 627, 628, 639

Golgotha, 90

Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of

Greek fire, 99, 413, 414, 417, 433, 595, 629, 632, 654, 595, 629, 632, 654

new version of, 418–19

Greeks, 19, 23, 27, 36, 44, 48, 52, 73, 75, 138, 142

Bohemond blackens name of, 143

dominion of, over Asia Minor, 63

Latakia retained by, 137–8

little contributed by, 171

marriage between Armenians and, 177–8

Gregory VII, Pope, 522

Christian tradition reinterpreted by, 16

early great military enterprise planned by, 16

exile of, 10

sacred violence sanctioned by, 16–17

‘supreme authority’ view espoused by, 10

Gregory VIII, Pope, 370

Audita Tremendi encyclical of, 370–1

Gregory IX, Pope, 567, 571, 572

Gregory X, Pope, 649

Grousset, René, 454, 673

Guibert of Nogent, 109, 110

Gulf Wars, 677

Gumushtegin, 289, 293–4, 295, 304, 317

Guy of Lusignan (later King Guy of Jerusalem), 323–4, 326–7, 328, 332, 379, 430, 474

capture of, 351, 435

Conrad’s rivalry with, 435–6, 448, 493

crowning and anointing of, 342

at Great Siege of Acre, see Acre: Great Siege of

Jerusalem crown lost by, 494

Raymond reconciled with, 344

release of, 398

rift between Baldwin IV and, 329

right of, to Jerusalem throne, 435–6

Saladin’s 1187 invasion of Palestine and, see Palestine: Saladin’s 1187 offensive against

Saladin’s audience with, 351–2

status-loss compensation for, 494

hadith, 24, 25

Haifa, 118, 121, 126–7, 354, 401, 423, 425, 462, 463

Tancred reinstated as lord of, 150

Hainaut, 403

Hakim, Mad caliph of Egypt, 28

Hama, 192, 292, 306, 338

Hamas, 679

Harim, 240, 242, 243, 252, 254, 258–9, 260, 270, 306, 618, 643

Harran, 500

Battle of, 138–40, 166

Hartmann of Dillingen, Count, 79