Текст книги "Literary History of the Arabs "

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747 Muḥyi ’l-Dín means 'Reviver of Religion.' In the West he was called Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí, but the Moslems of the East left out the definite article ( al) in order to distinguish him from the Cadi Abú Bakr Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí of Seville (õ 1151 a.d.).

748 Al-Kibrít al-aḥmar(literally, 'the red sulphur').

749 See Von Kremer, op. cit., p. 108 seq.

750 The above particulars are derived from an abstract of the Futúḥátmade by ‘Abdu ’l-Wahháb al-Sha‘rání (õ 1565 a.d.), of which Fleischer has given a full description in the Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Leipzig Univ. Library(1838), pp. 490-495.

751 Maqqarí, i, 569, II.

752 Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal.

753 Abú Ḥanífa.

754 Fuṣúṣu ’l-Ḥikam (Cairo, a.h. 1321), p. 78. The words within brackets belong to the commentary of ‘Abdu ’l-Razzáq al-Káshání which accompanies the text.

755 Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí uses the term "Idea of ideas" ( Ḥaqíqatu ’l-ḥaqá’iq) as equivalent to ƒÉόƒÁƒÍς ἐíäéάèåôïò, while "the Idea of Muḥammad" ( al-Ḥaqíqatu ’l-Muḥammadiyya) corresponds to ƒÉόƒÁƒÍς ἐíäéάèåôïò.

756 The Arabic text of these verses will be found in the collection of Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí's mystical odes, entitled Tarjumánu ’l-Ashwáq, which I have edited (Oriental Translation Fund, New Series, vol. xx, p. 19, vv. 13-15).

757 Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí has been studied by Asin Palacios, Professor of Arabic at Madrid, whose books are written in Spanish, and H. S. Nyberg ( Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al-‘Arabí, Leiden, 1919). A general view may be obtained from my Studies in Islamic Mysticism, pp. 77-142 and pp. 149-161.

758 See Asin Palacios, Islam and the Divine Comedy, London, 1926.

759 Abridged from Ibnu ’l-‘Idhárí, al-Bayán al-Mughrib, ed. by Dozy, vol. ii, p. 61 seq.

760 Ibn Khallikán, ed. by Wüstenfeld, No. 802; De Slane's translation, vol. iv, p. 29 sqq.

761 Muqaddasí (ed. by De Goeje), p. 236, cited by Goldziher, Die Zâhiriten, p. 114.

762 Dozy, Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne(Leyden, 1861), vol. iii, p. 90 sqq.

763 ‘Abdu ’l-Raḥmán III was the first of his line to assume this title.

764 Maqqarí, vol. i, p. 259. As Maqqarí's work is our principal authority for the literary history of Moslem Spain, I may conveniently give some account of it in this place. The author, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Tilimsání al-Maqqarí (õ 1632 a.d.) wrote a biography of Ibnu ’l-Khaṭíb, the famous Vizier of Granada, to which he prefixed a long and discursive introduction in eight chapters: (1) Description of Spain; (2) Conquest of Spain by the Arabs; (3) History of the Spanish dynasties; (4) Cordova; (5) Spanish-Arabian scholars who travelled in the East; (6) Orientals who visited Spain; (7) Miscellaneous extracts, anecdotes, poetical citations, &c., bearing on the literary history of Spain; (8) Reconquest of Spain by the Christians and expulsion of the Arabs. The whole work is entitled Nafḥu ’l-Ṭíb min ghuṣní ’l-Andalusi ’l-raṭíb wa-dhikri wazírihá Lisáni ’l-Dín Ibni ’l-Khaṭíb. The introduction, which contains a fund of curious and valuable information—"a library in little"—has been edited by Dozy and other European Arabists under the title of Analectes sur l'Histoire et la Littérature des Arabes d'Espagne(Leyden, 1855-1861).

765 The name of Slaves ( Ṣaqáliba) was originally applied to prisoners of war, belonging to various northern races, who were sold to the Arabs of Spain, but the term was soon widened so as to include all foreign slaves serving in the harem or the army, without regard to their nationality. Like the Mamelukes and Janissaries, they formed a privileged corps under the patronage of the palace, and since the reign of ‘Abdu ’l-Raḥmán III their number and influence had steadily increased. Cf. Dozy, Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, vol. iii, p. 58 sqq.

766 Dozy, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 103 seq.

767 Qazwíní, Átháru ’l-Bilád, ed. by Wüstenfeld, p. 364, l. 5 sqq.

768 See Schack, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 46 sqq.

769 The Arabic original occurs in the 11th chapter of the Ḥalbatu ’l-Kumayt, a collection of poems on wine and drinking by Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-Nawájí (õ 1455 a.d.), and is also printed in the Anthologie Arabeof Grangeret de Lagrange, p. 202.

770 Al-Ḥullat al-Siyaráof Ibnu ’l-Abbár, ed. by Dozy, p. 34. In the last line instead of "foes" the original has "the sons of ‘Abbás." Other verses addressed by ‘Abdu ’l-Raḥmán to this palm-tree are cited by Maqqarí, vol. ii, p. 37.

771 Full details concerning Ziryáb will be found in Maqqarí, vol. ii, p. 83 sqq. Cf.Dozy, Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, vol. ii, p. 89 sqq.

772 Maqqarí, loc. cit., p. 87, l. 10 sqq.

773 Dozy, Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne, vol. iii, p. 107 sqq.

774 See the verses cited by Ibnu ’l-Athír, vol. viii, p. 457.

775 Ibn Khallikán, No. 697, De Slane's translation, vol. iii, p. 186.

776 Ibn Khallikán, loc. cit.

777 Loc. cit., p. 189. For the sake of clearness I have slightly abridged and otherwise remodelled De Slane's translation of this passage.

778 A somewhat different version of these events is given by Dozy, Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne, vol. iv, p. 189 sqq.

779 The term Mulaththamún, which means literally 'wearers of the lithám' (a veil covering the lower part of the face), is applied to the Berber tribes of the Sahara, the so-called Almoravides ( al-Murábiṭún), who at this tune ruled over Northern Africa.

780 Ibnu ’l-Abbár (Dozy, Loci de Abbadidis, vol. ii, p. 63).

781 Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne, vol. iv, p. 287.

782 I.e., 'holder of the two vizierships'—that of the sword and that of the pen. See De Slane's translation of Ibn Khallikán, vol. iii, p. 130, n. 1.

783 The Arabic text of this poem, which occurs in the Qalá’idu ’l-‘Iqyánof Ibn Kháqán, will be found on pp. 24-25 of Weyers's Specimen criticum exhibens locos Ibn Khacanis de Ibn Zeidouno(Leyden, 31).

784 Cited by Ibn Khallikán in his article on Ibn Ḥazm (De Slane's translation, vol. ii, p. 268).

785 Maqqarí, vol. i, p. 511, l. 21.

786 Maqqarí, loc. cit.p. 515, l. 5 seq.

787 See p. 341, note 1.

788 The contents of the Kitábu ’l-Milal wa-’l-Niḥalare fully summarised by Dozy in the Leyden Catalogue, vol. iv, pp. 230-237. Cf.also Zur Komposition von Ibn Ḥazm's Milal wa’n-Niḥal, by Israel Friedlaender in the Nöldeke-Festschrift(Giessen, 1906), vol. i, p. 267 sqq.

789 So far as I am aware, the report that copies are preserved in the great mosque at Tunis has not been confirmed.

790 His Arabic name is Ismá‘íl b. Naghdála. See the Introduction to Dozy's ed. of Ibnu ’l-‘Idhárí, p. 84, n. 1.

791 An interesting notice of Samuel Ha-Levi is given by Dozy in his Hist. des Mus. d'Espagne, vol. iv, p. 27 sqq.

792 Kámilof Ibnu ’l-Athír, ed. by Tornberg, vol. ix, p. 425 sqq. The following narrative (which has been condensed as far as possible) differs in some essential particulars from the accounts given by Ibn Khaldún ( History of the Berbers, De Slane's translation, vol. ii, p. 64 sqq.) and by Ibn Abí Zar‘ (Tornberg, Annales Regum Mauritaniæ, p. 100 sqq. of the Latin version). Cf.A. Müller, Der Islam, vol. ii, p. 611 sqq.

793 See note on p. 423.

794 The province of Tunis.

795 Murábiṭis literally 'one who lives in a ribáṭ,' i.e., a guardhouse or military post on the frontier. Such buildings were often occupied, in addition to the garrison proper, by individuals who, from pious motives, wished to take part in the holy war ( jihád) against the unbelievers. The word murábiṭ, therefore, gradually got an exclusively religious signification, 'devotee' or 'saint,' which appears in its modern form, marabout. As applied to the original Almoravides, it still retains a distinctly military flavour.

796 See Goldziher's article Materialien zur Kenntniss der Almohadenbewegung in Nordafrika( Z.D.M.G., vol. 41, p. 30 sqq.).

797 ‘Abdu ’l-Wáḥid, History of the Almohades, ed. by Dozy, p. 135, l. 1 sqq.

798 The Berbers at this time were Sunnite and anti-Fátimid.

799 Almohade is the Spanish form of al-Muwaḥḥid.

800 Stanley Lane-Poole, The Mohammadan Dynasties, p. 46.

801 Renan, Averroes et l'Averroïsme, p. 12 sqq.

802 See a passage from ‘Abdu ’l-Wáhid's History of the Almohades(p. 201, l. 19 sqq.), which is translated in Goldziher's Ẓâhiriten, p. 174.

803 The Arabic text, with a Latin version by E. Pocock, was published in 1671, and again in 1700, under the title Philosophus Autodidactus. An English translation by Simon Ockley appeared in 1708, and has been several times reprinted.

804 The true form of this name is Absál, as in Jámí's celebrated poem. Cf.De Boer, The History of Philosophy in Islam, translated by E. R. Jones, p. 144.

805 Jurjí Zaydán, however, is disposed to regard the story as being not without foundation. See his interesting discussion of the evidence in his Ta‘ríkhu ’l-Tamaddun al-Islámi('History of Islamic Civilisation'), Part III, pp. 40-46.

806 The life of Ibnu ’l-Khaṭib has been written by his friend and contemporary, Ibn Khaldún ( Hist. of the Berbers, translated by De Slane, vol. iv. p. 390 sqq.), and forms the main subject of Maqqarí's Nafḥu ’l-Ṭíb (vols. iii and iv of the Buláq edition).

807 Schack, op. cit., vol. i, p. 312 seq.

808 Cited in the Shadharátu ’l-Dhahab, a MS. in my collection. See J.R.A.S.for 1899, p. 911 seq., and for 1906, p. 797.

809 The Arabic text of the Prolegomena has been published by Quatremère in Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale, vols. 16-18, and at Beyrout (1879, 1886, and 1900). A French translation by De Slane appeared in Not. et Extraits, vols. 19-21.

810 Muqaddima(Beyrout ed. of 1900), p. 35, l. 5 sqq. = Prolegomena translated by De Slane, vol. i, p. 71.

811 Muqaddima, p. 37, l. 4 fr. foot = De Slane's translation, vol. i, p. 77.

812 Von Kremer has discussed Ibn Khaldún's ideas more fully than is possible here in an admirably sympathetic article, Ibn Chaldun und seine Culturgeschichte der islamischen Reiche, contributed to the Sitz. der Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, vol. 93 (Vienna, 1879). I have profited by many of his observations, and desire to make the warmest acknowledgment of my debt to him in this as in countless other instances.

813 Muqaddima, Beyrout ed., p. 170 = De Slane's translation, vol. i, p. 347 sqq.

814 Muqaddima, p. 175 = De Slane's translation, vol. i, p. 356 sqq.

815 An excellent appreciation of Ibn Khaldún as a scientific historian will be found in Robert Flint's History of the Philosophy of History, vol. i, pp. 157-171.

816 Schack, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 151.

817 E. J. W. Gibb, A History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. ii, p. 5.

818 The nineteenth century should have been excepted, so far as the influence of modern civilisation has reacted on Arabic literature.

819 These Ismál‘ílís are the so-called Assassins, the terrible sect organised by Ḥasan b. Ṣabbáḥ (see Professor Browne's Literary History of Persia, vol. ii, p. 201 sqq.), and finally exterminated by Húlágú. They had many fortresses, of which Alamút was the most famous, in the Jibál province, near Qazwín.

820 The reader must be warned that this and the following account of the treacherous dealings of Ibnu ’l-‘Alqamí are entirely contradicted by Shí‘ite historians. For example, the author of al-Fakhri(ed. by Derenbourg, p. 452) represents the Vizier as a far-seeing patriot who vainly strove to awaken his feeble-minded master to the gravity of the situation.

821 Concerning the various functions of the Dawídár (literally Inkstand-holder) or Dawádár, as the word is more correctly written, see Quatremère, Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks, vol. i, p. 118, n. 2.

822 The MS. writes Yájúnas.

823 Al-kalb, the Arabic equivalent of the Persian sag(dog), an animal which Moslems regard as unclean.

824 By Shamsu ’l-Dín al-Dhahabí (õ 1348 a.d.).

825 Mameluke (Mamlúk) means 'slave.' The term was applied to the mercenary troops, Turks and Kurds for the most part, who composed the bodyguard of the Ayyúbid princes.

826 There are two Mameluke dynasties, called respectively Baḥrí (River) Mamelukes and Burjí (Tower) Mamelukes. The former reigned from 1250 to 1390, the latter from 1382 to 1517.

827 See Lane, The Modern Egyptians, ch. xxii.

828 See Sir T. W. Arnold, The Caliphate, p. 146.

829 Ed. of Buláq (1283 a.h.), pp. 356-366.

830 Ibid., p. 358.

831 These verses are cited in the Ḥadíqatu ’l-Afráḥ(see Brockelmann's Gesch. d. Arab. Litt., ii, 502), Calcutta, 1229 a.h., p. 280. In the final couplet there is an allusion to Kor. iv, 44: " Verily God will not wrong any one even the weight of an ant" (mithqála dharrat ⁱⁿ).

832 Hartmann, Das Muwaššah(Weimar, 1897), p. 218.

833 Literally, 'The Shaking of the Skull-caps,' in allusion to the peasants' dance.

834 See Vollers, Beiträge zur Kenntniss der lebenden arabischen Sprache in Aegypten, Z.D.M.G., vol. 41 (1887), p. 370.

835 Ibn Khallikán, De Slane's translation, vol. i, p. 3.

836 It should be pointed out that the Wafayátis very far from being exhaustive. The total number of articles only amounts to 865. Besides the Caliphs, the Companions of the Prophet, and those of the next generation ( Tábi‘ún), the author omitted many persons of note because he was unable to discover the date of their death. A useful supplement and continuation of the Wafayátwas compiled by al-Kutubí (õ 1363 a.d.) under the title Fawátu ’l-Wafayát.

837 The Arabic text of the Wafayáthas been edited with variants and indices by Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1835-1850). There is an excellent English translation by Baron MacGuckin de Slane in four volumes (1842-1871).

838 The full title is al-Mawá‘iẓ wa-’l-l‘tibár fí dhikri ’l-Khiṭaṭ wa-’l-Athár. It was printed at Buláq in 1270 a.h.

839 Al-Sulúk li-ma‘rifati Duwali ’l-Mulúk, a history of the Ayyúbids and Mamelukes. The portion relating to the latter dynasty is accessible in the excellent French version by Quatremère ( Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Égypte, Paris, 1845).

840 A. R. Guest, A List of Writers, Books, and other Authorities mentioned by El Maqrízí in his Khiṭaṭ, J.R.A.S.for 1902, p. 106.

841 The Fakhríhas been edited by Ahlwardt (1860) and Derenbourg (1895). The simplicity of its style and the varied interest of its contents have made it deservedly popular. Leaving the Koran out of account, I do not know any book that is better fitted to serve as an introduction to Arabic literature.

842 See p. 413, n. 1.

843 A Biographical Dictionary of Persons who knew Mohammad, ed. by Sprenger and others (Calcutta, 1856-1873).

844 Murúju ’l-Dhahab, ed. by Barbier de Meynard, vol. iv. p. 90. The names Shírázád and Dínázád are obviously Persian. Probably the former is a corruption of Chihrázád, meaning 'of noble race,' while Dínázád signifies 'of noble religion.' My readers will easily recognise the familiar Scheherazade and Dinarzade.

845 Strange as it may seem, this criticism represents the view of nearly all Moslem scholars who have read the 'Arabian Nights.'

846 Many episodes are related on the authority of Aṣma‘í, Abú ‘Ubayda, and Wahb b. Munabbih.

847 Those who recite the Síratu ‘Antarare named ‘Anátira, sing. ‘Antari. See Lane's Modern Egyptians, ch. >xxiii.

848 That it was extant in some shape before 1150 a.d. seems to be beyond doubt. Cf.the Journal Asiatiquefor 1838, p. 383; Wüstenfeld, Gesch. der Arab. Aerzte, No. 172.

849 Antar, a Bedoueen Romance, translated from the Arabic by Terrick Hamilton (London, 1820), vol. i, p. >xxiii seq. See, however, Flügel's Catalogue of the Kais. Kön. Bibl. at Vienna, vol. ii, p. 6. Further details concerning the 'Romance of ‘Antar' will be found in Thorbecke's ‘Antarah(Leipzig, 1867), p. 31 sqq. The whole work has been published at Cairo in thirty-two volumes.

850 Sha‘rání, Yawáqít(ed. of Cairo, 1277 a.h.), p. 18.

851 In 1417 a.d. The reader will find a full and most interesting account of Nasímí, who is equally remarkable as a Turkish poet and as a mystic belonging to the sect of the Ḥurúfís, in Mr. E. J. W. Gibb's History of Ottoman Poetry, vol. i, pp. 343-368. It is highly improbable that the story related here gives the true ground on which he was condemned: his pantheistic utterances afford a sufficient explanation, and the Turkish biographer, Laṭífí, specifies the verse which cost him his life. I may add that the author of the Shadharátu ’l-Dhahabcalls him Nasímu ’l-Dín of Tabríz (he is generally said to be a native of Nasím in the district of Baghdád), and observes that he resided in Aleppo, where his followers were numerous and his heretical doctrines widely disseminated.

852 The 112th chapter of the Koran. See p. 164.

853 Founder of the Shádhiliyya Order of Dervishes. He died in 1258 a.d.

854 A distinguished jurist and scholar who received the honorary title, 'Sultan of the Divines.' He died at Cairo in 1262 a.d.

855 An eminent canon lawyer (õ 1370 a.d.).

856 It was the custom of the Zoroastrians (and, according to Moslem belief, of the Christians and other infidels) to wear a girdle round the waist.

857 See Materials for a History of the Wahabys, by J. L. Burckhardt, published in the second volume of his Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys(London, 1831). Burckhardt was in Arabia while the Turks were engaged in re-conquering the Ḥijáz from the Wahhábís. His graphic and highly interesting narrative has been summarised by Dozy, Essai sur l'histoire de l'Islamisme, ch. 13.

858 Following Burckhardt's example, most European writers call him simply ‘Abdu ’l-Wahháb.

859 Burckhardt, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 96.

860 MSS. of Ibn Taymiyya copied by Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahháb are extant (Goldziher in Z.D.M.G., vol. 52, p. 156).

861 This is the place usually called Karbalá or Mashhad Ḥusayn.

862 Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 112.

863 Essai sur l'histoire de l'Islamisme, p. 416.

864 Burckhardt, loc. laud., p. 115.

865 I cannot enter into details on this subject. A review of modern Arabic literature is given by Brockelmann, Gesch. der Arab. Litt., vol. ii, pp. 469-511, and by Huart, Arabic Literature, pp. 411-443.

866 See M. Hartmann, The Arabic Press of Egypt(London, 1899).

867 Brockelmann, loc. cit., p. 476.

868 Translated into Arabic verse by Sulaymán al-Bistání (Cairo, 1904). See Professor Margoliouth's interesting notice of this work in the J.R.A.S.for 1905, p. 417 sqq.

869 H. A. R. Gibb, Studies in contemporary Arabic literature, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, vol. iv, pt. 4, p. 746; cf. also vol. v, pt. 2, p. 311 foll. Mr Gibb has given references to the chief works on the subject, but for the sake of those who do not read Arabic or Russian it may be hoped that he will continue and complete his own survey, to which there is nothing simile aut secundumin English.

>INDEX

In the following Index it has been found necessary to omit the accents indicating the long vowels, and the dots which are used in the text to distinguish letters of similar pronunciation. On the other hand, the definite article alhas been prefixed throughout to those Arabic names which it properly precedes; it is sometimes written in full, but is generally denoted by a hyphen, e.g.-‘Abbas for al-‘Abbas. Names of books, as well as Oriental words and technical terms explained in the text, are printed in italics. Where a number of references occur under one heading, the more important are, as a rule, shown by means of thicker type.

A

Aaron, 215, 273

‘Abbad, 421

‘Abbadid dynasty, the, 414, 421-424, 431

–‘Abbas, 146, 249, 250, 251

–‘Abbas b. -Ahnaf (poet), 261

‘Abbasa, 261

‘Abbasid history, two periods of, 257

‘Abbasid propaganda, the, 249-251

‘Abbasids, the, xxviii, xxix, xxx, 65, 181, 182, 193, 194, 220, 249-253, 254-284, 287-291, 365-367, 373

‘Abdullah, father of the Prophet, xxvii, 146, 148, 250

‘Abdullah, brother of Durayd b. -Simma, 83

‘Abdullah, the Amir (Spanish Umayyad), 411

‘Abdullah b. -‘Abbas, 145, 237, 249

‘Abdullah b. Hamdan, 269

‘Abdullah b. Ibad, 211

‘Abdullah b. Mas‘ud, 352

‘Abdullah b. Maymun al-Qaddah, 271-274, 363

‘Abdullah. b. Muhammad b. Adham, 423

‘Abdullah b. -Mu‘tazz. See Ibnu ’l-Mu‘tazz

‘Abdullah b. Saba, 215, 216

‘Abdullah b. Tahir, 129

‘Abdullah b. Ubayy, 172

‘Abdullah b. Yasin al-Kuzuli, 430

Abdullah b. -Zubayr, 198, 199, 200, 202

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz (Marinid), 436

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, brother of ‘Abdu ’l-Malik, 200

‘Abdu ’l-‘Aziz, son of Muhammad b. Sa‘ud, 466

‘Abdu ’l-Ghani al-Nabulusi, 402

‘Abdu ’l-Hamid, 267

‘Abdu ’l-Malik (Umayyad Caliph), 200-202, 206, 209, 224, 240, 242, 244, 247, 349, 407

‘Abd Manaf, 146

‘Abdu, ’l-Mu’min (Almohade), 432

‘Abdu ’l-Muttalib, 66-68, 146, 148, 154, 250

‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Baghdadi, 131

‘Abdu ’l-Qadir al-Jili, 393

‘Abd al-Qays (tribe), 94

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman I, the Umayyad, 253, 264, 405-407, 417, 418

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman II (Spanish Umayyad), 409, 418

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman III (Spanish Umayyad), 411-412, 420, 425

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman V (Spanish Umayyad), 426

‘Abdu ’l-Rahman b. ‘Awf, 186

‘Abdu ’l-Razzaq-Kashani, 402

‘Abd Shams, 146

‘Abd Shams Saba, 14

‘Abdu ’l-‘Uzza, 159

‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab, founder of the Wahhabite sect. See Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab.

‘Abdu ’l-Wahhab al-Sha‘rani. See -Sha‘rani

‘Abdu ’l-Wahid of Morocco (historian), 431, 433

‘Abid b. -Abras (poet), 39, 44, 86, 101

‘Abid b. Sharya, 13, 19, 247

‘Abida b. Hilal, 239

‘Abir, xviii

‘Abla, 115

–Ablaq, (name of a castle), 84

Ablutions, the ceremonial, incumbent on Moslems, 149

–Abna, 29

Abraha, 6, 15, 28, 65-8Abraham, xviii, 22, 62, 63, 66, 149, 150, 165, 172, 177

Abraham, the religion of, 62, 149, 177

‘Abs (tribe), xix, 61, 88, 114-117

Absal, 433

Abu ’l-‘Abbas (Marinid), 436

Abu ’l-‘Abbas Ahmad al-Marsi, 327

Abu ’l-‘Abbas al-Nami (poet), 270

Abu ’l-‘Abbas-Saffah, 182, 253. See -Saffah

Abu ‘Abdallah Ibnu ’l-Ahmar (Nasrid), 437

Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami, 338

Abu Ahmad al-Mihrajani, 370

Abu ’l-‘Ala al-Ma‘arri, 166, 167, 206, 271, 289, 291, 296, 308, 313-324, 375, 448

Abu ‘Ali al-Qali, 131, 420

Abu ‘Ali b. Sina, 265. See Ibn Sina

Abu ‘Amir, the Monk, 170

Abu ‘Amr b. al-‘Ala, 242, 285, 343Abu ’l-Aswad al-Du’ili, 342, 343

Abu ’l-‘Atahiya (poet), 261, 291, 296-303, 308, 312, 324, 374

Abu Ayman (title), 14

Abu Bakr (Caliph), xxvii, 142, 153, 175, 180, 183, 185, 210, 214, 215, 257, 268, 297

Abu Bakr b. Abi ’l-Azhar, 344

Abu Bakr Ibnu ’l-‘Arabi of Seville, 399

Abu Bakr b. Mu‘awiya, 420

Abu Bakr al-Nabulusi, 460

Abu Bakr al-Razi (physician), 265. See -Razi

Abu Bakr b. ‘Umar, 430

Abu ’l-Darda, 225

Abu Dawud al-Sijistani, 337

Abu ’l-Faraj of Isfanan, 32, 123, 131, 270, 347, 419. See Kitabu ’l-Aghani

Abu ’l-Faraj al-Babbagha (poet), 270

Abu ’l-Fida (historian), 308, 316, 331, 454

Abu Firas al-Hamdani (poet), 270, 304

Abu Ghubshan, 65

Abu Hanifa, 222, 284, 402, 408

Abu ’l-Hasan ‘Ali b. Harun al-Zanjani, 370

Abu ’l-Hasan al-Ash‘ari, 284. See -Ash‘ari

Abu Hashim, the Imam, 220, 251

Abu Hashim, the Sufi, 229

Abu Hudhayl -‘Allaf, 369

Abu ’l-Husayn al-Nuri, 392

Abu ‘Imran al-Fasi, 429

Abu Ishaq al-Farisi. See -Istakhri

Abu Ja‘far -Mansur, 258. See -Mansur, the Caliph

Abu Jahl, 158

Abu Karib, the Tubba‘, 12, 19. See As‘ad Kamil

Abu Lahab, 159, 160

Abu ’l-Mahasin b. Taghribirdi (historian), 257, 262, 267, 268, 350, 369, 454

Abu Marwan Ghaylán, 224

Abu Ma‘shar, 361

Abu Mihjan (poet), 127

Abu Mikhnaf, 210

Abu Musa al-Ash‘ari, 192, 377

Abu Muslim, 220, 251-252, 375

Abu Nasr al-Isma‘ili, 339

Abu Nasr al-Sarraj, 393

Abu Nu‘aym al-Isfahani, 338

Abu Nuwas (poet), 261, 277, 286, 290, 291, 292-296, 303, 308, 345, 375

Abu Qabus, kunyaof -Nu’man III, 45

Abu ’l-Qasim Ahmad. See -Mustansir

Abu ’l-Qasim Muhammad, the Cadi, 421

Abu ’l-Qasim b. -Muzaffar, 312

Abu ’l-Qasim al-Zahrawi, 420

Abu Qays b. Abi Anas, 170

Abu Qurra, 221

Abu Sa’id b. Abi ’l-Khayr, 391, 394

Abu Salama, 257

Abu Salih Mansur b. Ishaq (Samanid), 265

Abu ’l-Salt b. Abi Rabi’a, 69

Abu Shaduf, 450

Abu Shamir the Younger, 50

Abu Shamir, kunyaof -Harith b. ’Amr Muharriq, 50

Abu Shuja’ Buwayh, 266

Abu Sufyan, 124, 175, 195

Abu Sulayman al-Darani, 384, 386, 388

Abu Sulayman Muhammad b. Ma‘shar al-Bayusti, 370

Abu Talib, uncle of the Prophet, 146, 148, 154, 157, 183, 250

Abu Talib al-Makki, 338, 393

Abu Tammam, author of the Hamasa, 79, 129-130, 288, 316, 324, 331. See -Hamasa

Abu ’Ubayda (philologist), 94, 242, 261, 280, 343, 344, 345, 459

Abu ‘Ubayda b. al-Jarrah, 51

Abu ’l-Walid al-Baji, 428

Abu Yazid al-Bistami, 391. See Bayazid of Bistam

Abu Yusuf, the Cadi, 283

Abu Zayd of Saruj, 330, 331, 332, 335

Abu Zayd Muhammad al-Qurashi, 130

Abusir, 326

Abyssinia, 53, 155, 156

Abyssinians, the, xxi; in -Yemen, 5, 6, 26-29; invade the Hijaz, 66-68

Academy of Junde-shapur, the, 358

Academy of Sabur, the, 267, 314

‘Ad (people), 1, 2, 3

adab, 283, 346

Adabu ’l-Katib, 346

Adam, xxvi, 62, 63, 244, 398

‘Adana (river), 15

‘Adawi dervishes, the, 393

Adharbayjan, 17

‘Adi (tribe), 233

‘Adi b. ‘Amr, 94

‘Adi al-Hakkari, 393

‘Adi b. Marina, 244

‘Adi b. Nasr, 35

‘Adi b. Zayd, 40, 45-48, 49, 138, 244

‘Adiya, 85

Adler, 316

‘Adnán, xviii, xix, xx, 64

‘Adudu ’l-Dawla (Buwayhid), 266, 307

ælius Gallus, 9

æthiopic language, the, xvi, xxi

Afghanistan, 268, 275

Africa, xv, xvi Africa, North, 53, 203, 253, 271, 274, 405, 419, 423, 424, 429, 430, 434, 437, 439, 442, 443, 468

Afshin, 375

–Afwah al-Awdi (poet), 83

-Aghani.See Kitabu ’l-Agfhani

Aghlabid dynasty, the, 264, 274, 441

Aghmat, 424

–Ahlaf, at -Hira, 38

Ahlu ’l-Kitab, 341

Ahlu ’l-Taswiya, 280. See Shu‘ubites, the

Ahlu ’l-tawhid wa-’l-‘adl, a name given to the Mu‘tazilites, 224

Ahlwardt, W., 76, 101, 125, 128,133, 136, 286, 293, 294, 304, 349, 454

Ahmad (Buwayhid), 266

Ahmad, brother of Ghazali, 339

Ahmad, father of Ibn Hazm, 426

Ahmad b. Hanbal, 284, 369, 376, 402

Ahmad al-Nahhas, 102

Ahmad b. Tulun, 354

Ahmar of Thamud, 3

Ahnum, 19

Ahqafu ’l-Raml (desert), 1

Ahsanu ’l-Taqasim fi ma‘rifati ’l-Aqalim, 357

ahwal, mystical term, 231, 391

–Ahwas (poet), 237

–Ahwaz, 271, 293

A‘isha, 151, 183

‘Aja ’ibu ’l-Maqdur, 454

–‘Ajam (the non-Arabs), 277. See -Mawali

–‘Ajjaj (poet), 138

-Ajurrumiyya, 456

Akbar (Mogul Emperor), xxx

Akhbaru ’l-Zaman, 353

–Akhtal (poet), 221, 238, 239-242, 285

akhu ’l-safa, 370

Akilu ’l-Murar (surname), 42

–A‘lam (philologist), 128

Alamut, 445

‘Ala’u ’l-Din Muhammad Khwarizmshah, 444

Albategnius, 361

Albucasis, 420

Albumaser, 361

Alchemists, the, 361, 387

Alchemy, works on, translated into Arabic, 358

Aleppo, 269, 270, 275, 291, 303, 305, 313, 360, 415, 446, 451, 460, 461

Alexander the Great, 17, 276, 358, 457

Alexandria, 340

Alexandrian Library, the, 435

Alf Layla wa-Layla, 456, 459. See Thousand Nights and a Nightand Arabian Nights

-Alfiyya, 456

Alfraganus, 361

Algeria, 430

Algiers, 468

Alhambra, the, 435

‘Ali (Buwayhid), 266

‘Ali, grandson of ‘Umar Ibnu ’l-Farid, 394

‘Ali b. Abi Talib, the Prophet's son-in-law, xxvii, xxviii, 105, 153, 181, 183, 190-193, 194, 196, 205, 207-211, 213-218, 220-222, 243, 249, 250, 251, 264, 267, 273, 274, 342, 343, 349, 377, 432, 442

‘Ali b. Abi Talib, public cursing of, 205

‘Ali b. -Mansur, Shaykh, 319

‘Ali b. Musa b. Ja‘far al-Rida, 262, 385

‘Alids, the, 258, 259, 337. See ‘Ali b. Abi Taliband Shi‘ites, the

Allah, 62, 134, 135, 164, 231, 392

Allah, the Muhammadan conception of, 225, 231

Almaqa, 18

Almeria, 421

Almohades, the, 217, 429, 431-434Almoravides, the, 423, 429-431

Alp Arslan (Seljuq), 275, 276, 340, 379

Alphabet, the South Arabic, 6, 8, 12

Alphonso VI of Castile, 422, 423, 431

‘Alqama b. ‘Abada (poet), 121, 125, 128

‘Alqama b. Dhi Jadan (poet), 12

Alvaro, Bishop of Cordova, 414

Amaj, 22

–Amali, 420. See Kitabu ’l-Amali

–Amaliq (Amalekites), 2, 3, 63

‘Amidu ’l-Mulk al-Kunduri, 379

–Amin, the Caliph, 255, 262, 293, 343

Amina, mother of the Prophet, 146

‘Amir b. Sa‘sa‘a (tribe), 119

‘Amir b. Uhaymir, 87

Amiru ’l-Mu‘minin (Commander of the Faithful), 185

Amiru ’l-Umara (title), 264

‘Amr, the Tubba‘ 25, 26

‘Amr b. ‘Adi b. Nasr, 35, 36, 37, 40

‘Amr b. Amir (tribe), 94

‘Amr b. ‘Amir Ma’ al-Sama al-Muzayqiya, 15, 16, 49

‘Amr b. -‘As, 192

‘Amr b. -Harith (Ghassanid), 50, 54, 122

‘Amr b. Hind (Lakhmite), 44, 107, 108, 109, 112

‘Amr b. Kulthum (poet), 44, 82, 102, 109-113, 128, 269

‘Amr b. Luhayy, 63, 64

‘Amr b. Ma‘dikarib, 82

‘Amr b. Mas‘ud, 43

‘Amr b. ‘Ubayd, 223, 374

‘Amr b. Zarib, 35

Amul, 350

Anas, 88

‘anatira, 459

‘Anaza (tribe), xix -Anbar, 38

–Anbari (philologist), 128

–Anbat, xxv. See Nabatæans, the

Ancient Sciences, the, 282

–Andarin, 111

Angels, the Recording, 161

Angora, 104

–Ansar (the Helpers), 171, 241

‘Antar, the Romance of, 34, 459

‘Antara (poet), 76, 109, 114-116, 128, 459

‘antari, 459

Anthologies of Arabic poetry, 128-130, 289, 325, 343, 347, 348, 417

Anthropomorphism, 369, 376, 379, 432

Antioch, 43

Anushirwan (Sasanian king). See Nushirwan

Anushirwan b. Khalid, 329

Aphrodite, 43

-‘Aqida, by ‘Izzu ’l-Din b. ‘Abd al-Salam, 461

‘Aqil, 35

Arab horses, the training of, 226

Arab singers in the first century a.h., 236

a‘rabi(Bedouin), 210

Arabia, in the ‘Abbasid period, 276

Arabia Felix, xvii, 4. See -Yemen

Arabian History, three periods of, xxvi Arabian Nights, the, 238, 256, 261, 292, 421, 456-459

Arabic language, the, xvi, xvii, xxi-xxv, 6, 77, 201, 203, 239, 265, 277-280, 336, 342, 344

Arabic literature, largely the work of non-Arabs, xxx, xxxi, 276-278

Arabic Press, the, 469

Arabic writing, 201; oldest specimens of, xxi, xxii

Arabs, the Ishmaelite, xviii

Arabs of Khurasan, the, thoroughly Persianised, 250

Arabs, the Northern. See Arabs, the Ishmaelite

Arabs, the Northern and Southern, racial enmity between, xx, 199, 200, 252, 405, 406

Arabs, the Southern, xvii, xviii, xx, 4. See Arabs, the Yemenite

Arabs, the Yemenite, xvii, xviii, xx, 38, 55, 199, 252, 405, 406. See Sabæans, the; Himyarites, the

Arabs, the Yoqtanid, xviii. See Arabs, the Yemenite

Aramæans, the, xv, xxv

Aramaic language, the, xvi, xxv, 279, 375

–Araqim, 113, 114

Arbela, 451

Ardashir Babakan, founder of the Sasanian dynasty, 34, 38

Ἀñέèáò ƒÑƒÍῦ ƒ¡ƒ¿ƒÀάƒÉƒ¿, 51

Arhakim, 11

‘arif(gnostic), 386

‘Arifu ’l-Zanadiqa, 373

Aristocracy of Islam, the, 188, 190

Aristotle, 358, 359, 360

–‘Arji (poet), 237

Armenia, xv, 352

Arnaud, Th., 9, 15, 17

Arnold. F. A., 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 114

Arnold, T. W., 184, 223, 224, 360, 448

Arsacids, the, 21, 38

Aryat, 27, 28

–‘Asa (name of a mare), 36

‘asabiyya, 440

Asad (tribe), xix, 104

Asad Kamil, the Tubba‘, 12, 19-23, 25, 26, 137

Asad b. Musa, 247

Asal, 433

asalib, 289, 315

Ascalon, 456

Ascension of the Prophet, the, 169, 403

Asd (tribe), 19

–A‘sha (poet), 16, 101, 121, 123-125, 128, 138, 139