Текст книги "Literary History of the Arabs "

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P. 332, note 2. For rhymed prose renderings of the 11th and 12th Maqámas, see Translations of Eastern Poetry and Prose, pp. 116-124.

P. 367, l. 7 from foot. New light has recently been thrown upon the character of the Mu‘tazilite movement by the publication of the Mu‘tazilite al-Khayyáṭ's Kitábu ’l-Intiṣár (ed. H. S. Nyberg, Cairo, 1926), a third (ninth) century polemical work directed against the Shí‘ite freethinker Ibnu ’l-Ráwandí (cf. p. 375 supra). It is now evident that this "heretical" sect played an active part as champions of Islam, not only in the early controversies which arose between Moslems and Christians in Syria but also against the more dangerous attacks which proceeded in the first hundred years of the ‘Abbásid period from the Manichæans and other " zanádiqa" in Persia and especially in ‘Iráq (cf. I. Guidi, La Lotta tra l'Islam e il Manicheismo(Rome, 1927)). In order to meet these adversaries on equal terms, the Mu‘tazilites made themselves acquainted with Greek philosophy and logic, and thus laid the foundations of an Islamic scholasticism. Cf. H. H. Schaeder, Der Orient und die Griechische Erbein W. Jaeger's Die Antike, vol. iv, p. 261 foll.

P. 370, I. 3 foll. From what has been said in the preceding note it follows that this view of the relation between the Mu‘tazilites and the Ikhwánu ’l-Ṣafárequires considerable modification. Although, in contrast to their orthodox opponents, the Mu‘tazilites may be described as "rationalists" and "liberal theologians," their principles were entirely opposed to the anti-Islamic eclecticism of the Ikhwán.

P. 375, note 2. Professor Schaeder thinks that Middle Persian zandíkhas nothing to do with the Aramaic zaddíq( Z.D.M.G., vol. 82, Heft 3-4, p. lxxx).

Pp. 383-393. During the last twenty years our knowledge of early Ṣúfiism has increased, chiefly through the profound researches of Professor Massignon, to such an extent as to render the account given in these pages altogether inadequate. The subject being one of great difficulty and unsuitable for detailed exposition in a book of this kind, I must content myself with a few illustrative remarks and references, which will enable the student to obtain further information.

P. 383. Massignon's view is that Ṣúfiism (down to the fourth century a.h.) owed little to foreign influences and was fundamentally Islamic, a product of intensive study of the Koran and of inward meditation on its meaning and essential nature. There is great force in his argument, though I cannot help believing that the development of mysticism, like that of other contemporary branches of Moslem thought, must have been vitally affected by contact with the ancient Hellenistic culture of the Sásánian and Byzantine empires on its native soil. Cf. A. J. Wensinck, The Book of the Dove(Leyden, 1919) and Mystic Treatises by Isaac of Niniveh(Amsterdam, 1923).

P. 384, l. 1. The identity of third-century Ṣúfiism with the doctrines of the Vedanta is maintained by M. Horten ( Indische Strömungen in der Islamischen Mystik, Heidelberg, 1927-8). Few, however, would admit this. The conversion of Ṣúfiism into a monistic philosophy was the work of Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí (1165-1240 a.d.). See p. 402 foll.

P. 384, l. 5. The so-called "Theology of Aristotle," translated from Syriac into Arabic about 830 a.d., is mainly an abstract of the Enneadsof Plotinus. There is an edition with German translation by Dieterici.

P. 385, l. 11. All previous accounts of the development of mystical doctrines in Islam during the first three centuries after the Hijra have been superseded by Massignon's intimate analysis ( Essai, chs. iv and v, pp. 116-286), which includes biographies of the eminent Ṣúfís of that period and is based upon an amazingly wide knowledge of original and mostly unpublished sources of information. A useful summary of these two chapters is given by Father Joseph Maréchal in his Studies in the Psychology of the Mystics, tr. Thorold (1927), pp. 241-9.

P. 386, l. 6 from foot. For Dhu ’l-Nún, see Massignon, op. cit., p. 184 foll.

P. 389, l. 12. The Book of the Holy Hierotheoshas recently been edited in Syriac for the first time, with English translation, by F. S. Marsh (Text and Translation Society, 1927).

P. 391. For Báyazíd of Bisṭám, see Massignon, op. cit., p. 243 foll. The oldest complete Arabic version of his "Ascension" ( Mi‘ráj)—a spiritual dream-experience—has been edited and translated into English in Islamica, vol. ii, fasc. 3, p. 402 foll.

P. 396, l. 8. See my essay on the Odes of Ibnu ’l-Fáriḍ ( Studies in Islamic Mysticism, pp. 162-266), which comprises translations of the Khamriyya and three-fourths of the Tá’iyyatu ’l-Kubrá.

P. 399, note 1. With Ḥalláj, thanks to the monumental work of Massignon ( La Passion d'al-Ḥalláj, 2 vols., Paris, 1922), we are now better acquainted than with any other Moslem mystic. His doctrine exhibits some remarkable affinities with Christianity and bears no traces of the pantheism attributed to him by later Ṣúfís as well as by Von Kremer and subsequent European writers. Cf. the summary given by Father Joseph Maréchal, op. cit., pp. 249-281, and The Idea of Personality in Ṣúfism (Cambridge, 1922), pp. 26-37.

P. 402, l. 9. For Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí's theory of the Perfect Man, see Tor Andrae, Die Person Muhammeds, p. 339 foll., and for the same theory as expounded by ‘Abdu ’l-Karím al-Jílí (õ circ. 1410 a.d.), a follower of Ibnu ’l-‘Arabí, in his famous treatise entitled al-Insán al-Kámil, cf. Studies in Islamic Mysticism, pp. 77-142.

P. 456, l. 1 foll. Here, though he is out of place in such an academic company, mention should have been made of Ibn Baṭṭúṭa of Tangier (õ 1377), whose frank and entertaining story of his almost world-wide travels, entitled Tuḥfatu ’l-Nuẓẓár, is described by its latest translator, Mr H. A. R. Gibb, as "an authority for the social and cultural history of post-Mongol Islam."

P. 465, last line. For a summary of the doctrines and history of the Wahhábís, see the article Wahhābīsby Professor D. S. Margoliouth in Hastings' Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

P. 469. La littérature arabe au xix ^esiècle, by L. Cheikho (Beyrouth, 1908-10), which deals chiefly with the literature produced by the Christian Arabs of Syria, deserves mention as one of the few works on the subject written in a European language. The influence of Western ideas on Moslem theology may be studied in the Risálatu ’l-tauḥíd of the great Egyptian divine, Muḥammad ‘Abduh (1842-1905), which has been translated into French by B. Michel and Mustapha ‘Abd el Razik (Paris, 1925).

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS BY

EUROPEAN AUTHORS

The following list is intended to give students of Arabic as well as those who cannot read that language the means of obtaining further information concerning the various topics which fall within the scope of a work such as this. Since anything approaching to a complete bibliography is out of the question, I have mentioned only a few of the most important translations from Arabic into English, French, German, and Latin; and I have omitted (1) monographs on particular Arabic writers, whose names, together with the principal European works relating to them, will be found in Brockelmann's great History of Arabic Literature, and (2) a large number of books and articles which appeal to specialists rather than to students. Additional information is supplied by E. G. Browne in his Literary History of Persia, vol. i, pp. 481-496, and D. B. Macdonald in his Development of Muslim Theology, etc.(London, 1903), pp. 358-367, while the Appendix to H. A. R. Gibb's Arabic Literature(Oxford University Press, 1926) contains a well-chosen list of books of reference and translations. Those who require more detailed references may consult the Bibliographie des ouvrages arabes ou relatifs aux Arabes publ. dans l'Europe chrétienne de 1810 à 1885, by V. Chauvin (Liège, 1892-1903), the Orientalische Bibliographie, edited by A. Müller, E. Kuhn, and L. Scherman (Berlin, 1887—), the Handbuch der Islam-Litteratur, by D. G. Pfannmüller (Berlin and Leipzig, 1923), and the Catalogue of the Arabic Books in the British Museum, by A. G. Ellis, 2 vols. (London, 1894-1902) with the Supplementary Catalogue, by A. S. Fulton and A. G. Ellis (London, 1926).

As a rule, titles of monographs and works of a specialistic character which have been already given in the footnotes are not repeated in the Bibliography.

I

PHILOLOGY.

1. Die Semitischen Sprachen, by Th. Nöldeke (2nd ed. Leipzig, 1899).

An improved and enlarged reprint of the German original of his article, 'Semitic Languages,' in the Encyclopædia Britannica(9th edition).

2. A Grammar of the Arabic Language, by W. Wright, 3rd ed., revised by W. Robertson Smith and M. J. de Goeje, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1896-98).

The best Arabic grammar for advanced students. Beginners may prefer to use the abridgment by F. du Pre Thornton, Elementary Arabic: a Grammar(Cambridge University Press, 1905).

3. Arabic-English Lexicon, by E. W. Lane, 8 parts (London, 1863-93).

This monumental work is unfortunately incomplete. Among other lexica those of Freytag (Arabic and Latin, 4 vols., Halle, 1830-37), A. de Biberstein Kazimirski (Arabic and French, 2 vols., Paris, 1846-60, and 4 vols., Cairo, 1875), and Dozy's Supplément aux Dictionnaires arabes, 2 vols. (Leyden, 1881), deserve special notice. Smaller dictionaries, sufficient for ordinary purposes, have been compiled by Belot ( Dictionnaire arabe-français, Beyrout, 1928), and Wortabet and Porter ( Arabic-English Dictionary, 3rd ed., Beyrout, 1913).

4. Abhandlungen zur Arabischen Philologie, by Ignaz Goldziher, Part I (Leyden, 1896).

Contains masterly studies on the origins of Arabic Poetry and other matters connected with literary history.

5. Die Rhetorik der Araber, by A. F. Mehren (Copenhagen, 1853).

II

GENERAL WORKS ON ARABIAN HISTORY, BIOGRAPHY, GEOGRAPHY, LITERATURE, ETC.

6. The Encyclopædia of Islam(Leyden, 1913—).

A great number of Orientalists have contributed to this invaluable work, of which the first half (A-L) is now completed.

7. Chronique de Ṭabarí, traduite sur la version persane de ... Bel‘amí, by H. Zotenberg, 4 vols. (Paris, 1867-74).

8. The Murúju ’l-Dhahabof Mas‘údí ( Maçoudi: Les Prairies d'Or), Arabic text with French translation by Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille, 9 vols., (Paris, 1861-77).

The works of Ṭabarí and Mas‘údí are the most ancient and celebrated Universal Histories in the Arabic language.

9. Abulfedæ Annales Muslemici arabice et latine, by J. J. Reiske, 5 vols. (Hafniæ, 1789-94).

10. Der Islam im Morgen– und Abendland, by August Müller, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1885-87).

11. Histoire des Arabes, by C. Huart, 2 vols. (Paris, 1912).

12. A Short History of the Saracens, by Syed Ameer Ali (London, 1921).

13. Essai sur l'histoire de l'Islamisme, by R. Dozy, translated from the Dutch by Victor Chauvin (Leyden and Paris, 1879).

14. The Preaching of Islam, a History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith, by T. W. Arnold (2nd ed., London, 1913).

15. Sketches from Eastern History, by Th. Nöldeke, translated by J. S. Black (London, 1892).

16. The Mohammadan Dynasties, by Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1894).

Indispensable to the student of Moslem history.

17. Genealogische Tabellen der Arabischen Stämme und Familien mit historischen und geographischen Bemerkungen in einem alphabetischen Register, by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1852-53).

18. Ibn Khallikán's Biographical Dictionary, translated from the Arabic by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 4 vols. (Oriental Translation Fund, 1842-71).

One of the most characteristic, instructive, and interesting books in Arabic literature.

19. Géographie d'Aboulféda, traduite de l'arabe, by Reinaud and Guyard, 2 vols. (Paris, 1848-83).

20. Travels in Arabia Deserta, by C. M. Doughty, 2 vols. (Cambridge, 1888).

Gives a true and vivid picture of Bedouin life and manners.

21. Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah, by Sir R. F. Burton, 2 vols. (London, 1898).

22. The Penetration of Arabia: a record of the development of Western knowledge concerning the Arabian Peninsula, by D. G. Hogarth (London, 1905).

23. Ḥájjí Khalífa, Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopædicum, Arabic text and Latin translation, by G. Flügel, 7 vols. (Leipzig and London, 1835-58).

24. Die Geschichtschreiber der Araber und ihre Werke(aus dem xxviii. und xxix. Bande der Abhand. d. Königl. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Göttingen), by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1882).

25. Litteraturgeschichte der Araber bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts der Hidschret, by J. von Hammer-Purgstall, 7 vols. (Vienna, 1850-56).

A work of immense extent, but unscientific and extremely inaccurate.

26. Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, by Carl Brockelmann, 2 vols. (Weimar, 1898-1902).

Invaluable for bibliography and biography.

27. A Literary History of Persia, by E. G. Browne, vol. i from the earliest times to Firdawsí (London, 1902), and vol. ii down to the Mongol Invasion (London, 1906).

The first volume in particular of this well-known work contains much information concerning the literary history of the Arabs.

28. A History of Arabic Literature, by Clement Huart (London, 1903).

The student will find this manual useful for purposes of reference.

29. Arabic Literature: an Introduction, by H. A. R. Gibb (London, 1926).

A trustworthy outline of the subject.

30. Arabum Proverbia, Arabic text with Latin translation, by G. W. Freytag, 3 vols. (Bonn, 1838-43).

31. Arabic Proverbs, by J. L. Burckhardt (2nd ed., London, 1875).

III

PRE-ISLAMIC HISTORY, LITERATURE, AND RELIGION.

32. Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme, by A. P. Caussin de Perceval, 3 vols. (Paris, 1847-48).

Affords an excellent survey of Pre-islamic legend and tradition.

33. Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden, translated from the Annals of Ṭabarí, by Th. Nöldeke (Leyden, 1879).

The ample commentary accompanying the translation is valuable and important in the highest degree.

34. Fünf Mo‘allaqát übersetzt und erklärt, by Th. Nöldeke (Vienna, 1899-1901).

The omitted Mu‘allaqasare those of Imru’u ’l-Qays and Tarafa.

35. The Seven Golden Odes of Pagan Arabia, translated from the original Arabic by Lady Anne Blunt and done into English verse by Wilfrid Scawen Blunt (London, 1903).

36. Hamâsa oder die ältesten arabischen Volkslieder übersetzt und erläutert, by Friedrich Rückert, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1846).

Masterly verse-translations of the old Arabian poetry.

37. Translations of ancient Arabian poetry, chiefly Pre-islamic, with an introduction and notes, by C. J. Lyall (London, 1885).

38. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Poesie der alten Araber, by Th. Nöldeke (Hannover, 1864).

39. Studien in arabischen Dichtern, Heft iii, Altarabisches Beduinenleben nach den Quellen geschildert, by G. Jacob (Berlin, 1897).

40. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia, by W. Robertson Smith (2nd ed., London, 1903).

41. Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, First Series, by W. Robertson Smith, 3rd ed., revised by S. A. Cook (London, 1927).

42. Reste Arabischen Heidentums, by J. Wellhausen (2nd ed., Berlin, 1897).

IV

MUḤAMMAD AND THE KORAN.

43. Das Leben Mohammed's, translated from the Arabic biography of Ibn Hishám by G. Weil, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1864).

44. Muhammed in Medina, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin, 1882).

An abridged translation of Wáqidí's work on Muḥammad's Campaigns.

45. Das Leben und die Lehre des Moḥammad, by A. Sprenger, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1861-65).

46. Life of Mahomet, by Sir W. Muir, ed. by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh, 1923).

47. Das Leben Muhammed's nach den Quellen populär dargestellt, by Th. Nöldeke (Hannover, 1863).

48. The Spirit of Islam, by Syed Ameer Ali (London, 1922).

49. Mohammed, by H. Grimme, 2 vols. (Münster, 1892-95).

50. Die weltgeschichtliche Bedeutung Arabiens: Mohammed, by H. Grimme (Munich, 1904).

51. Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, by D. S. Margoliouth in 'Heroes of the Nations' Series (London and New York, 1905).

52. Mohammed and Islam, by A. A. Bevan in The Cambridge Mediæval History, vol. ii, ch. 10 (Cambridge, 1913).

53. Die Person Muhammeds in Lehre und Glauben seiner Gemeinde, by Tor Andrae (Uppsala, 1918).

54. The origin of Islam in its Christian environment, by R. Bell (London, 1926).

55. Annali dell' Islām, by Leone Caetani, Principe di Teano, vol. i (Milan, 1905).

Besides a very full and readable historical introduction this magnificent work contains a detailed account of Muḥammad's life during the first six years after the Hijra (622-628 a.d.).

56. The Koran, translated into English with notes and a preliminary discourse, by G. Sale (London, 1734).

Sale's translation, which has been frequently reprinted, is still serviceable. Mention may also be made of the English versions by J. M. Rodwell (London and Hertford, 1861) and by E. H. Palmer (the best from a literary point of view) in vols. vi and ix of 'The Sacred Books of the East' (Oxford, 1880); reprinted in The World's Classics, vol. 328.

57. Geschichte des Qorâns, by Th. Nöldeke, 2nd ed., revised by F. Schwally (Leipzig, 1909-19).

Cf.Nöldeke's essay, 'The Koran,' in Sketches from Eastern History, pp. 21-59, or his article in the Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.).

58. The Teaching of the Qur’ān, by H. W. Stanton (London, 1920).

V

THE HISTORY OF THE CALIPHATE.

59. The Caliphate, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1924).

60. Geschichte der Chalifen, by G. Weil, 3 vols. (Mannheim, 1846-51).

Completed by the same author's Geschichte des Abbasiden-Chalifats in Egypten, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1860-62).

61. Annals of the Early Caliphate, by Sir W. Muir (London, 1883).

62. The Caliphate, its rise, decline, and fall, by Sir W. Muir (2nd ed., London, 1924).

63. The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the last thirty years of Roman dominion, by A. J. Butler (London, 1902).

64. Das Arabische Reich und sein Sturz, by J. Wellhausen (Berlin, 1902).

An excellent history of the Umayyad dynasty based on the Annals of Tabarí.

65. The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate, by H. F. Amedroz and D. S. Margoliouth, 7 vols. (Oxford, 1920-1).

Arabic texts and translations valuable for the history of the fourth century a.h.

66. The life and times of ‘Alí b. ‘Ísá, the Good Vizier, by H. Bowen (Cambridge, 1928).

67. Geschichte der Fatimiden-Chalifen, nach arabischen Quellen, by F. Wüstenfeld (Göttingen, 1881).

VI

THE HISTORY OF MOSLEM CIVILISATION.

68. Prolégomènes d'Ibn Khaldoun, a French translation of the Muqaddimaor Introduction prefixed by Ibn Khaldún to his Universal History, by Baron MacGuckin de Slane, 3 vols. (in Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Impériale, vols. xix-xxi, Paris, 1863-68).

69. Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen, by A. von Kremer, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1875-77).

70. Culturgeschichtliche Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete des Islams, by A. von Kremer (Leipzig, 1873).

This work has been translated into English by S. Khuda Bukhsh in his Contributions to the History of Islamic Civilization(Calcutta, 1905; 2nd ed., 1929).

71. Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams, by A. von Kremer (Leipzig, 1868).

A celebrated and most illuminating book.

72. La civilisation des Arabes, by G. Le Bon (Paris, 1884).

73. Muhammedanische Studien, by Ignaz Goldziher (Halle, 1888-90).

This book, which has frequently been cited in the foregoing pages, should be read by every serious student of Moslem civilisation.

74. Islamstudien, vol. i, by C. H. Becker (Leipzig, 1924).

75. Umayyads and ‘Abbásids, being the Fourth Part of Jurji Zaydán's History of Islamic Civilisation, translated by D. S. Margoliouth (E. J. W. Gibb Memorial, vol. iv, 1907).

76. Die Renaissance des Islams, by A. Mez (Heidelberg, 1922).

77. Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, by G. le Strange (Oxford, 1900).

78. A Baghdad Chronicle, by R. Levy (Cambridge, 1929).

79. The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate, by G. le Strange (Cambridge, 1905).

80. Palestine under the Moslems, by G. le Strange (London, 1890).

81. Painting in Islam, by T. W. Arnold (Oxford, 1928).

82. Moslem Architecture, by G. T. Rivoira, translated by G. M. Rushforth (Oxford, 1919).

83. Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, by E. W. Lane, edited by Stanley Lane-Poole (London, 1883).

84. Die Araber im Mittelalter und ihr Einfluss auf die Cultur Europa's, by G. Diercks (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1882).

85. An account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, by E. W. Lane (5th ed., London, 1871).

VII

MUḤAMMADAN RELIGION, THEOLOGY, JURISPRUDENCE, PHILOSOPHY, AND MYSTICISM.

86. Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Theory, by Duncan B. Macdonald (London, 1903).

The best general sketch of the subject.

87. Asch-Schahrastâni's Religionspartheien und Philosophen-Schulen, translated by T. Haarbrücker (Halle, 1850-51).

88. The Traditions of Islam, by A. Guillaume (Oxford, 1924).

See also No. 73, Pt. ii.

89. Les traditions islamiques trad. de l'arabe, by O. Houdas and W. Marçais (Paris, 1903-14).

A translation of the celebrated collection of Traditions by Bukhárí.

90. A Handbook of early Muhammadan Tradition, by A. J. Wensinck (Leyden, 1927).

91. Mohammedanism, by C. Snouck Hurgronje (American lectures on the history of religions, 1916).

92. Vorlesungen über den Islam, by I. Goldziher (Heidelberg, 1910; 2nd ed., 1925).

93. The Early Development of Mohammedanism, by D. S. Margoliouth (London, 1914; re-issued, 1927).

94. L'Islam, croyances et institutions, by H. Lammens (Beyrout, 1926); translation by E. Denison Ross (London, 1929).

95. The Islamic Faith, by T. W. Arnold (Benn's Sixpenny Library, No. 42).

96. The History of Philosophy in Islam, by T. J. de Boer, translated by E. R. Jones (London, 1903).

97. Die Mutaziliten oder die Freidenker im Islam, by H. Steiner (Leipzig, 1865).

98. Die Philosophie der Araber im X. Jahrhundert n. Chr. aus den Schriften der lautern Brüder herausgegeben, by F. Dieterici (Berlin and Leipzig, 1861-79).

99. Averroes et l'Averroisme, by E. Renan (Paris, 1861).

100. Mélanges de Philosophie Juive et Arabe, by S. Munk (Paris, 1859).

101. Fragments, relatifs à la doctrine des Ismaélîs, by S. Guyard (Paris, 1874).

102. Exposé de la Religion des Druzes, by Silvestre de Sacy, 2 vols. (Paris, 1838).

103. The Mystics of Islam, by R. A. Nicholson (London, 1914).

104. The Religious Attitude and Life in Islam, by D. B. Macdonald (Chicago, 1909).

105. Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane, by L. Massignon (Paris, 1922).

106. La Passion d'al-Halláj, by L. Massignon, 2 vols. (Paris, 1922).

107. Al-Ḳuschairîs Darstellung des Ṣûfîtums, by Richard Hartmann (Berlin, 1914).

108. Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al-‘Arabī, by H. S. Nyberg (Leiden, 1919).

109. Studies in Islamic Mysticism, by R. A. Nicholson (Cambridge, 1921).

110. The Idea of Personality in Ṣúfism, by R. A. Nicholson (Cambridge, 1923).

111. The Dervishes or Oriental Spiritualism, by John P. Brown, ed. by H. A. Rose (London, 1927).

112. Les Confréries religieuses musulmanes, by O. Depont and X. Coppolani (Algiers, 1897).

VIII

THE HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF THE MOORS.

113. Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne jusqu'à la conquête de l'Andalusie par les Almoravides(711-1110 a.d.), by R. Dozy, 4 vols. (Leyden, 1861). Translated into English under the title Spanish Islamby F. G. Stokes (London, 1913).

114. History of the Moorish Empire in Europe, by S. P. Scott, 3 vols. (New York, 1904).

115. The Moriscos of Spain, their conversion and expulsion, by H. C. Lea (Philadelphia, 1901).

116. History of the Mohammedan dynasties of Spain, translated from the Nafḥ al-Ṭíb of Maqqarí by Pascual de Gayangos, 2 vols. (London, Oriental Translation Fund, 1840-43).

117. The History of the Almohades, by ‘Abdu ’l-Wáḥid al-Marrákoshí, translated by E. Fagnan (Algiers, 1893).

118. Recherches sur l'histoire et la littérature de l'Espagne pendant le moyen âge, by R. Dozy, 2 vols. (3rd ed., Leyden, 1881).

119. Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien, by A. F. von Schack, 2 vols. (2nd ed., Stuttgart, 1877).

120. Moorish remains in Spain, by A. F. Calvert (London, 1905).

121. Storia dei musulmani di Sicilia, by M. Amari (Firenze, 1854-72). A revised edition is in course of publication.

IX

THE HISTORY OF THE ARABS FROM THE MONGOL INVASION IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY.

122. Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l'Égypte, écrite en arabe par Taki-eddin Ahmed Makrizi, traduite en français ... parM. Quatremère, 2 vols. (Oriental Translation Fund, 1845).

123. The Mameluke or Slave dynasty of Egypt, by Sir W. Muir (London, 1896).

124. Histoire de Bagdad depuis la domination des Khans mongols jusqu'au massacre des Mamlouks, by C. Huart (Paris, 1901).

125. History of the Egyptian revolution from the period of the Mamelukes to the death of Mohammed Ali, by A. A. Paton, 2 vols. (London, 1870).

126. The Shaikhs of Morocco in the XVI ^thcentury, by T. H. Weir (Edinburgh, 1904).

127. The Arabic Press of Egypt, by M. Hartmann (London, 1899).

128. Neuarabische Volkspoesie gesammelt und uebersetzt, by Enno Littmann (Berlin, 1902).

FOOTNOTES:

1 H. Grimme, Weltgeschichte in Karakterbildern: Mohammed(Munich, 1904), p. 6 sqq.

2 Cf.Nöldeke, Die Semitischen Sprachen(Leipzig, 1899), or the same scholar's article, 'Semitic Languages,' in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition. Renan's Histoire générale des langues sémitiques(1855) is now antiquated. An interesting essay on the importance of the Semites in the history of civilisation was published by F. Hommel as an introduction to his Semitischen Völker und Sprachen, vol. i (Leipzig, 1883). The dates in this table are of course only approximate.

3 Ibn Qutayba, Kitábu ’l-Ma‘árij, ed. by Wüstenfeld, p. 18.

4 Full information concerning the genealogy of the Arabs will be found in Wüstenfeld's Genealogische Tabellen der Arabischen Stämme und Familienwith its excellent Register(Göttingen, 1852-1853).

5 The tribes Ḍabba, Tamím, Khuzayma, Hudhayl, Asad, Kinána, and Quraysh together formed a group which is known as Khindif, and is often distinguished from Qays ‘Aylán.

6 Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien, Part I, p. 133 sqq., 177 sqq.

7 Nöldeke in Z.D.M.G., vol. 40, p. 177.

8 See Margoliouth, Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, p. 4.

9 Concerning the nature and causes of this antagonism see Goldziher, op. cit., Part I, p. 78 sqq.

10 The word 'Arabic' is always to be understood in this sense wherever it occurs in the following pages.

11 First published by Sachau in Monatsberichte der Kön. Preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin(February, 1881), p. 169 sqq.

12 See De Vogüé, Syrie Centrale, Inscriptions Sémitiques, p. 117. Other references are given in Z.D.M.G., vol. 35, p. 749.

13 On this subject the reader may consult Goldziher. Muhammedanische Studien, Part I, p. 110 sqq.

14 Professor Margoliouth in F.R.A.S.for 1905, p. 418

15 Nöldeke, Die Semitischen Sprachen, p. 36 sqq. and p. 51.

16 Journal Asiatique(March, 1835), p. 209 sqq.

17 Strictly speaking, the Jáhiliyyaincludes the whole time between Adam and Muḥammad, but in a narrower sense it may be used, as here, to denote the Pre-islamic period of Arabic Literature.

18 Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den Südsemitischen Völkern, p. 343 seq.

19 Iramu Dhátu ’l-‘Imád(Koran, lxxxix, 6). The sense of these words is much disputed. See especially Ṭabarí's explanation in his great commentary on the Koran (O. Loth in Z.D.M.G., vol. 35, p. 626 sqq.).

20 I have abridged Ṭabarí, Annals, i, 231 sqq. Cf.also chapters vii, xi, xxvi, and xlvi of the Koran.

21 Koran, xi, 56-57.

22 See Doughty's Documents Epigraphiques recueillis dans le nord de l'Arabie, p. 12 sqq.

23 Koran, vii, 76.

24 Properly Saba’ with hamza, both syllables being short.

25 The oldest record of Saba to which a date can be assigned is found in the Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions. We read in the Annals of King Sargon (715 b.c.), "I received the tribute of Pharaoh, the King of Egypt, of Shamsiyya, the Queen of Arabia, of Ithamara the Sabæan—gold, spices, slaves, horses, and camels." Ithamara is identical with Yatha‘amar, a name borne by several kings of Saba.

26 A. Müller, Der Islam im Morgen und Abendland, vol. i, p. 24 seq.

27 Nöldeke, however, declares the traditions which represent Kulayb as leading the Rabí‘a clans to battle against the combined strength of Yemen to be entirely unhistorical ( Fünf Mo‘allaqát, i, 44).

28 Op. cit., p. 94 seq. An excellent account of the progress made in discovering and deciphering the South Arabic inscriptions down to the year 1841 is given by Rödiger, Excurs ueber himjaritische Inschriften, in his German translation of Wellsted's Travels in Arabia, vol. ii, p. 368 sqq.

29 Seetzen's inscriptions were published in Fundgruben des Orients, vol. ii (Vienna, 1811), p. 282 sqq. The one mentioned above was afterwards deciphered and explained by Mordtmann in the Z.D.M.G., vol. 31, p. 89 seq.

30 The oldest inscriptions, however, run from left to right and from right to left alternately (ƒÀƒÍƒÒƒÐƒÑƒÏƒÍƒÏƒÅƒÂόƒË).

31 Notiz ueber die himjaritische Schrift nebst doppeltem Alphabet derselbenin Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. i (Göttingen, 1837), p. 332 sqq.

32 See Arnaud's Relation d'un voyage à Mareb (Saba) dans l'Arabie méridionalein the Journal Asiatique, 4th series, vol. v (1845), p. 211 sqq. and p. 309 sqq.

33 See Rapport sur une mission archéologique dans le Yémenin the Journal Asiatique, 6th series, vol. xix (1872), pp. 5-98, 129-266, 489-547.

34 See D. H. Müller, Die Burgen und Schlösser Südarabiensin S.B.W.A., vol. 97, p. 981 sqq.

35 The title Mukarribcombines the significations of prince and priest.

36 Goldziher, Muhammedanische Studien, Part I, p. 3.

37 See F. Prætorius, Unsterblichkeitsglaube und Heiligenverehrung bei den Himyarenin Z.D.M.G., vol. 27, p. 645. Hubert Grimme has given an interesting sketch of the religious ideas and customs of the Southern Arabs in Weltgeschichte in Karakterbildern: Mohammed(Munich, 1904), p. 29 sqq.

38 Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, vol. 5, p. 409.

39 This table of contents is quoted by D. H. Müller ( Südarabische Studien, p. 108, n. 2) from the title-page of the British Museum MS. of the eighth book of the Iklíl. No complete copy of the work is known to exist, but considerable portions of it are preserved in the British Museum and in the Berlin Royal Library.