Текст книги "Implosion. The end of Russia and what it means for America"

Автор книги: Ilan Berman

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52.True, “‘Ghost Villages’ Haunt Russian Vote,” Al-Jazeera(Doha), March 2, 2012, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/russianelections/2012/03/20123272311679897.html.

53.Lena Smirnova, “Boyz II Men Expect Muscovites to Bring ‘A-Game’ to Concert,” Moscow Times, January 30, 2013, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/arts_n_ideas/article/boyz-ii-men-expect-muscovites-to-bring-a-game-to-concert/474719.html.

54.As outlined in World Health Organization, Health Systems in Transition13, no. 7 (2011): http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/157092/HiT-Russia_EN_web-with-links.pdf.

55.“Russian Official Warns of Insufficient Spending on Education, Health, Science,” Interfax, September 4, 2012 (via BBC monitoring).

56.Mark Schneider, “New START’s Dangerous Legacy,” American Foreign Policy Council Defense Dossier, no. 1 (December 2011): http://www.afpc.org/files/december2011.pdf.

57.As cited in “The Mood of Russia: Time to Shove Off,” Economist, September 13, 2011.

58.Howard Amos, “800,000 Russians Committed Suicide Since Soviet Union Collapsed,” Telegraph, October 21, 2011.

CHAPTER THREE

1.“Russia’s Turning Muslim, Says Mufti,” Australian, August 6, 2005, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,16167042%5E2702,00.html.

2.Statistics derived from the 2002 All Russia Population Census, Vserossiyskaya Perepis Naseleniya 2002a Goda, www.perepis2002.ru.

3.“Russia’s Turning Muslim, Says Mufti,” Australian, August 6, 2005, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,16167042%5E2702,00.html.

4.See Daniel Pipes, “The Problem of Soviet Muslims,” Asian Outlook(Taipei), March–April 1991, http://www.danielpipes.org/206/the-problem-of-soviet-muslims.

5.See, for example, Robert Conquest, The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities(London: Macmillan, 1970).

6.See Jonah Hull, “Russia Sees Muslim Population Boom,” Al-Jazeera(Doha), January 13, 2007, http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2007/01/2008525144630794963.html.

7.Statistics derived from the 2002 All Russia Population Census, Vserossiyskaya Perepis Naseleniya 2002a Goda, www.perepis2002.ru.

8.Ibid.

9.Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, “The Future of the Global Muslim Population: Projections for 2010–2030,” January 27, 2011, http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-russia.aspx.

10.“Muslim Birthrate Worries Russia,” Washington Times, November 20, 2006, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/nov/20/20061120-115904-9135r/?page=all.

11.Judyth Twigg, “Differential Demographics: Russia’s Muslim and Slavic Populations,” Center for Strategic and International Studies PONARS Policy Memo, no. 388, December 2005, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/pm_0388.pdf.

12.Pew Forum, “The Future of the Global Muslim Population.”

13.“Russian Muslim Leader Calls for Crescent as Part of National Emblem,” RIA Novosti, April 15, 2011, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20110415/163540921.html.

14.Stephan Sievert, Sergey Zakharov, and Reiner Klingholz, “The Waning World Power: The Demographic Future of Russia and the Other Soviet Successor States,” Berlin Institute for Population and Development, April 2011, http://www.berlin-institut.org/publications/studies/the-waning-world-power.html.

15.Ibid.

16.Ibid.

17.Jeremy Page, “The Rise of Russian Muslims Worries Orthodox Church,” Times of London, http://www.islamawareness.net/Europe/Russia/rise.html.

18.Pipes, “Predicting a Majority-Muslim Russia,” Lion’s Den(blog), danielpipes.org, August 6, 2005, http://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2005/08/predicting-a-majority-muslim-russia.

19.Paul Goble, Remarks before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, December 17, 2009, http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=ContentRecords.ViewTranscript&ContentRecord_id=465&ContentType=H,B&ContentRecordType=B&CFID=25941239&CFTOKEN=36947033.

20.Michael Mainville, “Islam Thrives as Russia’s Population Falls,” Toronto Star, December 3, 2006, http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=31875.

21.Ibid.

22.Hull, “Russia Sees Muslim Population Boom,” Al-Jazeera(Doha), January 13, 2007, http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2007/01/2008525144630794963.html.

23.“Cherez polveka Musulmani v Rossii Mogut Stat Bolshenstvom—Posol MID RF [In Half a Century, Muslims in Russia Could Become the Majority—Russia’s OIC Ambassador],” Interfax (Moscow), October 10, 2007, http://www.interfax-religion.ru/islam/print.php?act=news&id=20767.

24.“Analyst Predicts Muslim Majority in Russia within 30 Years,” Voice of America, October 31, 2009, http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2006-02-28-voa77/399222.html.

25.Gordon Hahn, Russia’s Islamic Threat(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 6.

26.“The Strategy of Socio-Economic Development of the North Caucasus Federal District Until 2025,” Vestnik Kavkaza, October 7, 2010, http://vestnikkavkaza.net/analysis/society/6671.html.

27.“Russia’s Economy,” Economist, December 22, 2011, http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2011/12/focus-1.

28.Sievert, Sergey Zakharov, and Reiner Klingholz, “The Waning World Power: The Demographic Future of Russia and the Other Soviet Successor States,” Berlin Institute for Population and Development, April 2011, http://www.berlin-institut.org/publications/studies/the-waning-world-power.html.

29.“Nine Tenths Of Chechens Living in Poverty: Minister,” Agence France-Presse, August 18, 2005, http://reliefweb.int/report/russian-federation/russian-fed-nine-tenths-chechens-living-poverty-minister.

30.Jacey Fortin, “For Russian-Controlled Chechnya, a Sparkling City and a Dancing Dictator,” International Business Times, September 20, 2012, http://www.ibtimes.com/russian-controlled-chechnya-sparkling-city-dancing-dictator-793810.

31.Sievert, Sergey Zakharov, and Reiner Klingholz, “The Waning World Power: The Demographic Future of Russia and the Other Soviet Successor States,” Berlin Institute for Population and Development, April 2011, http://www.berlin-institut.org/publications/studies/the-waning-world-power.html.

32.Jeronim Perovic, The North Caucasus on the Brink(Zurich: Center for Security Studies, 2006), 19, http://kms2.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/EINIRAS/22365/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/B5E9E0D0-8C98-4C41-8F21-78FBE60063B8/en/casestudy_north_caucasus.pdf/.

33.“Federal Subjects of Russia by Unemployment Rate,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_Unemployment_Rate.

34.“Russia’s Regions: Facts and Figures,” United Nations Development Programme, http://www.undp.ru/index.phtml?iso=RU&lid=1&pid=1&cmd=text&id=187.

35.Twigg, “Differential Demographics: Russia’s Muslim and Slavic Populations,” Center for Strategic & International Studies PONARS Policy Memo, no. 388 (December 2005): http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/pm_0388.pdf.

36.Khristina Narizhnaya, “Russia’s Xenophobia Problem,” GlobalPost, April 29, 2012, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/russia/120427/russia-xenophobia-racism-putin-immigration-reform.

37.Ibid.

38.“Russians Favor Immigration Restrictions—Poll,” Interfax, December 14, 2012, http://russialist.org/russians-favor-immigration-restrictions-poll/.

39.“Racist Attacks Wound 200 People, Including 18 Lethally, in Russia in 2012—Rights Activists,” Interfax, December 29, 2012, http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/12/29/racist_attacks_wound_200_people_including_18_lethally_in_russia_in_2_21605.html.

40.Narizhnaya, “Russia’s Xenophobia Problem,” GlobalPost, April 29, 2012, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/europe/russia/120427/russia-xenophobia-racism-putin-immigration-reform.

41.Alexander Verkhovsky, “The Ultra-Right in Russia in 2012,” SOVA Center Report, December 2012, http://www.sova-center.ru/en/xenophobia/reports-analyses/2012/10/d25539/.

42.Ibid.

43.Charles Clover, “‘Managed Nationalism’ Turns Nasty for Putin,” Financial Times, December 23, 2010, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/046a3e30-0ec9-11e0-9ec3-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2KtFLqYoI.

44.Owen Matthews and Anna Nemtsova, “Fascist Russia?” Newsweek, August 7, 2011, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/08/07/why-the-kremlin-aids-the-rise-of-russia-s-far-right-hate-groups.html.

45.Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation, Doklad o Sostoyanii Grazhdanskovo Obshestva v Rossiyskoy Federatsii za 2012 god[Report on the state of civil society in the Russian Federation for the year 2012] (Moscow: OPRF, 2012), 73.

46.Nadezhda Krasilova, “Moda Na Ksenophobiu [Fashion for Xenophobia],” Noviye Izvesitiya, February 26, 2013, http://www.newizv.ru/politics/2013-02-26/178323-moda-na-ksenofobiju.html.

47.Gordon Hahn, “The Perils of Putin’s Policies,” Journal of International Security Affairs, no. 10 (Spring 2006): http://www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2006/10/hahn.php.

48. Presidential Decreeno. 849 (May 13, 2000), as cited in Laura Belin, “Politics and the Mass Media under Putin,” in Cameron Ross, Russian Politics under Putin(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), 158.

49.Gordon M. Hahn, “Reforming the Federation,” in Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman, and Richard Sakwa, eds., Developments in Russian Politics6 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 148–67.

50.Michael L. Bressler, “Politics,” in Michael L. Bressler, ed., Understanding Contemporary Russia(Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009), 119.

51. Federal’nyi Zakon, no. 168 (December 20, 2004), as cited Sarah E. Cox, “Reverse Revolution: Russia’s Constitutional Crisis,” Washington University Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal22, no. 1 (2013): http://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/1213/22PRLPJ179.pdf?sequence=1.

52. Federal’nyi Zakon, no. 107 (July 12, 2006), as cited in Cox, “Reverse Revolution.”

53.Yevgeny Volk, “Russia’s NGO Law: An Attack on Freedom and Civil Society,” Heritage Foundation WebMemo, no. 1090 (May 24, 2006): http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2006/05/russias-ngo-law-an-attack-on-freedom-and-civil-society.

54.Ibid.; Zbigniew Brzezinski, “Putin’s Choice,” Washington Quarterly31, no. 2 (2008): 95–116.

55.Hahn, Russia’s Islamic Threat, 19.

56.Alexei Malashenko, “The Dynamics of Russian Islam,” Carnegie Moscow Center, February 1, 2013, http://carnegie.ru/2013/02/01/dynamics-of-russian-islam/f890.

57.Damir hazrat Mukhetinov, “Nabludenie Nad Tekushimi Protsesami v Rossiyskoi Musulmanskoi Obshine (Chaste 7) [Observations on the current processes in the Russian Muslim community (part 7)], November 7, 2012, http://damir-hazrat.livejournal.com/66143.html/.

58.Ibid.

CHAPTER FOUR

1.An early version of this chapter appeared in the Spring/Summer 2011 edition of the Journal of International Security Affairsunder the title, “The Caliphate Comes Home.”

2.Gordon M. Hahn, Russia’s Islamic Threat(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 31.

3.For an in-depth account of this trend, see Paul Murphy, The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror(London: Brassey’s, 2004).

4.Hahn, Russia’s Islamic Threat, 36.

5.Ibid., 36–37.

6.Ibid., 38–39.

7.Jim Nichol, Stability in Russia’s Chechnya and Other Regions of the North Caucasus: Recent Developments(Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, January 27, 2010), 10–11, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34613_20100127.pdf.

8.See, for example, Alexander Litvinenko and Yuri Felshtinsky, Blowing Up Russia: The Secret Plot to Bring Back KGB Terror(New York: Encounter Books, 2007).

9.“Obituary: Chechen Rebel Khattab,” BBC, April 26, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1952053.stm.

10.“Chechen Rebel Chief Basayev Dies,” BBC, July 10, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5165456.stm.

11.Tony Halpin, “Chechen Rebellion Has Been Crushed, Says Kremlin,” Sunday Times, April 17, 2009, http://www.times-online.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6108444.ece.

12.“Russia,” American Foreign Policy Council, World Almanac of Islamism, http://almanac.afpc.org/Russia.

13.Simon Shuster, “Chechen Terrorists, Despite a Schism, Come Back Ferociously,” Time, October 21, 2010, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2026737,00.html; Charles Reckangel, “Assassination of Daghestan’s Sufi Spiritual Leader Raises Specter of New Violence,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, December 29, 2012, http://www.rferl.org/content/daghestansufi-leader-suicide-bombing-/24692153.html.

14.Matthias Schepp, “Anarchy in Dagestan: Islamists Gain Upper Hand in Russian Republic,” Der Spiegel, July 30, 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,709176,00.html.

15.Ibid.

16.“Sotseologi: 30 percent Molodezhi Dagestana Khotyat Zhite v Religioznom Gosudarstve [Sociologists: 30 Percent of Dagestan’s Youth Wants to Live under a Religious Government],” Regnum, January 11, 2011, http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1363203.html.

17.Nichol, Stability in Russia’s Chechnya and Other Regions of the North Caucasus: Recent Developments(Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, January 27, 2010), 13, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL34613_20100127.pdf.

18.Author’s interviews, Kazan, Russia, December 2010.

19.Rafael Khakim, Ternistuy Put k Svobode[The Thorny Path to Freedom] (Kazan: Tatarstan Book Press, 2007).

20.Yana Amelina, “Djihad v Tatarstane [Jihad in Tatarstan],” Zvezda Povolzhya(Kazan), December 2, 2010.

21.“Alleged Islamic Extremists Detained in Bashkortostan,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 8, 2011, http://www.rferl.org/content/bashkortostan_islamists/2301430.html.

22.Hahn, Russia’s Islamic Threat(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 213–214.

23.“Hizb ut-Tahrir,” American Foreign Policy Council, World Almanac of Islamism, July 14, 2011, http://almanac.afpc.org/hizb-ut-tahrir.

24.Shiv Malik, “The Conveyor Belt of Extremism,” New Statesman, July 18, 2005, http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/803.

25.See, for example, Ivan Gladilin, “Tatarstan Prevrashayetsa v Odnu iz Gorachikh Tochek Rossii [Tatarstan is becoming one of Russia’s flashpoints],” km.ru, December 26, 2012, http://www.km.ru/v-rossii/2012/12/26/prava-i-tsennostirusskogo-naseleniya-rossii/700628-tatarstan-prevrashchaetsya-v; see also “Russia Eliminates Terrorist Cell in West Siberia,” RIA Novosti, May 14, 2010, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100514/159013389.html.

26.Andrew Roth, “Two Muslim Officials Attacked In Southern Russia,” New York Times, July 19, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/world/europe/two-muslim-officials-attacked-in-tatarstan-russia.html?_r=0.

27.Lyudmila Alexandrova, “Tatarstan’s Mufti And His Deputy Paid A Price For Their Anti-Wahhabi Efforts,” Itar-TASS, July 20, 2012, http://pda.itar-tass.com/en/c39/477517.html.

28.Ranis Islamov, “Ufa Zamedlennogo Deistviya [Ufa in Slow Motion],” Russkiy Reportyor(Moscow), July 26, 2010, http://www.rusrep.ru/2010/28/baskiriya/.

29.See, for example, “Alleged Islamic Extremists Detained in Bashkortostan,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 8, 2011, http://www.rferl.org/content/bashkortostan_islamists/2301430.html.

30.Paul Goble, “Bashkortostan Becomes Newest Russian ‘Hot Spot,’” Jamestown Foundation, Eurasia Daily Monitor9, no. 225 (December 10, 2012): http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[swords]=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews[any_of_the_words]=reidar%20visser&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=40225&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=625ca4bf7a7d3d287e33b6099bd8e165.

31.See, for example, Amelina, “Djihad v Tatarstane [Jihad in Tatarstan],” Zvezda Povolzhya(Kazan), December 2, 2010.

32.See, for example, “Pamfilova: Kremlin Enables ‘Endemic Corruption’ in North Caucasus,” The Other Russia, April 23, 2010, http://www.theotherrussia.org/2010/04/23/pamfilova-kremlin-enables-endemic-corruption-in-north-caucasus/.

33.“Chechen Official Puts Death Toll for 2 Wars at up to 160,000,” New York Times, August 16, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/15/world/europe/15iht-chech.html.

34.“Russia,” American Foreign Policy Council, World Almanac of Islamism, http://almanac.afpc.org/Russia.

35.Alexei Malashenko, as cited in “U Nikh Tut Portreti Putina, Medvedeva, No Oni za Shariat [Here they have portraits of Putin and Medvedev, but believe in Sharia],” Slon.ru, December 3, 2009, http://slon.ru/articles/203931/.

36.Charles King and Rajan Menon, “Prisoners of the Caucasus,” Foreign Affairs, July–August 2010, 29, 31; “Russia’s Medvedev: Caucasus Corruption Threatens State,” Reuters, May 19, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/19/idUSLDE64I2GB; “Medvedev Advocates Tough Corruption Measures for North Caucasus,” Russia Today, May 19, 2010, http://rt.com/politics/medvedev-measures-corruption-caucasus/.

37.“Russia’s Medvedev: Caucasus Corruption Threatens State,” Reuters, May 19, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/19/idUSLDE64I2GB; “Medvedev Advocates Tough Corruption Measures for North Caucasus,” Russia Today, May 19, 2010, http://rt.com/politics/medvedev-measures-corruption-caucasus/.

38.“Lider Shiitof-Azerbaijantsev v Tatarstane Poprosil u Presidenta Rossii Zashiti ot Vahhabitov [The leader of Azerbaijani Shiites in Tatarstan has asked the Russian President for Protection against Wahhabis],” Regnum, December 24, 2012, http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-volga/tatarstan/1607876.html.

39.Gladilin, “Tatarstan Prevrashayetsa v Odnu iz Gorachikh Tochek Rossii [Tatarstan is becoming one of Russia’s flashpoints],” km.ru, December 26, 2012, http://www.km.ru/v-rossii/2012/12/26/prava-i-tsennosti-russkogonaseleniya-rossii/700628-tatarstan-prevrashchaetsya-v.

40.As cited in Hahn, Russia’s Islamic Threat(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 12.

41.“Russia,” American Foreign Policy Council, World Almanac of Islamism, http://almanac.afpc.org/Russia.

42.Ariel Cohen, “A Threat to the West: The Rise of Islamist Insurgency in the Northern Caucasus and Russia’s Inadequate Response,” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, no. 2643 (March 26, 2012): http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/03/a-threat-to-the-west-the-rise-of-islamist-insurgency-in-the-northern-caucasus.

43.“Ekspert: Vliyaniyu Radicalnoi Islamistskoi Ideologii, k Sozheleniu, Podverzhenuy Vse [Expert: Everyone is, unfortunately, susceptible to radical Islamist ideology],” Regnum, December 25, 2012, http://www.regnum.ru/news/fd-volga/tatarstan/1608274.html.

CHAPTER FIVE

1.As cited in Mikhail A. Alexseev, Immigration Phobia and the Security Dilemma: Russia, Europe and the United States(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 95.

2.Siberia is made up of twelve federal subjects: the Altai Republic, Altai Krai, the Republic of Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, Irkutsk Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, the Tuva Republic, and the Republic of Khakassia. The Far East is made up of nine: Amur Oblast, the Jewish Autonomous Region, Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha Republic, Sakhalin Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, and Chukhotka Autonomous Okrug.

3.Herman Pirchner, The Russian-Chinese Border: Today’s Reality(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, August 2002), 5.

4.“Itogi perepisi naseleniya,” Vserossiiskaya perepis’ naseleniya, http://www.perepis-2010.ru/message-rosstat.php.

5.For total number of citizens in Heilongjiang, see “Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People’s Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census[1] (no. 2),” National Bureau of Statistics of China, April 11, 2009, http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm; for territory size, 180,000 square miles, see “Heilongjiang,” China Discover, http://www.chinadiscover.net/china-tour/heilongjiangguide/heilongjiang-maps.htm.

6.Rens Lee, “The Far East between Russia, China and America,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, E-Notes, July 2012, 1.

7.For more on the history of the Russian-Chinese Border, see Pirchner, The Russian-Chinese Border: Today’s Reality(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, August 2002), 5; see also Al Santoli, Empires of the Steppe(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, 2002).

8.John Daniszewski, “Russia, China Pledge Friendship,” Los Angeles Times, July 17, 2001, http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jul/17/news/mn-23129.

9.Mikhail Kharitinov, “‘Yellow Peril’ Over the Far East,” Mir Novostey(Moscow), April 17, 2001.

10.Ibid.; “Chinese Migration Alarms Border Patrol,” Moscow Times, July 1, 2000, http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/chinese-migration-alarms-border-patrol/261282.html.

11.Pirchner, The Russian-Chinese Border: Today’s Reality(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, August 2002), 8.

12.“Survey on Chinese in Far East,” People’s Daily(Beijing), January 2, 2004, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200401/01/eng20040101_131677.shtml.

13.Pirchner, The Russian-Chinese Border: Today’s Reality(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, August 2002), 8.

14.Anatoly Medetsky, “Chinese Tourists Said To Drain Money, Resources,” Vladivostok News(Vladivostok), July 21, 2000.

15.Pirchner, The Russian-Chinese Border: Today’s Reality(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, August 2002), 8.

16.Olga Alexeeva, “Chinese Migration in the Russian Far East,” China Perspectives, no. 3 (2008): 28, http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/pdf/4033.

17.Calculated from World Bank statistics available at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG.

18.“Top Headache for China’s New Leaders: Job Creation,” South China Morning Post, November 1, 2012, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1074241/top-headache-chinas-new-leaders-job-creation.

19.Maria Repnikova and Harley Balzer, “Chinese Migration to Russia: Missed Opportunities,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Eurasian Migration Papers, no. 3 (2009): 11, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/No3_ChineseMigtoRussia.pdf.

20.Anna Nemtsova, “Shrinking Siberia,” Newsweek, September 17, 2012, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/09/16/shrinking-siberia.html.

21.“A Bridge to Asia?” Economist, September 8, 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21562240.

22.As cited in “Russia to Sell Desolate Lands to China?” Pravda (Moscow), January 30, 2012, http://english.pravda.ru/russia/economics/30-01-2012/120367-russia_far_east-0/.

23.Rachel Morarjee, “China Drives Development of Russia’s Far East,” Russia Beyond the Headlines, March 29, 2011, http://rbth.ru/articles/2011/03/29/chinese_funds_key_to_unlocking_riches_of_far_east_12642.html.

24.Ibid.

25.Pirchner, The Russian-Chinese Border: Today’s Reality(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, August 2002), 5.

26.“Russia’s Far East Region bans Chinese Migrant Farmers,” Want China Times, September 26, 2012, http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?cid=1102&MainCatID=11&id=20120926000042.

27.Bertil Lintner, “The Chinese Are Coming . . . to Russia,” Asia Times, May 27, 2006, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/HE27Ag01.html.

28.Vitaly Kozyrev, “Russia’s New Asia Strategy: Assessing Russia’s Eastward Pivot,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, November 14, 2012, http://csis.org/files/attachments/121114_rep_kozyrev_summary.pdf.

29.John Daly, “Russia’s Far East—Rising Energy Superpower,” oilprice.com, March 29, 2012, http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Russias-Far-East-Rising-Energy-Superpower.html.

30.As cited in Segei Blagov, “Russia Mulls Far Eastern Economic Revival,” Jamestown Foundation, Eurasia Daily Monitor9, no. 83 (May 3, 2012), http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39320.

31.Lee, “The Far East between Russia, China and America,” Foreign Policy Research Institute, E-Notes, July 2012, 2.

32.Ibid.

33.Ibid., 4.

34.Alexei Arbatov, “If the West Continues the Expansion, Moscow Will Drive East,” Nezavisimaya Gazeta(Moscow), January 3, 1997, 3.

35.“Russia’s Primakov urges ‘Strategic Triangle’ with China, India,” Agence France-Presse, December 21, 1998.

36.Jephraim P. Gundzik, “The US and that ‘Other Axis,’” Asia Times, June 9, 2005, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/GF09Ad08.html.

37.“China, Russia Conduct Military Exercises,” Associated Press, August 18, 2005, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-08-18-china-russia_x.htm?csp=34.

38.“UN Rejects Taiwan’s Membership Bid,” China Daily, July 24, 2007, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-07/24/content_5442231.htm.

39.“SCO Sends Strong Signals for West to Leave Central Asia,” People’s Daily, July 8, 2005, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200507/08/eng20050708_194907.html.

40.John J. Dziak, The Military Relationship between China and Russia, 1995–2002: Russia’s Role in the Development of China’s Strategic Potential(American Foreign Policy Council, 2003), 10.

41.Ibid., 5.

42.Nicklas Norling, “China and Russia: Partners with Tensions,” Policy Perspectives4, no. 1 (2007): http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/publications/2007/Norling_China_and_Russia.pdf.

43.“Russia And China: New Horizons for Cooperation,” Russia Today, June 5, 2012, http://rt.com/politics/official-word/putin-russia-china-article-997/.

44.Kathrin Hille and Jamil Anderlini, “Russia and China to Strengthen Trade Ties,” Financial Times, June 5, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d8999462-af27-11e1-a8a7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2AFXROa3w.

45.Pirchner, The Russian-Chinese Border: Today’s Reality(Washington, D.C.: American Foreign Policy Council, August 2002), 8.

46.Shoichi Itoh, Russia Looks East: Energy Markets and Geopolitics in Northeast Asia(Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic & International Studies, July 2011), http://csis.org/files/publication/110721_Itoh_RussiaLooksEast_Web.pdf.

47.Karaganov, “Russia’s Asian Strategy.”

48.Thomas Grove, “Russian PM Warns China on Expansion; Medvedev Defends Far East,” Reuters, August 9, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-china-territory-idUSBRE8780Y320120809.

49.Vladimir Radyuhin, “Russian Bear Wary of Chinese Dragon; Kremlin Economic Plan Warns of Chinese Threat to Country’s Industries,” Straits Times(Singapore), April 9, 2012.

50.Grove, “Russian PM Warns China on Expansion; Medvedev Defends Far East,” Reuters, August 9, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/09/us-russia-china-territory-idUSBRE8780Y320120809.

51.Ana Nivtova, “VOSTOK-2010—Unprecedented War Games in Full Swing in Russia’s Far East,” Global Crisis News, July 5, 2010, http://www.globalcrisisnews.com/general/vostok-2010-unprecedented-war-games-in-full-swing-in-russias-far-east-1718/.

52.Ibid.

53.“Russia Completes Restructuring Of Its Command Structure,” Press Trust of India, October 23, 2010, http://brahmand.com/news/Russia-completes-restructuring-of-its-command-structure/5262/1/10.html.

54.Peter Kazimiroff, “Russia Deploys S-400 to Far East,” IHS Janes, August 22, 2012, http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security-report.aspx?id=1065970786.

CHAPTER SIX

1.“Electoralniye Presidenskiye Reitingi [Presidential electoral ratings],” Yuri Levada Analytical Center, February 26, 2013, http://www.levada.ru/26-02-2013/elektoralnye-prezidentskie-reitingi-fevral-2013.

2.“Russia Protests: Putin Opponents March in Moscow,” BBC, June 12, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18405306.

3.Dmitry Babich, “United Russia Fails to Win 50 Percent in State Duma Elections,” Russia Beyond The Headlines, December 5, 2011, http://rbth.ru/articles/2011/12/05/united_russia_fails_to_win_50_percent_in_state_duma_elections_13893.html.

4.Josh Wilson, “The All-Russia People’s Front: A Broad and Controversial Coalition,” School of Russian and Asian Studies, June 26, 2011, http://www.sras.org/declaration_of_the_formation_of_the_all_russia_people_front.

5.A complete list of constituent organizations is available, in Russian, on the Front’s official website, http://narodfront.ru/.

6.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.

7.Ibid.

8.Ibid.

9.“Russia’s Putin Signs NGO ‘Foreign Agents’ Law,” Reuters, July 21, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/21/us-russia-putin-ngosidUSBRE86K05M20120721.

10.Ibid.

11.“Russian Authorities Raid ‘Thousands’ of NGOs,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 22, 2013, http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-ngosearches/24934961.html.

12.As cited in Arnaud de Borchgrave, “Testimony before the House of Representatives Committee on International Relations,” October 1, 1997, http://www.russianlaw.org/Borchgrave.htm.

13.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.

14.Ira Iosebashvili, “Russia’s Capital Flight Intensifies,” Wall Street Journal, January 13, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204409004577156242197448030.html.

15.Courtney Weaver, “Russia Makes Little Headway on Capital Flight,” Financial Times, January 11, 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d7bd5b1c-5c12-11e2-ab38-00144feab49a.html#axzz2OHhD0E9H.

16.Dev Kar and Sarah Freitas, Russia: Illicit Financial Flows and the Role of the Underground Economy(Global Financial Integrity, February 2013), http://russia.gfintegrity.org/Russia_Illicit_Financial_Flows_and_the_Role_of_the_Underground_Economy-HighRes.pdf.

17.Press Release, “Russia Hemorrhages at Least $211.5 Billion in Illicit Financial Outflows From 1994–2011—New GFI Study,” Global Financial Integrity, February 13, 2013, http://www.gfintegrity.org/content/view/597/.

18.“Medvedev: Corruption ‘Serious’ Problem,” United Press International, November 11, 2011, http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2011/11/11/Medvedev-Corruption-serious-problem/UPI-79671321034639/.

19.Masha Charney, “Dmitry Medvedev’s New Assault on Corruption,” Rossiyskaya Gazeta, April 2, 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/russianow/politics/9180719/Dmitry-Medvedev-corruption-Russia.html.

20.Matt Blake, “Was Russian Defence Minister Really Sacked Because He Was Cheating On His Wife, the Daughter of One of Putin’s Closest Friends?” Daily Mail, November 6, 2012, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2228701/Putin-sacks-Russian-defence-minister-Anatoly-Serdyukov-60m-corruption-scandal.html.

21.Olga Doronina, “State Duma Deputies on the Anti-Corruption Warpath,” Russia Behind the Headlines, February 22, 2013, http://rbth.ru/politics/2013/02/22/state_duma_deputies_on_the_anti-corruption_warpath_23163.html.

22.Ibid.

23.Author’s conversations, Moscow, Russia, March 2013.