Текст книги "Как мы принимаем решения"

Автор книги: Джона Лерер

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notes

Примечания

1

«Карманом» (pocket) или «мешком» (sack) в американском футболе называют небольшой участок поля вокруг квотербека (основного игрока нападения), со всех сторон блокированный защитниками противника. – Примеч. ред.

2

Тачдаун (touchdown) – 6 очков. Тачдаун зарабатывается, когда игрок с мячом забегает в очковую зону соперника или получает пас, находясь в очковой зоне соперника. – Примеч ред.

3

«Шотган» (shotgun) – атакующее построение в американском футболе, при котором квотербек находится в нескольких ярдах позади линии розыгрыша мяча. – Примеч. ред.

4

Филдгол (fieldgoal) – мяч, забитый в игре в ворота соперника, между штанг и над перекладиной. Приносит команде 3 очка. – Примеч. ред.

5

Сейфти (safety) – два очка, заработанные защитой, когда игрок нападения остановлен с мячом в своей собственной очковой зоне или игрок нападения покинул поле с мячом, находясь в своей очковой зоне. – Примеч. ред.

6

«Файв-уайд» (five-wide) – атакующее построение, получившее свое название из-за участия в нем пяти ресиверов. При этом построении поле за линией розыгрыша мяча остается практически пустым, а все игроки задней линии выдвигаются вперед, чтобы в случае необходимости выступить в роли ресиверов или тайт-эндов. – Примеч. ред.

7

П. Овидий Назон. Метаморфозы. Песнь 7. Перевод С. В. Шервинского. – Примеч. ред.

8

Шорт-пост (short post pattern) – маневр нападающего, при котором он об ходит линию розыгрыша мяча по флангу, а затем резко, под углом 45 градусов, поворачивает в сторону центра поля, чтобы принять пас квотербека. – Примеч. ред.

9

Бербэнк (Burbank) – город в Калифорнии, США, место съемок многих телевизионных сериалов. – Примеч. ред.

10

Фастбол (fastball) – наиболее распространенный тип подачи в бейсболе, сильный и прямой бросок. – Примеч. ред.

11

Слайдер (slider) – подача, при которой мяч летит наискось, сверху вниз. – Примеч. ред.

12

Наклбол (knuckleball) – бросок, при котором мяч движется по произвольной, непредсказуемой траектории. – Примеч. ред.

13

Модель TD-leammg (temporal difference learning – обучение временным различиям), использованная Тезауро, основывалась на новаторской работе специалистов в области теории вычислительных машин Рича Саттона и Эндрю Барто. В начале 1980-х годов, будучи аспирантами в Университете Массачусетса в городе Амхерст, Саттон и Барто попытались создать модель искусственного интеллекта, способную обучаться простым правилам и поступкам и применять их для достижения цели. Это была смелая идея, научные наставники пытались отговорить их от бесплодных попыток, но молодые ученые были упрямы. «Это всегда было недостижимой целью в информатике, – говорит Саттон. – Марвин Мински написал диссертацию об обучении с подкреплением и практически сдался. Он пришел к выводу, что это невозможно, и покинул эту область. К счастью для нас, он был не прав. Мы знали, что даже простейшие животные способны к самообучению (никто не учит птицу, как ей искать червяков), мы просто не знали, как они это делают».

14

Игровые автоматы отвечают примерно за 70 % из $48 миллиардов в год, которые американцы тратят в казино, что означает, что средний гражданин тратит на автоматы в пять раз больше, чем он тратит на билеты в кино. Сейчас в США игровых автоматов вдвое больше, чем банкоматов.

15

В плей-офф игра ведется до четырех побед, таким образом, Мэлоун предполагает, что его команда не проиграет ни одного матча. – Примеч. ред.

16

Это недоразумение известно как «заблуждение игрока». Оно происходит, когда люди считают, что событие произойдет с большей или меньшей вероятностью на основании того, происходило или нет это событие в недавнем прошлом. В результате люди удивляются, когда в режиме случайного воспроизведения песня повторяется или когда подкидываемая монета долгое время падает одной стороной. Самый знаменитый пример этого явления произошел в одном казино Монте-Карло летом 1913 года, когда в рулетке шесть раз подряд выпали черные двадцать шесть. За этот ошеломляюще невероятный период большинство игроков ставили против черного, так как чувствовали, что красное уже «должно» появиться. Другими словами, они предполагали, что случайность колеса рулетки как-то исправит дисбаланс и заставит колесо остановиться на красном. В результате казино заработало миллионы франков.