Текст книги "Практический курс английского языка 3 курс"
Автор книги: Владимир Аракин
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Текущая страница: 20 (всего у книги 29 страниц)
put out to cause to stop burning; to confuse or annoy, e. g. Put out the candle (the fire, the lamp, the gas). He was very much put
out by the unexpected delay.
put through to put in communication with smb. by telephone, e. g. Put me through to the manager, please.
put up to raise or to provide food and lodging or to lodge, e. g. The boy put up his hand eager to answer the teacher's question. We
shall put up at an inn for the night. The landlady agreed to put us up if we did not mind to share one room.
put up with to bear, e. g. I can't and won't put up with all this noise.
8. shy adj uncomfortable in the presence of others, as a shy person (boy, girl); a shy smile, e. g. Amelia wasn't shy of showing
George her affection.
shyness n, e. g. She spoke without shyness, shyly adv, e. g. She dropped her eyes shyly.
9. stretch vt/i 1) to extend or draw; to strain to the utmost, e. g. Silk socks stretch, woollen ones shrink. They stretched a wire
across the road. He rose, stretched himself and made for the bathroom,. He stretched out his hand with the letter, to stretch one's legs to
exercise one's legs after a long period of sitting. Let's go for a stroll to stretch our legs. 2) to lie at full length, e. g. He stretched
himself out on the lawn.
stretch n an unbroken period of time; at a stretch without stopping, e. g. He drove the car five hours at a stretch.
outstretched adj stretched or spread out, e. g. His outstretched hand remained in the air.
10. hold (held, held) vt/i 1) to have and keep fast in or with the hands, e. g. He was holding a book in his hands, to hold on (to smth.)
to keep one's grasp, e. g. Robinson was holding on to a branch. 2) to keep or support oneself in a certain attitude, e. g. Hold your
arms out. Hold your head up. to hold out one's hand to stretch out, e. g. Annie held out her hand with a little package in it. to hold
smth. back (from) to keep secret, e. g. You should hold back this news from them for a while. 3) to contain or be able to contain, e.
g. A paper bag will hold sand, but it won't hold water. Sea water holds many salts in solution. 4) to restrain, e. g. I held my breath and
listened, to hold off to keep at a distance, e. g. Hold your dog off. 5) to bring about; to conduct; to take part in, as to hold a meeting
(examination, lecture, trial, etc.), e. g. The meeting will be held on Monday. They are going to hold a trial there. 6) to remain the
same; to last; to continue, e. g. How long will the weather hold? to hold together to remain united, e. g. Hold together and you won't
be defeated.
hold n the act, manner or power of holding, as to catch (get, take, have, keep, lose) hold of a thing or a person, e. g. He caught
hold of the rope and climbed on board.
Word Combinations and Phrases
after their last (first, second) year together at college (the
(with one's hair flung back)
university, etc.)
to show smb. the way
according to smth. (their map, my watch, their orders or
to break in (into a conversation)
instructions, her words, etc.)
to hurt or pain smb. (My leg is
smooth hair (forehead, surface, board, paper, skin, road, sea)
hurting me, hurts.)
to break into flower
to take smb. in from head
to be in leaf (in flower)
to heel to get smth. ready there's no room for
with one's eyes on smb. or smth.
one at a time
READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
1. a) Listen to the recording of Text Eight and mark the stresses and tunes, b) Repeat the text in the intervals after the model.
2. Put twenty questions to the text.
3. Pick out from Text Eight the sentences containing the word combinations and phrases given on p. 258 and translate them into Russian.
4. Paraphrase the following sentences using the word combinations and phrases (p. 258):
1. After they both graduated from the university they made up their minds to go to work in the North. 2. To judge from his words he
is not to blame. 3. The pebbles on the beach were polished and shiny. 4. The calm sea looked empty and hostile. 5. We drove down
the even gravel drive and out of the white gates. 6. The woman stood leaning against the wall staring at him. 7. He stood stock-still
unable to take his eyes off the painting. 8. Thank you for pointing out the way to us. 9. I wish you wouldn't interrupt us. 1 0 . Sorry for
interrupting. 1 1 . The back hurt me so I couldn't sleep. 1 2 . She walked on without complaining though her foot hurt her terribly. 1 3 .
She examined him from the top of his tidy hair to the points of his polished shoes. 1 4 . It will take me half an hour to prepare
everything. 1 5 . Have a rest while I make the spare room ready. 1 6 . The trees will soon be with the leaves out. 1 7 . What can be
more delightful to the eye than a cherry tree with its buds ready to open. 1 8 . I did not go with them as all space in the car was
occupied.
5. Translate the following sentences into English using the word combinations and phrases (p. 258):
1. После того как они вместе окончили первый курс университета, они стали большими друзьями. 2. Согласно
инструкциям мы должны подготовить лагерь к приезду туристов к первому июня. 3. Судя по моим часам, давно пора
укладывать детей спать. 4. Наша поездка прошла очень гладко. 5. Дорога была ровная, и мы быстро добрались до станции.
6. Мальчик стоял, не сводя глаз с машины. Если бы только его взяли покататься на ней! 7. Ее волосы были небрежно отбро-
шены назад, и это очень шло ей. 8. Боюсь, что мы идем не в ту сторону, давайте попросим кого-нибудь показать нам дорогу
к магазину. 9. Извините, что я вмешиваюсь в разговор, но мне очень нужно поговорить с вами именно сейчас. 10. Вчера
вечером у меня так болел зуб, что я не могла заснуть. 11. «Где вам больно?»– спросил доктор. 12. Хозяйка оглядела их с
головы до ног и только после этого пригласила в дом. 13. Я все приготовлю за пять минут. 14. На живой изгороди
распускались цветы, наполняя воздух сладковатым запахом. 15. Стройные осинки стоят в цвету. Они цветут до появления
листьев. 16. В комнате нет места еще для одного кресла. Тут и так все заставлено. 17. Учительница попросила ребят не
говорить всем вместе, так как трудно было понять, что они хотят.
6. Make up and practise a short situation using the word combinations and phrases (p. 258).
7. Make up and act out dialogues using the word combinations and phrases (p. 258).
8. Find in Text Eight the English equivalents for the following words and phrases and use them in sentences of your own:
добраться до ... ; питать склонность к ... ; сорвать цветок; говорить ерунду; на фоне неба; башмаки потрескались; с
откинутыми назад волосами; поднять руку в знак приветствия; остановиться на ночь; без смущения; продолжать расспросы;
старый яблоневый сад; комната для гостей; стоять отдельно; песчаное дно; свисать над водой; глаза, сверкающие как роса.
9. Explain what is meant by the following:
1. Frank Ashurst and his friend Robert Garton were on a tramp. 2. resting the knee and talking of the universe. 3. like some prime-
val beast. 4. a kind of dark unfathomed mop. 5. Robert was talking through his hat. 6. And Ashurst, who saw beauty without wondering
how it could advantage him ... 7. He could not take off what was not on his head. 8. Garton took up the catechism. 9. some thing of the
same snaky turn about her neck. 1 0 . He felt absurdly happy.
10. Answer the following questions and do the given tasks:
1. In what key is the extract written: is it matter-of-fact, dramatic, lyrical, pathetic? 2. What kind of text is it? Is it a narration, a
character-drawing or a dialogue? 3. What is the author's method in portraying personages? 4. What are the predominant figures of
speech in depicting nature? 5. What helps to create a vivid picture of spring? 6. What role does the word "maiden" play in conveying
Ashurst's state of bliss? 7. Account for different ways of expressing comparisons in the text. Analyse their structure and stylistic
function. 8. Find some examples of epithets in the text. Discuss their stylistic value. 9. Point out the features of colloquial speech in the
dialogue between the young men and Megan. 1 0 . Point out instances of non-standard speech. Give the correct forms. 1 1 . Point out
the adjectives in the text, classifying them according to sense into literal and figurative. 1 2 . Define the stem from which the adjective
"curly" is derived. Pick out from Text Eight the adjectives formed in the similar way.
11. Retell Text Eight: a) close to the text; b) as if you were Ashurst.
12. Give a summary of Text Eight.
13. Make up dialogues between:
1. Ashurst and Garton about their first impressions of the farm and its inhabitants.
2. Mrs. Narracombe and Megan about putting up the young men for the night.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. Study the Vocabulary Notes and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
2. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the words and word combinations in bold type:
A. 1. The path turned to a rocky track which brought them out on the main road. 2. How much do you know of your friend Pyle?
– Not very much. Our tracks cross, that's all. 3. To say that he had hidden his tracks would be untrue. He had made no tracks to
hide. 4. We saw the outlines of the tower in the distance. 5. The old oak-tree was beautifully outlined against the blue sky. 6. And in a
few simple words he outlined Ann's appeal to him. 7. The soles of his feet were rough and callous from walking. 8. Losing two sons in
the war was rough on her. 9. How well can this truck take rough ground? 1 0 . The table is made of rough planks. 1 1 . Here'§ a
rough draft of my speech. 1 2 . It's the one point on which Harry and I do not see eye to eye. 1 3 . He caught my eye and hurried into
explanations. 1 4 . I can assure you that I never set eyes upon him. 1 5 . H e moved a little farther along the road measuring the
wall with his eye. 1 6 . You'd better stay here and keep an eye on him. I'll ring up the police. 1 7 . We had coffee. — No wonder
you're wakeful.
18. Wonders are many, and nothing is more wonderful than man.
19. He knew that Robert had not sent for him to talk about the weather, and wondered when he was coming to the point.
B. 1. You'll easily recognize him; he walks with a slight limp. 2. I think he was born lame. 3. June always fussed over her lame
ducks. 4. I pulled myself together, made some lame explanations and we went downstairs together. 5. You must have heard of
Limping Lucy – a lame girl with a crutch. 6. Put a mark against the names of the absent pupils. 7. You can't have done such a
dreadful thing as to put off going there for our sake. 8. The news put an end to our hopes. 9. Can you put up some extra guests for
the night? 1 0 . He was evidently unused to the society of writers and we all tried in vain to put him at his ease. 1 1 . I telephoned my
friends putting off the small party I had arranged for the evening. 1 2 . « I haven't thought about it lately,» he wanted to add, "not
since I met you," but an odd shyness held him back. 1 3 . She is very shy by nature. 1 4 . He is shy of showing his emotions. 1 5 .
Now I have lost my timidity and shyness with strangers. 1 6 . He is tall and spare and holds himself well. 1 7 . Just for the moment
there was a terrible temptation to hold his tongue as his visit to them was not known by anyone. 1 8 . She went on speaking
desperately seeking to hold his arrested attention. 1 9 . Her youth being over, what did the future hold for her? 20. It was
comparatively cool, and I was glad to stretch my legs after the long voyage. 2 1 . He got up, stretched himself, and leant over the
window sill. 22. He stretched out his long thin hands to the blaze, aware of relief from tension. 23. The girl stretched her neck and
peeped over the edge of the fence.
3. Paraphrase the following sentences using your Essential Vocabulary:
A. 1. I'm afraid I've completely lost touch with him. 2. She stumbled along the steep path that led up the hill. 3. The man was sure
he had well concealed his movement. 4. The mystery bored him and he could not follow the plot. 5. The hounds were in pursuit of the
fox. 6. I know I've done wrong. 7. The quaint ancient castle stood out against the dark sky. 8. The student was asked to give the main
points of the historical event. 9. She had told me in her letters the main facts of her life. 1 0 . The sea is not calm today. 1 1 . His rude
manner frightened the children. 1 2 . Should the weather be windy do not think of riding. 1 3 . What he told me made the true state of
affairs known to me. 1 4 . I hope we see the matter in the same way. 1 5 . I never saw her before. 1 6 . She gave me a loving look. 1 7 .
His words made me understand their plans. 1 8 . You should look after the children when they are playing. 1 9 . He was quick to see a
pretty girl. 20. A half-indignant mutter arose about him, but he refused to see or listen to it.
B. 1. Television is one of the remarkable things. 2. It's not surprising that your words sent her temper up. 3. I'm surprised at her
saying that. 4. I'm anxious to know what she told you. 5. Melody doubted if she would ever find the courage to dare to confide in
Sarah. 6. This is an unconvincing argument, it does not prove anything. 7. How would you express this in French? 8. The outbreak of
dysentery was attributed to bad drinking-water. 9. I'll speak on your behalf, I promise. 1 0 . His modesty is not genuine. 1 1 . He was
very much worried by the loss of the document. 1 2 . Let's postpone our hiking tour until the weather is better. 1 3 . Don't hesitate to
ring me up any time. I'll be in the whole day. 1 4 . She held out her fragile hand to her cousin and touched his wife softly with the other.
1 5 . He lay full length on the settee and watched the canary hop about in its cage. 1 6 . Hurst parish extends over miles of sandy
lowland and sandstone hill. 1 7 . The meeting took place in the hospital dining-room. 1 8 . He had been careful to be silent on the
subject. 1 9 . She did not know whether or not to stretch out her hand.
4. Explain or comment on the following sentences:
A. 1. I lost all track of time. This was wonderful. 2. He had covered his tracks to the last inch. 3. You're on the wrong track. 4. It
was that that put our friend on the track of what had happened.
5. I hope you don't expect me to keep track of all the details?
6. The dim white outline of her summer dress was all that I could see. 7. I begin to see – not what you would like me to see – the
outlines of a face and form – but the outlines of a mind. 8. He was prepared to take the rough with the smooth. 9. Mrs. Steptoe be-
lieves in treating poor relations rough. 1 0 . Hance was an^old man with a rough tongue and compassionate eyes. 1 3. She shook hands
very firmly, looking me straight in the eyes. 1 2 . Do you mind running your eye over these accounts? 1 3 . Well, I don't suppose there's
hope of opening your eyes to the realities of life. 1 4 . The image of the girl rose before his eyes. 1 5 . She sees everything through her
mother's eyes. 1 6 . She told me the article in outline, but I read it myself. 1 7 . He outlined the events of those stirring days. 1 8 . 1 can
never get over the wonders of modern science. 1 9 . The Christmas tree, of what they had never seen the likes, filled them with admir-
ing wonder. 20. Finch wondered if he should embrace the boy – give him a hug and a kiss. 2 1 . It's a wonder you got here at all. 22.
The X-ray treatment has worked wonders with him.
B. 1. A lean old gentleman rose from his chair and limped forward to meet him. 2. He tried to put me off with promises. 3. This will
put me to considerable expense. 4. I can't put up with this noise any longer. 5. Don't put on that air of injured dignity. 6. He tried to put
the incident out of his mind. 7. I think in those days we were a little shy of our emotions. 8. I thought if we had spent one evening alone
together perhaps he wouldn't be too shy to ask me of his own accord another time. 9. He is capable of speaking 24 hours at a stretch.
1 0 . Wet railway tracks stretched into the desolate distance. 1 1 . The future stretched in front of us, unknown, unseen. 1 2 . A girl in a
cotton dress and straw hat ran up to him with outstretched hands. 1 3 . You have the air of one who holds all the cards. 1 4 . She can
hold her own with anyone and she never stands any nonsense. 1 5 . Can I suggest an alternative solution that will hold water? 1 6 . I'd
like to be able to hold up my head in this town.
5. Choose the right word:
shy– timid
1. A bold man by nature, he was as ... as a boy in the presence of women. 2. "The soup is beastly!" old Osborne roared, in answer
to a . . . look of inquiry from his daughter.
shy– self-conscious
1. She was obviously wearing her best clothes and had the ... wooden smile on her face. 2. The girl looked at the man with a . . .
smile.
rude – rough
1. Though ... in manner and speech the old soldier was at heart kind and considerate. 2. Squire Western was ... to the servants
and the women of his household.
rough – coarse
1. The surface of the stone is ... . It needs polishing. 2. The fire gleamed on the ... white tablecloth.
6.Translate the following sentences into English:
A 1. Наш поезд на пятом пути, пошли скорее. 2. Проваливаясь в глубокий снег, гончая шла по следу зайца. 3. Он не такой
человек, который пойдет по проторенному пути. 4. Я потеряла нить его рассуждений и не могла понять, о чем он говорит. 5.
За железнодорожными путями было поле, которое простиралось до самого горизонта. 6. Вот краткий план моего доклада.
Может быть, вы просмотрите его? 7. К сожалению, у меня нет этой статьи с собою, но, если хотите, я могу рассказать вам
вкратце ее содержание. 8. Дорога была неровной от следов бесчисленных колес. 9. Мужчина был в коротком пальто из
грубой ткани и без шляпы. 10. Руки женщины огрубели от стирки и мытья посуды. 11. Я не советую вам писать работу на
черновике, у вас не хватит времени переписать ее. 12. Боюсь, что отец и я по– разному смотрим на этот вопрос. 13. С ней
что-то случилось, понаблюдай за ней. 14. Он пробежал глазами список и увидел свое имя. 15. Он умный художник и хорошо
видит цвет. 16. Кукла была так хороша, что девочка смотрела на нее во все глаза. 17. Я приехал сюда с намерением
разобраться в этом деле. 18. Она не могла вдеть нитку в иголку, так как ушко было очень маленьким. 19. Мальчик поймал
взгляд учителя и перестал разговаривать. 20. Не удивительно, что холодно, ведь открыто окно. 21. Интересно, почему врач
отказался от медицинской практики? 22. Не понимаю, как можно быть такой бестактной?
В. 1. Что это вы хромаете на правую ногу? – Я поскользнулась и подвернула ногу. 2. Тим заметил, что девушка шла,
слегка прихрамывая. 3. Она придумала какую-то неудачную историю, чтобы оправдать свое опоздание. 4. Старик поправил
(shifted) жесткую, набитую соломой подушку и натянул одеяло. 5. У вас есть ручка? Я боюсь, что забуду ваш адрес, если не
запишу его. 6. У меня все готово. Отложи работу и давай ужинать. 7. Пора убирать зимние вещи, а то их попортит моль. 8. Я
объясняю все его неудачи недостатком уверенности в себе. 9. Я достаточно хорошо его знаю и уверен, что он справится с
этой работой. Надо замолвить за него словечко, а то работу могут поручить кому-нибудь другому, а она его очень инте ресует.
10. Мы не можем принять это предложение, не обдумав все как следует. Давайте отложим решение до завтра. 11. То, что
заметку поместили на первой странице, говорит о важности этого события. 12. Почему вы хотите остановиться в гостинице?
Оставайтесь у нас и живите сколько хотите, у нас много места. 13. «Я не желаю мириться с твоей ленью, – сказал отец, —
ты должен сделать эту работу сегодня». 14. Она мне показалась умной девочкой, но очень застенчивой. 15. «Вот ваша
комната. Если вам что-нибудь понадобится, не стесняйтесь, позовите меня», – сказала хозяйка. 16. Девочка совсем
смутилась, когда я обратилась к ней. 17. Эти шерстяные носки очень сели, нельзя ли их как-нибудь растянуть? 18. Анна
протянула веревку между двумя деревьями и стала вешать на нее белье. 19. Финли постелил плащ на мокрую траву и улегся
на нем. 20. «Я не знаю, почему им надо проводить судебное разбирательство здесь, у меня», – сказал мистер Уайт. 21. Ты
думаешь, что этот пакет выдержит, если положить туда яблоки? 22. Он задержал дыхание и прислушался. 23. Это временное
потепление. Такая погода долго не продержится. 24. В этот момент мальчик выпустил веревку и шлепнулся на землю.
7.Give English equivalents for the following phrases:
оставлять следы; замести следы; избитый путь; вырисовываться на фоне; растрепанные волосы; черновик; присматривать
за ... ; открыть кому-л. глаза на ... ; строить глазки; смотреть сквозь пальцы на что-л.; знать в чем-л. толк; с намерением;
хромать на правую (левую) ногу; неудачная отговорка; выбросить из головы; ввести в расходы; примириться; застенчивая
улыбка; размять ноги; без перерыва; протянуть руку; скрыть что-л.; схватить за
8.Give situations in which you would say the following:
1 . 1 have still a lot to do. 2. My head is as heavy as lead. 3. Don't you keep track of current events? 4. And how did you get hold of
the chance? 5. It's right in so far as I'll continue to hold my tongue. 6. What a lame kind of explanation! 7. She is the apple of my moth-
er's eye. 8. You and me do not see eye to eye on this point. 9. Why do you never put things in their right places? 1 0 . Put yourself in
my place. 1 1 . I don't know how to put it. 1 2 . Put in a word for me. 1 3 . I think a lot of that is put on. 1 4 . Will she ever come, I
wonder! 1 5 . Wonders will never cease! 1 6 . I t ' s doing wonders for me!
9.Make up and act out dialogues on the suggested topics using the given words and word combinations:
1. A young couple discussing whether they could afford buying a car. (to put aside (money), to go on a trip, to be like nothing else
on earth, to have a good rest, to put smth. out of one's mind, a restful life, to put smb. to expenses, to put off)
2. Two friends have lost their way in the forest, (to follow a track through the forest, according to, to strike smb. as, to look like, the
outline(s) of, to wonder, to hurt smb., to go lame, to show smb. the way, to stretch oneself)
3. Two tenth-form pupils are discussing what institute to enter, (a bent for, to be aware of, to wonder at, to put smth. out of one's
mind)
4. Two friends on a tramp discussing the landscape, (to be conscious of, a rough day, to have an eye for, to wonder at, to break
into flower)
10.Make up and practise short situations using the following words and word combinations:
1.rough sea; to put out; to catch hold of smth.; to limp
2.to keep an eye on; lame excuse; to put on; to hold smth. back
3.to cover up one's tracks; with an eye to; to wonder at; to run one's eyes over
4.rough day; to follow the tracks of; at a stretch; to be outlined against
11.Find in Text Eight and write out phrases in which the prepositions or adverbs 'up', 'down' are used. Translate the phrases into Russian.
12.Fill in prepositions or adverbs:
1. My sister was very ill and I had to sit ... all night with her. 2. This little stream never d r i e s . . . . 3. You have worked very well
so far; keep i t . . . . 4 . You have got the story all mixed ... . 5. The house was burnt ... before the fire-brigade came. 6. The sleeves of
my dress are too short. I must ask the tailor to let them ... an inch. 7. We can't buy that car just yet, but we are saving ... . 8 . . . .
dinner I'll wash ... . 9. Sit ... , there is plenty ... room ... everyone. 1 0 . Your coat collar is ... the back, shall I turn i t . . . ? 1 1 . Don't
stand ... a high tree during a thunderstorm, 1 2 . I can't use my office now it is . . . repair. 1 3 . I did this ... orders. 1 4 . . . . the
circumstances I will not give you any extra work. 1 5 . He is ... age and cannot be allowed to be independent.
13.Translate the following sentences into English. Pay attention to the prepositions:
1. В пять утра я была уже на ногах и, не теряя времени, принялась за работу. 2. Повесьте ваше пальто здесь, я покажу
вам, как пройти в его комнату. 3. Я подняла носовой платок. Это не ваш? 4. Ее родите ли умерли, когда она была еще
маленькой, и ее воспитала тетя. Она ей как мать теперь. 5. Мальчик перевернул ящик вверх дном, и игрушки рассыпались по
всему полу. 6. Я не ложилась всю ночь и сейчас с ног валюсь от усталости. 7. Давайте поднимемся на этот холм, оттуда
очень красивый вид на реку. 8. Вчера мама упала с лестницы и повредила ногу. Я очень беспокоюсь о ней. 9. Я неважно себя
чувствую, пожалуй, я пойду прилягу. 10. Я не люблю смотреть вниз с большой высоты, у меня кружится голова. 11. Лучше
запишите мой адрес в записную книжку, вы можете потерять этот листок бумаги. 12. Большая часть города оказалась под
водой. 13. Мальчик лет пяти сидел за партой один. 14. Многие писатели публикуют свои произведения под вымышленными
именами. 15. Студенты проводили эксперимент под руководством профессора.
CONVERSATION AND DISCUSSION
MAN AND NATURE
Topical Vocabulary
1. Natural resources and attractions: minerals, (fresh) water– supplies (reservoirs), floods, rainfalls, vegetation, greenery,
wood– land(s), forestry, wildlife, animal kingdoms (population), flora and fauna, arable land (soil), cultivated land, open land, "green"
belts, recreation areas, coastal areas, country (national) parks, clear landscapes, public open spaces.
2. Environment and man: to link man to nature, to adapt to environment, to be preoccupied with economic growth, unrestricted
industrialization, the sprawl of large-built areas, industrial zoning, to upset the biological balance, to abuse nature, to disfigure (litter)
the landscape, ecology, ecosystem, to be environment-conscious, to be environment-educated.
3. Environmental destruction and pollution: land pollution, derelict land, industrial wastes, the by-products of massive indus-
trialization, to dump waste materials on land, extensive use of agrochemicals, the denudation of soil, the toxic fall-outs of ma terials,
water pollution, a dropping water level, to face the freshwater supply problem, depletion of water resources, the disruption of water
cycle, marine pollution, oil spillage, air (atmospheric) pollution, the air pollution index, to produce foul air, to exhaust toxic gases (fuel),
combustion of fuel, concentrations of smoke in the air, dust content in the air, radiation, high (low) radioactivity, to store (disperse)
radioactive wastes, noise offenders (pollutants), merciless killing of animals, destruction (if animal habitats.
4. Nature conservation and environment protection: a global imperative for environment, global environmental security, to pre-
serve ecosystems, to create disaster-prevention programmes, to harmonize industry and community, plants and people, conservation
movement, to preserve woodlands, to protect and reproduce animal (fish, bird) reserves, to fight pollution, to install antipollution
equipment, to minimize noise disturbance, to reduce pollution, to dispose garbage (litter, wastes) in designated areas.
1. Read the following text for obtaining its information.
Environmental Protection – Nationwide Concern
As a highly industrialized state Britain cannot ignore the problem of environmental protection. The practical results of the state
policy in environmental protection include the development of technology to control atmospheric (air) and water pollution, agricultural
pollution control, the study of man's influence on the climate, the forecasting of earthquakes and tsunamis, the biological and genetic
consequences of pollution, protection of rare and vanishing plants and animals as well as a whole lot more.
The Control of Pollution Act 1974, which applies to England, Scotland and Wales, sets out a. wide range of powers and duties for
local and water authorities, including control over wastes, air and water pollution and noise, and contains important provisions on the
release of information to the public on environmental conditions.
The main risks of land pollution lie in the indiscriminate dumping of materials on land, careless disposal of pesticides and chemi-
cals, fall-out of materials from the atmosphere and the deposition of materials from flood-water. The use of sewage sludge on farms,
too, involves risks as well as benefits to the land.
The Government encourages the reclamation and recycling of waste materials wherever this is practicable and economic in order
to reduce imports and to help to conserve natural resources. Industry already makes considerable use of reclaimed waste materials
such as metals, paper and textiles. In an increasing number of areas there are "bottlebanks" where the public can deposit used glass
containers.
There has been a steady and significant improvement in water quality: the level of pollution in the tidal Thames has been reduced
to a quarter of the 1950s level and 1 0 0 different kinds of fish have been identified there. Discharges of polluting matter into rivers,
lakes, estuaries and some coastal waters are already controlled by law.
Control of marine pollution from ships is based largely on international conventions drawn up under the auspices of the Intema-
tional Maritime Organization, a United Nations agency with headquarters in London. In dealing with spillages of oil or chemicals at sea
the main treatment method is to spray dispersant from aircraft or surface vessels, and emergency cargo transfer equipment is
available to remove oil from a damaged tanker.
Considerable progress has been made towards the achievement of cleaner air and a better environment, especially in the last 20
years or so. Total emissions and average concentration of smoke in the air have fallen by 80 per cent. London no longer has the
dense smoke-laden "smogs" of the 1950s and in central London winter sunshine has been increasing since the 1940s when average
hours a day were about 40 per cent less than at Kew in outer London; the levels are now virtually the same.
