Текст книги "Образ человека будущего, Том 7 (СИ)"

Автор книги: ред Под

сообщить о нарушении

Текущая страница: 13 (всего у книги 20 страниц)

The concept of education is understood by the authors in the Attic interpretation. In this issue, the authors are based on the definition of education, which was formulated by Werner Jaeger who is a recognized authority in this field of study. In his book "Paideia: The Ideals

╘ Oleksenko, Roman, 2017

╘ Fedorova, Lidiia, 2017

Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017 113

Homo Economicus as the Basis of «Asgardia» Nation State in Space: Perspective of Educational Technologies by Roman Oleksenko and Lidiia Fedorova

of Greek Culture" Jaeger writes, «They were the first to recognize that education means deliberately moulding human character in accordance with an ideal» [Jaeger, 1946: xxii].

Thus, when we consider a perspective on the development of modern education as a scientific problem, we must solve at least two problems:

1. To define an ideal, with which the deliberately molding human character will be carried

out.

2. To prove the expediency of achievement of a cultural ideal, which was formed by us for civilization.

Homo economicus in the classical interpretation

In our previous studies, we paid much attention to the problem of the features of human existence in the sociocultural space in the Age of Globalization and the Information Revolution. For example, in the book «The Philosophy of Market Relations» we examined the diversity of interpretations, which are embedded in the concept of Homo economicus, as well as the importance of these interpretations in the Age of Globalization and the Information Revolution [Oleksenko, 2013; Oleksenko, 2013a]. Based on the results of the research of John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith, William Stanley Jevons, Vilfredo Pareto and other economists, we examined the classical interpretation of the Homo economicus concept.

For example, in the 19th century John Stuart Mill wrote about Homo economicus: «It is concerned with him [man] solely as a being who desires to possess wealth, and who is capable of judging of the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end.... It makes entire abstraction of every other human passion or motive; except those which may be regarded as perpetually antagonizing principles to the desire of wealth, namely, aversion to labour, and desire of the present enjoyment of costly indulgences» [Mill, 1844: 321].

Historical Antecedents the birth of Homo economicus as we understand the concept nowadays can be found in the work of Carlos Rodriguez-Sickert [Rodriguez-Sickert, 2009].

Criticism of the concept of Homo economicus

From the outset, the term Homo economicus carried a pejorative connotation. Back in the 19th century, John Kells Ingram caricaturized Homo economicus by demoting him from the genus Homo and declared it a «money-making animal» [Ingram, 1888]. Among the critics of the concept of the Homo economicus we can call such economists as Thorstein Veblen, John Maynard Keynes, Herbert A. Simon, etc. and such economic anthropologists as Marshall Sahlins, Karl Polanyi, Marcel Mauss, Maurice Godelie, etc.

For example, let us consider the criticism of Homo economicus by Peter Weise (German economist). Weise not only distinguishes human images in sociology and economic theory, but he is very categorical in his conclusions. Considering the image of man who meets the requirements of social sciences, Weise comes to the conclusion that Homo economicus and Homo sociologicus are special cases of Homo socioeconomicus, which can exist only in the world of equilibrium, but not in the world of disequilibrium. According to Weise, the concepts of Homo economicus and Homo sociologicus exist only as theoretical abstractions and no more [Weise, 1989: 160].

Here is another example of criticism of the concept of Homo economicus. A Swiss economist Bruno Frey notes that economics tends to become a branch of applied mathematics; the majority

114 Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017

Homo Economicus as the Basis of «Asgardia» Nation State in Space: Perspective of Educational Technologies by Roman Oleksenko and Lidiia Fedorova

of all publications in professional journals and books are full of axioms, lemmas and proofs, and they are much concerned with purely formal deductions. However, Frey defends another point of view and believes that economics is a social science. Therefore, economics as a social science has every right to offer its concept of man or a model of human behavior. This model is slightly relevant to the concept of Homo economicus as consistently rational and narrowly self-interested agents, because this interpretation of the concept of Homo economicus are excessively formalized and torn away from real human behavior. Therefore, in his interpretation of the concept of economic man, Frey considers man not as an object-agent of theory, but as a subject of research and as a key structural element of social relations [Frey, 1992].

The interpretation of Homo economicus was criticized a lot, and deservedly. We wrote about this in our studies (e.g. Oleksenko"s studies [Oleksenko, 2013]). A comment about the concept of Homo economicus is presented, for example, in the studies of Bruno Frey [Frey, 1992], Carlos Rodriguez-Sickert [Rodriguez-Sickert, 2009], etc.

Analyzing the constructive criticism of the interpretation of Homo economicus, we come to the conclusion that, in fact, the criticism of Homo economicus not only refutes and denies the use of the concept, but gives new interpretations to it and expands the scope of application.

This applies, above all, to the expansion of the interpretation of the concept of Homo economicus due to achievements in the field of cognitive psychology and neurophilosophy. In this case, Homo economicus moves from the formal mathematical term to the domain model, projected and managed by educational practices. It becomes possible to apply to Homo economicus the formative forces, which, according to Protagoras, are the act of shaping the soul [Jaeger, 1946].

New interpretation in the concept of Homo economicus

In modern economic theories and game theory, Homo economicus is considered as consistently rational and narrowly self-interested agents who usually pursue their subjectively-defined ends optimally. Generally, homo economicus attempts to maximize utility as a consumer and profit as a producer. The modern interpretations of the concept of Homo economicus are considered, for example, in the works of Bruno Frey [Frey, 1992], Wolfgang Stroebe [Stroebe& Frey, 1980], Peter Weise [Weise, 1989], Richard H. Thaler [Thaler, 2000].

The basis for the modern interpretation of Homo economicus was formed in the paper «In Defense of Economic Man: Towards an Integration of Economics and Psychology» by Wolfgang Stroebe (Professor of Psychology) and Bruno S. Frey (Professor of Economics). Analyzing previous interpretation of Homo economicus in economic sciences, the authors came to an understanding that consideration of Homo economicus outside of psychology and its achievements in modern realities is incorrect. The main idea of the paper is «psychological man» who is a close relative of «Homo economicus» [Stroebe& Frey, 1980: 120].

Further developing the main ideas of his predecessors, in his paper «From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens» Richard Thaler argues that, for objective reasons, Homo economicus will become a slower learner [Thaler, 2000: 135-136].That is, unlike the classical interpretations which represent Homo economicus as a formal concept in economic theories, the modern interpretation of Homo economicus has changed qualitatively. We are talking about the possibility of learning Homo economicus and, accordingly, about the distinction of psychological properties in Homo economicus corresponding to Homo Sapiens [Thaler, 2000] or Homo Sociologicus [Weise, 1989].

Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017 115

Homo Economicus as the Basis of «Asgardia» Nation State in Space: Perspective of Educational Technologies by Roman Oleksenko and Lidiia Fedorova

Considering modern interpretation of Homo economicus, Thaler comes to an important conclusion that the models of quasi-rational emotional humans and the interpretation of Homo economicus changes significantly due to the fact that the models of rational, unemotional agents, within the boundaries of which Homo economicus is traditionally considered, move to a more complex level [Thaler, 2000]. It is important for our study. In turn, Denys Svyrydenko talks about complex changes of anthropological nature, which was initiated by the «mobility turn» in the life of modern society: «Contemporary society lives at „the coordinates“ of mobility and modern individual needs to transform one»s own everyday practices to stay at the advance-guard of the social development, to perform successful carrier steps etc...

According to «mobility turn» at the modern humanities and social sciences, mobility starts being comprehended as part of individual, information, idea, value attribute" [Svyrydenko, 2016: 103]. We think that it is necessary to take this trend into account when we consider the image of Homo economicus in modern education.

Expanding Homo economicus of interpretations from cognitive psychology and neurophilosophy allows us to find classical interpretations originating from the Greek paideia, which Plato was perhaps the first to use the word mold, πλάττειν, for the act [Jaeger, 1946: 314], and not those classical interpretations of this concept, which were given by John Kells Ingram or Peter Weise [Ingram, 1888; Weise, 1989]. It is these interpretations, which later the Romans accumulated in the concept of «humanitas», to transform Homo economicus into a cultural ideal. Therefore, a variety of educational practices, which are written by Werner Jaeger [Jaeger, 1946], Oleg Bazaluk [Bazaluk, 2014], Olga Gomilko [Gomilko et al, 2016], Denys Svyrydenko [Gomilko et al, 2016], are intended to achieve this cultural ideal.

We can cite the scientific study by Daniel Kahneman (the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) and Amos Tversky [Choices, 2000] as an example of new interpretations of Homo economicus from the field of cognitive psychology. In this study, the authors discuss the cognitive and the psychophysical determinants of choice in risky and riskless contexts. Furthermore, they propose prospect the theory. Extensions and applications to diverse economic phenomena and to studies of consumer behavior are discussed [Choices, 2000].

We will consider the expansion of the interpretation of Homo economicus by studies from neurosciences using the example of the research paper «Neurophilosophy in the Formation of Planetary-Cosmic Personality» by Oleg Bazaluk [Bazaluk, 2014]. In this paper, the author considers the spectrum of neurophilosophy possibilities in the formation of planetary-cosmic personality. The author considers a human development strategy from neural ensembles to moving forward. He also introduces new concepts and interpretations which are used in neuroscience. These are such concepts as «neural ensembles of subconsciousness and consciousness», «neuroevolution», «Intelligent Matter», «mentality», etc. [Bazaluk, 2014].

Thus, new interpretations of Homo economicus not only radically change its interpretation, but also indicate the direction of further transformation of the concept and scope of application.

Homo economicus reaches new levels of interpretation, if we project it onto the future human image. These levels of interpretation are a creation of «Asgardia» nation state in space.

The role of Homo economicus in the creation of «Asgardia» nation state in space

Concept «Asgardia – the Space Nation» by Dr. Igor Ashurbeyli presented at the press-conference in Paris on October 12, 2016. The project"s concept comprises three parts -

116 Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017

Homo Economicus as the Basis of «Asgardia» Nation State in Space: Perspective of Educational Technologies by Roman Oleksenko and Lidiia Fedorova

philosophical, legal and scientific/technological [Ashurbeyli, 2016]. The Asgardia project is being directed by the Vienna-based Aerospace International Research Center, a private company founded by Russian scientist and businessman Dr. Igor Ashurbeiyli.

Asgardia is a new pacifist nation-state in space. This project is interesting for us because its organizers were a businessman and a group of scientists who uses interpretations on the borderline between futurology (and probably phantasy) and economics. "The group says it will open up new opportunities in space for commerce, science and «peoples of all countries on earth» [Scientists Plan, 2016].

In the project"s concept «Asgardia – the Space Nation» it is worth paying attention to the fact that the future human image in it will not be divided into science and technology. Moreover, in this respect, Homo economicus as the future human image is the most suitable in a variety of new interpretations. Volodymyr Khmil and Tetiana Khmil argue that understanding and reasoning of paradigm systems development based on moral constituent of the state is an anchoring point for the reforming state towards human values [Khmil & Khmil, 2015].

Let us pay attention to the research of Sergey Krichevsky, Arkady Ursul, Eduard Vitol, Tetiana Danylova, etc. [Krichevsky, 2015; Krichevsky, 2016; Krichevsky, 2017; Ursul, 2017; Vitol, 2014; Danylova, 2016]. For example, Sergey Krichevsky has formed the basis of the management concept of the technosphere"s evolution consisting of two blocks such as: 1) a conceptual model of the technosphere structure and the process of the technosphere"s evolution; 2) a conceptual model of the management system of the technosphere"s evolution. Krichevsky suggests the management system structure of the technosphere"s evolution and the strategy which is aimed to achieve three main goals: 1) saving the Earth"s biosphere; 2) security, survival and sustainable development of humankind in the balance (co-evolution) with the biosphere and the environment on the Earth and in the Solar system; 3) the creation of the conditions for disclosure and the use of the potential of technologies, equipment, technical development to manage the future, the implementation of the transition to the noosphere, the attainment of human immortality in the Universe [Krichevsky, 2015; Krichevsky, 2017].

Homo economicus as an ideal of deliberately moulding human character

The previous analysis allowed us to consider Homo economicus in a completely new format. Firstly, Homo economicus has classical interpretations, which allow us to examine a man as consistently rational and narrowly self-interested agents. That is, we can use interpretations contributed to Homo economicus in the 19th century by John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith, etc. Secondly, Homo economicus clearly discerns the interpretations, which were formed by Wolfgang Stroebe, Bruno S. Frey, Richard H. Thaler in the twentieth century.

Homo economicus «becomes human.» Namely, Homo economicus as a concept begins to be used not only in statistical economic theories, but also in dynamic i.e. it gets more close to reality. It was seen that Homo economicus has the cognitive and the psychophysical determinants of choice in risky and riskless contexts (in the understanding of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky [Choices, 2000]). Finally, thirdly, the concept of «Asgardia – the Space Nation», which was developed and proposed by the economist-practitioner, opens a new field for the use of the concept. This concept is futurology.

Thus, Homo economicus has moved from a formal agent of economic theories to a qualitative new level. We take into account the reality of the prospect of creation «Asgardia» nation state in space and emphasize that a new point of Homo economicus is a cultural ideal of

Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017 117

Homo Economicus as the Basis of «Asgardia» Nation State in Space: Perspective of Educational Technologies by Roman Oleksenko and Lidiia Fedorova

deliberately molding human character. Homo economicus enriched by new interpretations can be considered as a cultural ideal. Moreover, modern educational technologies must be directed to achieve this cultural ideal. In the foreseeable future, Homo economicus, as a cultural ideal, may lead to the creation of «Asgardia» nation state in space. In Asgardia, Homo economicus will become the fundamental unit of the new nation, which will embody the harmony of rational and ideal beginning. Perhaps even thanks to the new interpretations of Homo economicus, Asgardia will become a practical embodiment of the ideal state, which is defined by Plato in his work [Plato, 1994].

Conclusion

Thus, returning to the perspective of the development of modern education as a scientific problem, we come to the following conclusions:

1. New interpretations, which significantly change understanding and expand the scope of the concept of Homo economicus, allow us to consider it as a cultural ideal. Deliberately molding human character can be carried out according to the cultural ideal.

2. This cultural ideal is necessary and important to civilization. It is proved, for example, by its effectiveness in the creation of «Asgardia» nation state in space.

In this paper, we proved that all constructive criticism of old interpretations of the concept of Homo economicus does not deny the possibility of using this term. On the contrary, criticism gives new interpretations of Homo economicus, which open up new prospects for using this concept, in particular, as a cultural ideal for educational technologies.

 References

Ashurbeyli, Igor. Concept «Asgardia – the Space Nation». October 12, 2016. https://asgardia. space/en/page/concept

Bazaluk, Oleg. Neurophilosophy in the Formation of Planetary-Cosmic Personality. In Future Human Image 1 (4). Kyiv: ISPC, 2014: 5-13.

Bazaluk, Oleg. Postmodernism: Philosophy of Education. In Future Human Image, 2 (5). Kyiv: ISPC, 2015: 9-22.

Beregova, Galina. Philosophy of Education: Pragmatism-Instrumentalism Concept of Forming the Future Human in Higher Education. In Future Human Image, 3 (6). Kyiv: ISPC,

2016: 31-45.

Choices, Values, and Frames. Edited by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

Danylova, Tetiana. The Theory of Civilizations Through the Lens of Contemporary Humanities.

In Anthropological Measurements of Philosophical Research. 9, 2016: 55-62.

Fedorova, Lidiia. Model of Social-Pedagogical Understanding Work with Tutelary Family in Secondary School. In Humanitarian Visnyk, Volume 65, 2016. Zaporizhzhya: ZNU,

2016: 212-220.

Frey, Bruno S. Economics As a Science of Human Behaviour. Towards a New Social Science Paradigm. Springer Netherlands, 1992.

Gomilko, Olga, Denys Svyrydenko, and Sergii Terepyshchyi Hybridity in the Higher Education of Ukraine: Global Logic or Local Idiosyncrasy? In Philosophy and Cosmology, Volume 17, 2016. Kyiv: ISPC, 2016: 12-25.

118 Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017

Homo Economicus as the Basis of «Asgardia» Nation State in Space: Perspective of Educational Technologies by Roman Oleksenko and Lidiia Fedorova

Ingram, John Kells. A History of Political Economy. 1888. http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/ ingram-a-history-of-political-economy

Jaeger, Werner.Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture: Volume I: Archaic Greece: The Mind of Athens. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1946.

Khmil, Volodymyr, and Tetiana Khmil. Anthropological Aspect of the Nature of the State. In

Anthropological Measurements of Philosophical Research. ╧7, 2015: 7-15. Krichevsky, Sergey. Evolution of Technologies, «Green» Development and Grounds of the

General Theory of Technologies. In Philosophy and Cosmology, Volume 14, 2015: 120-

139.

Krichevsky, Sergey. New Model of Evolution of Technologies and Prospects of Research with Using Big Data. In Philosophy and Cosmology, Volume 17, 2016: 118-135.

Krichevsky, Sergey. A Management Concept of the Technosphere"s Evolution. In Philosophy and Cosmology, Volume 18, 2017: 153-164.

Mill, John Stuart. On the definition of political economy and on the method of philosophical investigation in that science. London and Westminster Review (October). Reprinted as Essay V in Essays on some unsettled questions in political economy (1844). In Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Edited by J.M. Robson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press:

309-339.

Oleksenko, Roman. The Philosophy of Market Relations. Its Formation and Development in Ukraine in the Age of Globalization and the Information Revolution. Kyiv: Znanie Ukraine, 2013.

Oleksenko, Roman. Economic Education and Upbringing as a Means of World View

Foundations of the Modern Enterprise. In Vysha Osvita Ukraine. 4, 2013a: 79-85.

Plato. Collected Works in Four Volumes. Moscow: Mysl", 1994.

Rodriguez-Sickert, Carlos. Homo Economicus. In Handbook of Economics & Ethics. Edited by Jan Peil and Irene Van Staveren. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009.

Scientists Plan to Create «Asgardia» Nation State in Space. 13 October 2016. http://www.bbc. com/news/world-europe-37650274

Stroebe, Wolfgang, and Bruno S. Frey. In Defense of Economic Man: Towards an Integration of Economics and Psychology. In Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, 1980, Bd.116, S.119-148.

Svyrydenko, Denys. Mobility Turn in Contemporary Society as an Educational Challenge. In Future Human Image, Volume 3(6), 2016. Kyiv: ISPC, 2016: 102−108.

Thaler, Richard. From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens. In Journal of Economic Perspectives. Volume 14 (1), 2000:133-41.

Ursul, Arkady, Tatiana Ursul and Mideg Dugarova. New Goals of Sustainable Future. In

Philosophy and Cosmology, Volume 18, 2017: 37-50.

Vitol, Eduard. The Future of the Earth"s Evolution is Known (Philosophizing beyond Reality). In Philosophy and Cosmology, Volume 13, 2014: 202-209.

Voronkova, Valentina. The Formation of the Concept of Noosphere Development of Modern Society in the Conditions of Information Society. In Philosophy and Cosmology, Volume 16, 2016: 179-189.

Weise, Peter. Homo economicus und homo sociologicus: Die Schreckensmänner der Socialwissenschaften. In Zeitschrift für Sociologie. April 1989, Jg.18, H.2, S.148-161.

Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017 119

The Ideal Image of a Man: the Main Characteristics

and Ways of Achieving

Galyna P. Shevchenko – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor

Volodymyr Dahl East Ukrainian National University

(Severodonets-Kyiv, Ukraine)

E-mail: [email protected]

Key aspects of the problem concerning culture and arts implementation in the context of an ideal personality creation are described in the article. The focus is on the crucial necessity to overcome the upbringing crisis in modern society. It has emphasized that lack of culture and arts development, which appears to be fundamental for creation of human excellence, could lead to a great failure in the context of cultivating a true human. The views of the world-known educators as well as national ones are represent-ed in the articles. The importance of upbringing, culture and arts is underlined. It has been identified that improvement, purification, culturalization and enlightenment of «human material» should be carried out through the mentioned above approaches. It gives a person an opportunity to glitter by the brilliancy of the unique individual talent, which everyone gets from the Almighty. The model of a cultural personality is described in the article as well. It is underlined that following the moral rules of the Universe will allow people to achieve a higher level of spirituality and morality, to improve their interaction culture between individuals, nations and countries. Also, it will give people an opportunity to get excellence. Usage of the counterfactuality as a term for marking the modality to some event becomes a new trend in social sciences.

Key Words: ideal image, culture, arts, personality, creation of an ideal personality, man of culture, perfect image

Introduction

Future of Ukraine significantly depends on the quality level of teaching new generations about spirituality and culture. Of course, it is urgent for people of any age as well. A great upbringing failure has become evident in the context of a military conflict and social confron-tation, which has finally led to a deep crisis in all spheres of people"s life. In connection with the mentioned above, it comes to mind the ideas expressed by Erich Fromm and Immanuel Kant focused on the fact that a personality should become the main value and purpose of hu-man existence. People should cultivate their best traits. Moreover, the Day of the Humanity is worth to become the main holiday of the year! Nowadays we have to observe depreciation of spirituality, moral values, vagueness of ideals, and uncertainty of people"s desires in the con-text of their life planning, as well as a general lack of culture in the society. Degeneration of the human spirituality is increasing. Social vulnerability and instability as well as mass media and other information and technical tools have had a negative impact on human souls and spir-it. Particularly, it has influenced on consciousness and feelings of young people. We strongly

╘ Shevchenko, Galyna, 2017

120 Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017

The Ideal Image of a Man: the Main Characteristics and Ways of Achieving by Galyna Shevchenko

believe that education and upbringing should become an energy source for the further «culture production» where «culture» term is closely connected with high moral values. This is because the culture aspect discussion implies taking into account many centuries of humankind"s ex-perience in sciences and arts development as well as all kinds of the conventional wisdom.

Also, it is necessary to take into account the highest human aspirations such as spirituality, moral and esthetical views, as well as behavior in general context and the particular human deeds. Without dealing with culture and arts, which serve as a fundamental basis for an ideal creation, it is impossible to educate a true human being – a patriot, a man of consciousness and honor. In the mentioned above context an ideal creation as an example of excellence can be considered as a road map for forming an individual values scale and finding opportunities to make human life rich and fulfilled.

The objective of the study – to represent the role and significance of culture and arts for educational process where they are considered as a fundamental basis of youth"s upbringing in the context of universal and national human values.

The content of the study

Nowadays education in Ukraine is looking for innovative ways of further development, particularly, in the context of European education. We strongly believe that it can lead to success only if we follow the words of wisdom said by well-known educators as for the im-portance of upbringing, culture and arts. We should remember that improvement, purification, culturalization and enlightenment of «human material» should be carried out through culture and arts. It gives a person an opportunity to glitter by the brilliancy of the unique individual talent, which everyone gets from the Almighty. John Amos Comenius, a founder of a peda-gogical science, was right when he encouraged all nations of the world to build a rapport and support as well as to form a universal human brotherhood and to encourage peaceful labor. He highly appreciated human life that, as he believed, should reflect a humanistic idea. In his view every person is the most beautiful and perfect creature of nature. Only through education and upbringing, it is possible to realize the full human potential and not to become «wild animals, still logs» [Komenský, 1982: 80]. That is why he called school as a «humanity studio.» He rec-ommended studying at Academies only for «the finest human individuals.» In his mind, only the most talented young people should get education.

Every historical stage according to the prevalent culture, arts and ideals used to build a particular model of a cultural and aesthetic human image. In Antiquity, an ideal of a man who had a beautiful body and soul was glorified. In Middle Ages, an image of a noble knight who served as an example of honor, modesty and courage was celebrated. In the mentioned above context Renaissance is of a particular interest for us. That time the focus was on humanistic ideas, universal knowledge, personal harmonious development as well as educational, cogni-tive and hedonistic values of arts. An ideal human image of those times has been imprinted forever in masterpieces of art, sculptures, literature and music. Eternal images of a true Man are still recognized as hard-working, creative and honest people who have high moral qualities and are able to create a better life. Moreover, that life is associated with the ideals of Wisdom,

Beauty and Goodness. Only true patriotism, spirituality and fortitude can inspire arising of the best ideas and sincere feelings. We speak about a strong desire to harmonize the surrounding reality, to create with a great excitement for the benefit of the whole humankind.

It is important to understand that there is not only a generally accepted image of human

Future Human Image. Volume 7, 2017 121

The Ideal Image of a Man: the Main Characteristics and Ways of Achieving by Galyna Shevchenko

excellence but it also exists a personal understanding of an ideal in the context of «ecology of personality.» That is the reason of differences existence. The process of the ideal creation is connected with identification and development of the personal originality. That necessitates constant inner world development of as well as an ability to find the whole world beauty and of every particular person as a part of it. We should remember about goodness and generosity of a human soul, people"s intentions to get the highest aspirations, come close to wisdom, warmth, behavior culture and high ground acts. «Cain» and «Abel» sculptured likenesses by Giovanni Dupre vividly illustrate the mentioned above ideas. The main point is that every man can act as Abel or Cain did. Moreover, it is important not to make a mistake in the context of his life choice. As it was mentioned by Mikhail Bakhtin «every image needs much time to be assessed and understood.»