Текст книги "The Arabs: A History"
Автор книги: Eugene Rogan
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Текущая страница: 44 (всего у книги 47 страниц)
3 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 92–95; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 117–120.
4 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 111–113; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 137–139.
5 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 114–117; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 140–43.
6 Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 171–172.
7 Ibid., p. 187.
8 The Rightly Guided Caliphs were the first four successors of the Prophet Muhammad—Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, ’Uthman, and ‘Ali—who ruled the early Islamic community in the seventh century. They were followed by the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled from Damascus between 661–750 CE.
9 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 33.
10 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, pp. 46–49; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, pp. 69–72.
11 The chronicle of Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn ‘Ali Ibn Tulun (c. 1485–1546), “Background Information on the Turkish Governors of Greater Damascus,” has been edited and translated by Henri Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamlouks et les premiers Ottomans (658–1156/1260–1744) (Damascus: Institut Franзais de Damas, 1952).
12 Bruce Masters, The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750 (New York: New York University Press, 1988).
13 Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, p. 151.
14 Salmon, Account of the Ottoman Conquest, p. 49; Wiet, Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire, p. 72.
15 Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, pp. 154–157.
16 From the chronicle of Ibn Jum’a (d. after 1744), in Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, p. 172.
17 The accounts of Ibn Jum‘a and Ibn Tulun are almost identical, the later chronicler repeating almost verbatim points of Ibn Tulun’s narrative. Laoust, Les Gouverneurs de Damas, pp. 154–159 and 171–174.
18 Amnon Cohen and Bernard Lewis, Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 3–18.
19 Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, The Ottoman Province of Damascus in the Sixteenth Century (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1982), pp. 91–118.
20 I. Metin Kunt, The Sultan’s Servants: The Transformation of Ottoman Provincial Government, 1550–1650 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp. 32–33.
21 Philipp and Perlmann, Al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 33.
22 Michael Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, 1517–1798 (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 16–17.
23 Bakhit, Ottoman Province of Damascus, pp. 105–106.
24 Sayyid Murad’s sixteenth-century manuscript Ghazawat-i Khayr al-Din Pasha [Conquests of Khayr al-Din Pasha] has been published in an abridged French translation by Sander Rang and Ferdinand Denis, Fondation de la rйgence d’Alger: Histoire de Bar-berousse (Paris: J. Angй, 1837). This account is found in vol. 1, p. 306.
25 John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algeria Under the Turks (New York: W. W. Norton, 1979), p. 20.
26 Cited in ibid., p. 27.
27 Ahmad b. Muhammad al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Kitab tarikh al-Amir Fakhr al-Din alMa’ ni [The book of history of the Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma‘ni], edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title Lubnan fi ’ahd al-Amir Fakhr al-Din al-Ma‘ni al-Thani [Lebanon in the age of Amir Fakhr al-Din II al-Ma’ni] (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1936, reprinted 1985).
28 Abdul-Rahim Abu-Husayn, Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575–1650 (Beirut: American University in Beirut Press, 1985) pp. 81–87.
29 Al-Khalidi al-Safadi, Amir Fakhr al-Din, pp. 17–19.
30 Ibid., pp. 214–215.
31 Ibid., pp. 150–154.
32 Daniel Crecelius and ‘Abd al-Wahhab Bakr, trans., Al-Damurdashi’s Chronicle of Egypt, 1688–1755 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991), p. 286.
33 Ibid., p. 291.
34 Ibid., p. 296.
35 Ibid., pp. 310–312.
36 Winter, Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule, p. 24.
Chapter 2
1 Ahmad al-Budayri al-Hallaq, Hawadith Dimashq al-Yawmiyya [Daily events of Damascus] 1741–1762 (Cairo: Egyptian Association for Historical Studies, 1959), p. 184; and George M. Haddad, “The Interests of an Eighteenth Century Chronicler of Damascus,” Der Islam 38 (June 1963): 258–271.
2 Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, p. 202.
3 Ibid., p. 129.
4 Ibid., p. 219.
5 Ibid., p. 57.
6 Ibid., p. 112.
7 Quoted by Albert Hourani, “The Fertile Crescent in the Eighteenth Century,” A Vision of History (Beirut: Khayats, 1961), p. 42.
8 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 6.
9 On the Shihabs of Mount Lebanon see Kamal Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1965). On the Jalilis of Mosul, see Dina Rizk Khoury, State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire: Mosul, 1540–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
10 Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914 (London: Methuen, 1981), p. 7.
11 Budayri, Hawadith Dimashq, pp. 27–29.
12 Ibid., pp. 42–45.
13 Amnon Cohen, Palestine in the Eighteenth Century (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1973), p. 15.
14 Thomas Philipp, Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 36.
15 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 636. On ’Ali Bey al-Kabir see Daniel Crecelius, The Roots of Modern Egypt: A Study of the Regimes of ‘Ali Bey al-Kabir and Muhammad Bey Abu al-Dhahab, 1760–1775 (Minneapolis and Chicago: University of Minnesota Press, 1981).
16 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 639.
17 Ibid., p. 638.
18 Ibid., p. 639.
19 This account is from the chronicle of al-Amir Haydar Ahmad al-Shihab of Mount Lebanon (1761–1835), Al-Ghurar al-Hisan fi akhbar abna’ al-zaman [Exemplars in the chronicles of the sons of the age]. Shihab’s chronicles were edited and published by Asad Rustum and Fuad al-Bustani under the title Lubnan fi ’ahd al-umara’ al-Shihabiyin [Lebanon in the era of the Shihabi Amirs], vol. 1 (Beirut: Editions St. Paul, 1984), p. 79.
20 Shihab, Lubnan fi ‘ahd al-umara’ al-Shihabiyin, vol. 1, pp. 86–87.
21 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 1, p. 639.
22 Philipp, citing Ahmad al-Shihab’s Tarikh Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar, in Acre, p. 45.
23 This dramatic account of Zahir al-’Umar’s death is found in the chronicle of Mikha’il al-Sabbagh (c. 1784–1816), Tarikh al-Shaykh Zahir al-‘Umar al-Zaydani [The history of Shaykh Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani] (Harisa, Lebanon: Editions St. Paul, 1935), pp. 148–158.
24 Cited in Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), p. 98.
25 Philipp and Perlmann, Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 4, p. 23.
26 Mikhayil Mishaqa, Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 62.
Chapter 3
1 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, eds., ’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), p. 2.
2 Ibid., p. 13.
3 Ibid., p. 8.
4 Ibid., p. 51.
5 M. de Bourienne, Mйmoires sur Napolйon, 2 vols. (Paris, 1831), cited in ibid., p. 57, n. 63.
6 Philipp and Perlmann, ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3, pp. 56–57.
7 Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 37. See also Darrell Dykstra, “The French Occupation of Egypt,” in M. W. Daly, ed., The Cambridge History of Egypt, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 113–138.
8 Philipp and Perlmann, ’Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3, pp. 505–506.
9 Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 179–180.
10 Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, p. 72.
11 Ibid., p. 201. One purse equaled 500 piasters, and the exchange rate in the 1820s was approximately U.S. $1 = 12.6 piasters.
12 The account of the execution of the Wahhabi leadership was given by the Russian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, cited in Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), p. 155.
13 Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army, and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 92.
14 Mustafa Rashid Celebi Efendi, cited in ibid., p. 81.
15 Letter from Muhammad ‘Ali to his agent Najib Efendi dated October 6, 1827, translated by Fahmy in All the Pasha’s Men, pp. 59–60.
16 Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 chronicle, al-Jawab ’ala iqtirah al-ahbab [The response to the suggestion of the loved ones] was translated by Wheeler Thackston and published under the title Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), pp. 165–169.
17 Ibid., pp. 172–174.
18 Ibid., pp. 178–187.
19 Palmerston’s letter of July 20, 1838, cited in Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, p. 238.
20 Mishaqa, Murder, Mayham, Pillage, and Plunder, p. 216.
21 London Convention for the Pacification of the Levant, 15–17 September 1840, reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 271–275.
Chapter 4
1 For a complete English translation and study of al-Tahtawi’s work, Takhlis al-Ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz [The extraction of pure gold in the abridgement of Paris], see Daniel L. Newman, An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831) (London: Saqi, 2004).
2 Ibid., pp. 99, 249.
3 Ibid., pp. 105, 161.
4 The analysis of the constitution is reproduced in ibid., pp. 194–213.
5 Al-Tahtawi’s analysis of the July Revolution of 1830 may be found in ibid., pp. 303–330.
6 A translation of the 1839 Reform Decree is reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 269–271.
7 The text of the 1856 Decree is reproduced in ibid., pp. 315–318.
8 The diary of Muhammad Sa‘id al-Ustuwana, the Ottoman judge of Damascus, was edited and published by As’ad al-Ustuwana, Mashahid wa ahdath dimishqiyya fi muntasif al-qarn al-tasi’ ’ashar (1840–1861) [Eyewitness to Damascene events in the mid-nineteenth century, 1840–1861] (Damascus: Dar al-Jumhuriyya, 1993), p. 162.
9 Jonathan Frankel, The Damascus Affair: “Ritual Murder,” Politics, and the Jews in 1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
10 Bruce Masters, “The 1850 Events in Aleppo: An Aftershock of Syria’s Incorporation into the Capitalist World System,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (1990): 3–20.
11 Leila Fawaz, An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1994); and Ussama Makdisi, The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000).
12 The memoirs of Abu al-Sa‘ud al-Hasibi, Muslim notable of Damascus, as quoted by Kamal Salibi in “The 1860 Upheaval in Damascus as Seen by al-Sayyid Muhammad Abu’l-Su’ud al-Hasibi, Notable and Later Naqib al-Ashraf of the City,” in William Polk and Richard Chambers, eds., Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), p. 190.
13 Wheeler Thackston Jr. has translated Mikhayil Mishaqa’s 1873 history under the title Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Albany: SUNY Press, 1988), p. 244.
14 Mishaqa’s report to the U.S. Consul in Beirut of September 27, 1860, in Arabic, is held in the National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
15 Y. Hakan Erdem, Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, 1800–1909 (Basingstoke, UK: 1996).
16 Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914 (London: Methuen, 1981), p. 123.
17 David Landes, Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), pp. 91–92.
18 Owen, Middle East in the World Economy, pp. 126–127.
19 Janet Abu Lughod, Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 98–113.
20 The autobiography of Khayr al-Din, “А mes enfants” [To my children], was edited by M. S. Mzali and J. Pignon and published under the title “Documents sur Kheredine,” Revue Tunisienne (1934): 177–225, 347–396. Passage cited appears on p. 183.
21 Khayr al-Din’s political treatise, Aqwam al-masalik li ma‘rifat ahwal al-mamalik [The surest path to knowledge concerning the conditions of countries], was translated and edited by Leon Carl Brown, The Surest Path: The Political Treatise of a Nineteenth-Century Muslim Statesman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967).
22 Ibid., pp. 77–78.
23 Jean Ganiage, Les Origines du Protectorat francaise en Tunisie (1861–1881) (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1959); L. Carl Brown, The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey (1837–1855) (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974); and Lisa Anderson, The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).
24 Quoted in Brown, The Surest Path, p. 134.
25 Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp. 186–187.
26 P. J. Vatikiotis, The History of Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Sadat (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
27 Niyazi Berkes, The Emergence of Secularism in Turkey (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 207.
28 Ahmet Cevdet Pasha in Charles Issawi, The Economic History of Turkey, 1800–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 349–351; and Roderic Davison, Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), p. 112.
29 Mzali and Pignon, “Documents sur Kheredine,” pp. 189–190.
30 Owen, Middle East in the World Economy, pp. 100–121.
31 Ibid., pp. 122–152.
Chapter 5
1 Both texts are reproduced in Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 227–231.
2 Rifa’a Rafi’ al-Tahtawi, An Imam in Paris (London: Saqi, 2004), pp. 326–327.
3 Alexandre Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader: Sa Vie politique et militaire (Paris: Hachette, 1863), p. 120.
4 The original texts of both agreements, with English translation, are reproduced in Raphael Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1977), pp. 241–260. For maps showing the territories allotted France and Algeria under these treaties, see ibid., between pp. 95–96 and between pp. 157–158.
5 Reproduced in Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, p. 260.
6 Ibid., p. 223.
7 A. de France, Abd-El-Kader’s Prisoners; or Five Months’ Captivity Among the Arabs (London: Smith, Elder and Co., n.d.), pp. 108–110.
8 Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, pp. 286–289. Abd al-Qadir’s son wrote on the impact of the capture of the zimala on his soldiers’ morale in Tuhfat al-za’ir fi tarikh al-Jaza’ir wa’l-Amir ’Abd al-Qadir (Beirut: Dar al-Yaqiza al-‘Arabiyya, 1964), pp. 428–431.
9 Tangier Convention for the Restoration of Friendly Relations: France and Morocco, September 10, 1844, reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, pp. 286–287.
10 Bellemare, Abd-el-Kader, p. 242.
11 Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 190–191. Note that French francs converted to pounds sterling at FF25 = Ј1, and the Turkish pound converted at the rate of ЈT1 = Ј0.909.
12 Urabi contributed an autobiographical essay to Jurji Zaydan’s biographical dictionary, Tarajim Mashahir al-Sharq fi’l-qarn al-tasi’ ‘ashar [Biographies of famous people of the East in the nineteenth century], vol. 1 (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1910), pp. 254–280 (hereafter Urabi memoirs).
13 Ibid., p. 261.
14 Urabi recounted these events to Wilfrid Scawen Blunt in 1903, who reproduced the account in his Secret History of the British Occupation of Egypt (New York: Howard Fertig, 1967, reprint of 1922 ed.), p. 369.
15 Urabi memoirs, p. 269.
16 Ibid., p. 270.
17 Ibid., p. 272.
18 Blunt asked Muhammad Abdu to comment on Urabi’s account of events; Blunt, Secret History, p. 376.
19 Urabi memoirs, p. 274.
20 Blunt, Secret History, p. 372.
21 A. M. Broadley, How We Defended Arabi and His Friends (London: Chapman and Hall, 1884), p. 232.
22 Ibid., pp. 375–376.
23 Blunt, Secret History, p. 299.
24 Mudhakkirat ’Urabi [Memoirs of Urabi], vol. 1 (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal, 1954), pp. 7–8.
25 On the “scramble for Africa” and the Fashoda Incident see Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism, 2nd ed. (Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 1981).
26 Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 1, p. 477.
27 Ibid., pp. 508–510.
28 Ahmad Amin, My Life, translated by Issa Boullata (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978), p. 59.
29 Cited by Ami Ayalon in his The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 15.
30 Cited in ibid., p. 30.
31 Cited in ibid., p. 31.
32 Martin Hartmann, The Arabic Press of Egypt (London, Luzac, 1899), pp. 52–85, cited in Roger Owen, Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 251.
33 Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 113.
34 Ahmad Amin, My Life, pp. 48–49.
35 Thomas Philipp and Moshe Perlmann, trans. and eds., ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti’s History of Egypt, vol. 3 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1994), pp. 252–253.
36 Daniel L. Newman, An Imam in Paris: Al-Tahtawi’s Visit to France (1826–1831) (London: Saqi, 2004), p. 177.
37 Ahmad Amin, My Life, p. 19.
38 Judith Tucker, Women in Nineteenth Century Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 129.
39 Qasim Amin, The Liberation of Women, trans. Samiha Sidhom Peterson (Cairo: American University at Cairo Press, 1992), p. 12.
40 Ibid., p. 15.
41 Ibid., p. 72.
42 Ibid., p. 75.
43 Ahmad Amin, My Life, p. 90.
44 Ibid., p. 60.
45 Ibid., pp. 60–61. The translator here used the term upset where the Arabic term is stronger, meaning “grief.”
Chapter 6
1 “De Bunsen Committee Report,” in J. C. Hurewitz, ed., The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics, vol. 2 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 26–46.
2 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence has been reproduced in ibid., pp. 46–56.
3 Quote from the unpublished memoirs of the resident of Karak, ’Uda al-Qusus, cited in Eugene Rogan, Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1851–1921 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 232–233.
4 The Sykes-Picot Agreement is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 60–64.
5 George Antonius, The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1938), p. 248.
6 The Basle Program of the First Zionist Congress is reproduced in Paul R. Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 429.
7 Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete (London: Abacus, 2001) p. 44.
8 The Balfour Declaration is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 101–106.
9 Cemal Pasha’s remarks were published in al-Sharq newspaper, cited in Antonius, Arab Awakening, pp. 255–256.
10 Anglo-French Declaration of November 7, 1918, cited in ibid., pp. 435–436; Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, p. 112.
11 The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement is reproduced in Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds., The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict (New York: Penguin, 1985), pp. 19–20.
12 Faysal’s memo is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 130–32.
13 Harry N. Howard, The King-Crane Commission (Beirut: Khayyat, 1963), p. 35.
14 The King-Crane Report was first published in Editor & Publisher 55, 27, 2nd section, December 2, 1922. An abridged version of their recommendations is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 191–99.
15 Abu Khaldun Sati’ al-Husri, The day of Maysalun: A Page from the Modern History of the Arabs (Washington, DC: Middle East Institute, 1966), pp. 107–108.
16 Reproduced in the Arabic edition of Sati’ al-Husri, Yawm Maysalun (Beirut: Maktabat al-Kishaf, 1947), plate 25. On the political use of slogans, see James L. Gelvin, Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire (Los Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
17 Al-Husri, Day of Maysalun, p. 130; this is confirmed in the confidential appendix of the King-Crane Report, written for the American delegation at Paris.
18 Yusif al-Hakim, Suriyya wa’l-‘ahd al-Faysali [Syria and the Faysali era] (Beirut: Dar An-Nahar, 1986), p. 102.
19 “Resolution of the General Syrian Congress at Damascus,” reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 180–182.
20 “King-Crane Recommendations,” in ibid., p. 195.
21 Al-Husri, Day of Maysalun, p. 79.
22 Elie Kedourie, “Sa’ad Zaghlul and the British,” St. Antony’s Papers 11, 2 (1961): 148–149.
23 McPherson’s letters on the 1919 Revolution are reproduced in Barry Carman and John McPherson, eds., The Man Who Loved Egypt: Bimbashi McPherson (London: Ariel Books, 1985), pp. 204–221.
24 Huda Shaarawi, Harem Years: The Memoirs of an Egyptian Feminist, trans. and ed. Margot Badran (New York: The Feminist Press, 1986), p. 34.
25 Ibid., pp. 39–40.
26 Ibid., p. 55.
27 Ibid., pp. 92–94.
28 Al-Istiqlal, October 6, 1920, reproduced in Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani, al-‘Iraq fi dawray al-ihtilal wa’l intidab [Iraq in the occupation and mandate eras] (Sidon: al-’Irfan, 1935), pp. 117–118.
29 Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 36–45.
30 Published by Shaykh Muhammad Baqr al-Shabibi in Najaf, July 30, 1920. Reproduced in al-Hasani, al-‘Iraq, pp. 167–168.
31 Ghassan R. Atiyya, Iraq, 1908–1921: A Political Study (Beirut: Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 1973).
32 Muhammad Abd al-Husayn, writing in the Najaf newspaper al-Istiqlal, October 6, 1920, reproduced in al-Hasani, al-’Iraq, pp. 117–118.
33 Aylmer L. Haldane, The Insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920 (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1922), p. 331.
Chapter 7
1 Charles E. Davies, The Blood-Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy, 1797–1820 (Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1997), pp. 5–8, 190. See also Sultan Muhammad al-Qasimi, The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf (London: Croom Helm, 1986).
2 Agreement between Britain and the Shaykh of Bahrain signed December 22, 1880, in J. C. Hurewitz, The Middle East and North Africa in World Affairs, vol. 1 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 432.
3 From the Exclusive Agreement between Bahrain and Britain signed March 13, 1892, in ibid., p. 466.
4 Great Britain, Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 55, cols. 1465–1466, cited in ibid., p. 570.
5 De Bunsen Report of June 30, 1915, reprinted in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 28–29.
6 Middle East Centre Archives, St. Antony’s College, Oxford (hereafter MECA), Philby Papers 15/5/241, letter from Sharif Husayn to Ibn Saud dated February 8, 1918.
7 MECA, Philby Papers 15/5/261, letter from Sharif Husayn to Ibn Saud dated May 7, 1918.
8 King Abdullah of Transjordan, Memoirs (New York: Philosophical Library, 1950), p. 181.
9 Documents captured by Saudi forces in the second battle of Khurma (June 23–July 9, 1918) showed Hashemite forces numbered 1,689 infantry and some 900 cavalry and other troops, for a total of 2,636 troops. MECA, Philby Papers 15/5/264.
10 MECA, Philby Papers 15/2/9 and 15/2/30, two copies of Ibn Saud’s letter to Sharif Husayn dated August 14, 1918.
11 MECA, Philby Papers 15/2/276, letter from Sharif Husayn to Shakir bin Zayd dated August 29, 1918.
12 King Abdullah, Memoirs, p. 181.
13 Ibid., p. 183; Mary Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 37.
14 King Abdullah, Memoirs, p. 183.
15 Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi, 2000), p. 249.
16 Cited in Timothy J. Paris, Britain, the Hashemites, and Arab Rule, 1920–1925 (London: Frank Cass, 2003), p. 1.
17 Cited in Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan, p. 53.
18 The memoirs of Awda al-Qusus (1877–1943), a Christian from the southern town of al-Karak, have never been published. All passages quoted here are from the ninth chapter of the Arabic typescript on Amir Abdullah in Transjordan.
19 Awda al-Qusus reproduced the indictment, dated November 1, 1923, in his memoirs, p. 163. A copy of the indictment reached him in Jidda on January 9, 1924.
20 Uriel Dann, Studies in the History of Transjordan, 1920–1949: The Making of a State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), pp. 81–92.
21 Letter of July 8, 1921. The letters of Gertrude Bell have been made accessible on the Internet by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne Library’s Gertrude Bell Project, http://www.gerty.ncl.ac.uk/.
22 Sulayman Faydi, Mudhakkirat [Memoirs of] Sulayman Faydi (London: Saqi, 1998), pp. 302–303.
23 Gertrude Bell, letter of August 28, 1921.
24 Muhammad Mahdi Kubba, Mudhakkirati fi samim al-ahdath, 1918–1958 [My memoirs at the center of events, 1918–1958] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali‘a, 1965), pp. 22–25.
25 The text of the 1922 treaty is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 310–312.
26 Kubba, Mudhakkirati, pp. 26–27.
27 Faysal’s confidential memo was cited in Hanna Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 25–26.
28 Zaghlul’s comments quoted in “Bitter Harvest,” Al-Ahram Weekly Online, October 12–18, 2000, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/.
29 Ismail Sidqi, Mudhakkirati [My memoirs] (Cairo: Madbuli, 1996), p. 85.
30 Ibid., p. 87. The casualty figures are from a sympathetic political biography of Sidqi by Malak Badrawi, Isma’il Sidqi, 1875–1950: Pragmatism and Vision in Twentieth-Century Egypt (Richmond, UK: Curzon, 1996), p. 61.
31 Sidqi, Mudhakkirati, p. 97.
32 Population figures for the Ottoman period are particularly unreliable. This has been compounded by the highly politicized nature of demography in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. The most reliable source is Justin McCarthy, The Population of Palestine (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990). These figures are from table 1.4D, p. 10.
33 Ibid., p. 224.
34 Neville J. Mandel, The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976); Hasan Kayali, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 103–106.
35 Immigration figures from McCarthy, Population of Palestine, p. 224; casualty figures from Charles Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 4th ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St Martin’s, 2001), pp. 113, 130.
36 Churchill’s memorandum is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 301–305. Emphasis in the original.
37 Matiel E. T. Mogannam, The Arab Woman and the Palestine Problem (London: Herbert Joseph, 1937), pp. 70–73.
38 Ibid., p. 99.
39 McCarthy, Population of Palestine, pp. 34–35.
40 Akram Zuaytir, Yawmiyat Akram Zu’aytir: al-haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya, 1935–1939 [The diaries of Akram Zuaytir: The Palestinian national movement, 1935–1939] (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1980), pp. 27–30.
41 Ibid., p. 29.
42 Ibid., pp. 32–33.
43 Quoted in Wilson, King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan, p. 119.
44 Abu Salman’s poem was reproduced by Palestinian novelist Ghassan Kanafani in his essay “Palestine, the 1936–1939 Revolt” (London: 1982).
45 Ben-Gurion diaries cited in Tom Segev, One Palestine, Complete (London: Abacus, 2001), pp. 403–404.
46 Tom Segev details these and other repressive measures undertaken by the British to combat the Arab Revolt in One Palestine, Complete, pp. 415–443. See also Matthew Hughes, “The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39,” English Historical Review 124 (2009): 313–354.
47 Harrie Arrigonie, British Colonialism: 30 Years Serving Democracy or Hypocrisy (Devon: Edward Gaskell, 1998), described these events, which took place the week before he arrived in Bassa. Arrigonie also reproduced photographs of the destroyed bus and the bodies of the villagers. An Arab account of the massacre is given by Eid Haddad, whose father witnessed the atrocity as a fifteen-year-old, though he dates the event to September 1936; “Painful memories from Al Bassa,” http://www.palestineremembered.com. A similar account was told to Ted Swedenburg from the village of Kuwaykat; Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), pp. 107–108.
48 The 1939 White Paper is reproduced in Hurewitz, Middle East and North Africa, vol. 2, pp. 531–538.
Chapter 8
1 Meir Zamir, The Formation of Modern Lebanon (London: Croom Helm, 1985), p. 15.
2 Ammoun was accompanied by another Maronite, a Sunni Muslim, a Greek Orthodox Christian, and a Druze. Lyne Lohйac, Daoud Ammoun et la Crйation de l’Йtat libanais (Paris: Klincksieck, 1978), p. 73.
3 Ammoun’s presentation was reported in the influential Paris daily, Le Temps, January 29, 1919, and reproduced in George Samnй, La Syrie (Paris: Editions Bossard, 1920), pp. 231–232.
4 Ghanim’s introduction in Samnй, La Syrie, pp. xviii–xix.
5 Muhammad Jamil Bayhum, Al-‘Ahd al-Mukhdaram fi Suriya wa Lubnan, 1918–1922 [The era of transition in Syria and Lebanon] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali’a, n.d. [1968]), p. 109.
6 Ibid., p. 110.
7 Lohйac, Daoud Ammoun, pp. 84–85.
8 Bishara Khalil al-Khoury, Haqa’iq Lubnaniyya [Lebanese realities], vol. 1 (Harisa, Lebanon: Basil Brothers, 1960), p. 106.
