Текст книги "On the Way to Success. На пути к успеху"

Автор книги: Елена Карневская

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PART I

ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY IN USE

1. THE ENGLISH VERB

1.1. THE PRESENT SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE-FORMS

A. The Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense

FORMATION

Table /

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

1

you

work go

I

you

do not

work go

do

I

you

work? go?

he she it

works goes

he she it

does not

does

he

she it

we you they

work

we you they

do not

do

we you they

Contractions:

don't = do not doesn't = does not

* The rules of the verb tenses formation and usage in 1 1-1.7. refer to the Active Voice.

As is seen from the table above the Present Simple (Indefinite) in affirmative sentences coincides in form with the Infinitive without the particle to except the 3rd person singular when the ending s (-es) is added to the verb.

I work – he works; you play – she plays;

we finish – it finishes; I cry – she cries The ending -s/-es has three variants of pronunciation: [s],

[z], [iz]. (See the table below).

Table 2

[s]

Iz]

[iz]

after voiceless

after voiced consonants

after

consonants

and vowels

puts

reads

changes

writes

buys

dresses

sits

gives

marches

In interrogative and negative sentences the Present Simple tense takes the auxiliary do or does (for the 3rd person singular) with the exception of the verb to be which does not need an auxiliary.

When does he usually do his homework?

What do you do for a living?

I don't feel like going out tonight.

Why are you so angry with him?

He is not in. He is out.

USAGE

The Present Simple (Indefinite) tense denotes:

1. Habitual facts or repeated actions, which are normally indicated by adverbials of frequency such as often, always, usually, seldom, rarely, sometimes, never, generally, as a rule, every day (month), every other day (week, month, etc.,), once a week, etc.

He often works till midnight.

My brother plays tennis every other day.

Are you never late for classes?

Do you generally speak English in class?

2. Universal truths (laws of nature) and permanent characteristics, situations or states.

The sun sets in the west. She teaches English at school. Do you like rainy weather? His parents live in London.

3. Present actions and states, going on at the moment of speech with the so-called stative* verbs which include

a) verbs of sense perception: see, hear, notice, taste, smell, etc.

It smells like a hospital in here.

The meat tastes spicy.

I don't see anyone in the room. Where are they all?

b) verbs of mental activity: understand, think, believe, remember, know, forget, mean, suppose, recognize, etc.

Do you recognize me? What does he mean?

Who do you think will win the game? Do you know what he is speaking about?

c) verbs of feeling and emotions: like, dislike, hate, love, wish, want, prefer, care, etc.

I prefer dogs to cats.

Which of these dresses do you like best?

About the possibility of using the Present Continuous with some of the stative verbs see Part B of this Unit.

Do you want anything to drink? – I want a glass

of juice, please.

Jill really hates house work.

d) verbs of possession: have, belong, own, possess, etc. Who does this car belong to? They have a big new house.

4. Future actions

a) in subordinate clauses of time and condition after the conjunctions when, after, before, as soon as, until, if, in case, etc.

When the water boils I'll turn off the gas. I'll join you as soon as I get a note from you. You won't get slim if you eat too many sweets. I'll tell you a secret if you promise to keep it. b) for scheduled facts and events such as flights, train arrivals, departures, itineraries which are worked out officially and are certain to take place.

The flight leaves at 2 p.m. (according to the timetable)

You arrive at Basel at 6.30 a.m. local time, (according to the itinerary)

B. The Present Continuous (Progressive) Tense

FORMATION

The Present Continuous tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary be in the appropriate form and the Present Participle of the main verb.

Table 3

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I

am

working

I

am not

working

am

I

working?

YOU

are

you

are not

are

you

he

she

it

is

he

she

it

is not

is

he

she

it

we

you

they

are

we

you

they

are not

are

we

you

they

Contractions:

'm = am 're = are

's = is

aren't = are not isn't = is not

When -ing is added to a verb there may be some changes in spelling:

a) final e is omitted: have – having; make – making;

b) ie is replaced by y: lie – lying; die – dying;

c) the consonant following a short vowel is doubled: put -putting; get – getting.

USAGE

The Present Continuous tense denotes:

1. An action happening now. This may mean 'at the actual

moment of speaking' or over a period of time including

the moment of speaking.

We are packing the things now and the kids are

playing in their room.

Peter is still sleeping. Don't wake him up.

It's raining all day.

It may also have a broader sense and mean 'about the moment of speaking'.

He is studying at Oxford. (Although he may be on vacation at the moment of speaking.) He's teaching French and learning Greek. (He may not be doing either at the moment of speaking.) The purpose of using the Present Continuous tense for actions which do not coincide with the moment of speech is to show that they have a limited duration. In other words, they are temporary, not permanent actions. As is seen from the examples above the Present moment (both in the narrower and broader senses) is indicated by time adverbials such as at the moment, now, at present, just now, right now, etc. When the duration over a period of time is meant, adverbials like all the morning, all day, the whole night, still, etc are used.

2. Pre-arranged future actions, i.e. actions that have been planned or intended by the speaker*.

My father is leaving for Rome tonight. We are having a party on Saturday. Nick is running a marathon next week.

3.Actions of unusual frequency with adverbials of permanence and repetition such as always, constantly, etc. In these cases the Present Continuous gives an utterance an emotional colouring, mainly of a negative kind: irritation, annoyance, reproach, etc.

You are always finding fault with me. Why are you complaining all the time?

* Compare with the Present Simple for future actions which is used in formal situations, when the action does not convey the speaker's plan.

Notice the difference in meaning:

She always worries about her children. (Present Simple with 'always' is used to denote a regular habitual action.)

She is always worrying about trifles. (Present Continuous with 'always' is used to express the speaker's irritation about smb's habit which he/she considers negative.)

Note that some of the stative verbs can be used in the Present Continuous form when the verb expresses an activity (an event), not a state.

State

Activity

The soup smells delicious.

She is smelling the rose.

What do you think of the

project?

What are you thinking about?

Kate looks wonderful today.

They are looking at the blackboard.

Compare the use of the Present Continuous (Progressive) and the Present Simple (Indefinite) tense-forms.

1. What are you doing, Jane? Are you still looking for your gloves? You are always losing your things!

2. What does he do for a living? – He sings and plays the guitar.

3. I'm learning to drive a car. Next month I am getting my driving licence.

4. Tom drives very well. He is always very careful when driving.

5. We usually grow beans in our garden but this year we are not growing any.

6. Do you understand the problems they are discussing?

I. It is cold today. It is snowing all day. It often snows at this time of the year.

8. You will help us a lot if you continue your investigation.

9. Mike doesn't speak English, does he?

10. Listen to them! What language are they speaking?

II. The Moon goes round the Earth.

12. The family are having lunch now.

13. How many meals a day do you usually have?

14. Don't worry. Father is coming back soon.

15. Skill comes with practice.

PRACTICE

1. Choose between the Present Simple (Indefinite) and Present Continuous (Progressive) tense-forms.

1. They usually sit/are sitting for hours without saying a word.

2. She is keeping/keeps her room tidy as a rule.

3. Don't ask me what spinach is tasting/tastes like. I've never tried it.

4. Ann is applying/applies this ointment every other day.

5. We are seeing/see each other only occasionally.

6. Next week we sign/are signing the contract.

7. Could you turn off the television? Nobody watches/is watching it now.

8. How do you get/are you getting to your office?

9. The water in this lake seldom is freezing/freezes in winter.

10. Water doesn't exist/isn't existing on the Moon.

2. Choose the appropriate adverbial of time.

1. Dave always stays at the office (since/till) six o'clock.

2. She makes strawberry jam (every year/ recently). -

3. It's freezing hard (for a long time/now).

4. People (continually/traditionally) prepare coloured eggs at Easter.

5. They are having some financial difficulties (lately/now).

6. I'm feeling rather run down (recently/at present), doctor.

7. Carol (rarely/usually) reads a lot and is extremely well-informed.

8. The company is looking for people with experience (lately/now).

9. I don't go swimming very much (as a rule/now and again).

10. The new school opens (at once/next week).

11. We are eating in the kitchen (during/while) this cold weather.

12. What do you usually do (in the afternoon/this afternoon)^

13. Mary is going to be a film star (once/one day).

14. More and more young people have careers (nowadays/ recently).

15. My father shaves (in a day/every other day).

3. Open the brackets using the Present Simple or the Present Continuous tense-forms.

1. Have you got a light? – Sorry, I (not/smoke).

2. My wife has never been to France. She (plan) to go there next summer.

3. Your car is so clean. How often you (wash) it?

4. Students often (think) that exams (be) a nuisance.

5. Peter seldom (tell) the truth. You can't believe everything he (say).

6. You (understand) what he (talk) about?

7. Nancy (look) like her father.

8. What you (dop. – I'm an engineer.

9. The soup (taste) good.

10. Your brother (be) a student now? – Yes, he (study) at the University.

11. Ann (play) the piano better than Susan.

And who (play) now? – I (think) it (be) Susan.

12. What you (do) tomorrow evening? -1 (go) to the theatre.

13. I usually (not/have) breakfast before I (go) to work.

14. She often (take) my dictionary but seldom (remember) to bring it back. If tomorrow she (ask) for the dictionary again, I shan't give it to her.

15. What a beautiful dress you (wear).' When did you buy it?

16. He is a night watchman. He (work) at night and (sleep) in the daytime.

17. She (be) a dietician. She (help) people to choose the right food.

18. They (say) if you (see) a black cat, you (not/liave) good luck.

19. Jane (be) in Paris now. She (learn) French there.

20. If Peter (continue) to drive his car carelessly, he'll get into a traffic accident.

21. You (hear) this noise downstairs? What can it be?

22. Have you heard about Tom? He (build) a new house now.

23. You'll have to put on your rubber boots if it (not/stop) raining in a minute.

24. If I (have) some time in the evening, I'll repair your bicycle.

25. Excuse me, but you (stand) on my foot.

26. She (give) two concerts in London next week.

27. What time the children (come) out of school, as a rule?

28. Why you (smell) the meat? It (not/be) fresh?

29. She always (let) me down!

30. You (believe) in God?

31. You always (complain) about the weather!

32. Take the saucepan off the cooker! The water (boil).

33. I'm afraid you can't see my daughter at the moment. She (have) a music lesson. She always (have) it on Friday mornings.

34. She (be) still ill, but she (get) better now.

35. It often (rain) here at this time of the year?

36. Don't interrupt me while I (talk) to somebody else.

37. He's a doctor, but he (not/practise) at the moment.

38. What he (do)! – He (try) to get the car started.

39. In Britain most shops (close) at 5.30 p.m.

40. I'm sorry it's so noisy, but we (move) the furniture.

41. Where you (come) from?-I (come) from Russia.

42. Flowers always (make) a good present.

43. Alice never (go) to work by bus. She (walk) through the park, as a rule.

44. What he (mean) by saying this? It (sound) strange.

45. I (write) to my parents twice a month.

46. She always (be late) for classes!

47. I (write) this letter to you while the children (play) on the beach. Actually, they (play) here the whole day.

48. If we (start) at nine, we (have) plenty of time for the shops. We (be) free till half past four.

49. They always (tell) him everything. So I (think), he (know) about it already.

50. This carpet (cost) 30 dollars. Why not buy it?

51. He still (try) to find a job but there (not/be) much work available at present.

52. Believe me, I (think) of you all the time.

53. I (not/know) how they (make) both ends meet. They (have) six children and (not/earn) very much.

54. My mother (think) that hitch-hiking (be) dangerous.

55. The police (look) into the matter now.

56. People (like) stability in life.

57. They (open) a new McDonald's tomorrow.

58. The English (believe) that their home (be) their castle.

59. Mike (arrive) in three days. We can't wait until he (come). Everyone (look forward) to seeing him.

60. What a wonderful day we (have) today!

61. When he (have) a problem to solve he will work at it until he (find) an answer.

62. The equator (run) round the middle of the earth.

63. Jack and Helen (live) in the Hague. At the moment they (travel) round Britain.

64. When snakes (lose) their skins?

65. The English (like) coalfires even though they (not/produce) much heat.

66. My brother (not/care) very much what he (look) like.

67. She always (lose) her temper!

68. A hot-air balloon (float) because hot air (be) lighter than cool air. A hot air balloon (consist) of a basket in which the pilot and the crew (stand), a gas burner and a large

balloon.

69. As soon as doctors (find) an answer to AIDS, they will be able to cure people.

70. You (look) great after your holiday! – Yes, I (feel) wonderful!

71. You can borrow my Walkman unless you (lose) it.

72. Have I told you about how Ann (get on) at college?

73. He (be) intelligent but he (lack) common sense.

74. The house (be) in good condition but it (need) to be repainted.

75. He (waste) his time looking for a job there, they (not/ take) any staff on now.

76. The man who (live) opposite us sometimes (come) over for a cup of coffee.

77. She (dislike) asking people for favours.

78. If I (have) a headache I generally (take) an aspirin.

79. In England it always (rain) and the wind constantly

(blow)!

80. If you (heat) ice, it (melt).

81. Don't take the newspaper away! I still (read) it.

82. How I (look) in this dress? It (suit) me?

83. Much of eastern England (have) a soil that (produce) crops of a very high yield.

84. Let's sit for a while. My feet (ache) me.

85. I (see) no way of avoiding the problem.

86. At the moment the company (reorganize) its department.

87. The early bird (catch) the worm.

88. Scotland (occupy) the northern part of Great Britain, (not/ do) it?

89. Good news! Sue and Paul (come) to stay with us.

90. Can you close the window? It (freeze) in here.

91. My cousin (attend) a university in Midwest which (specialize) in astronomy.

92. Every time cigarettes (go) up in price, many people (try) to stop smoking.

93. The food that Mother (cook) in the kitchen (smell) delicious.

94. Whenever it (rain) very hard, the stream (overflow).

95. No wonder the house (be) so cold! You always (leave) the doors open!

96. The film (be) very confusing. You (understand) what (go) on?

1.2. THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE)

AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) TENSE-FORMS

A. The Past Simple (Indefinite) Tense

FORMATION

The Past Simple is formed by adding -ed to the stem for regular verbs and by changing the root vowel or in some other ways for irregular verbs which need to be memorized. The form of the Past Simple is the same for all persons.

Table 4

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

worked

came

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

did not

work

come

did

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

work?

come?

Contractions:

didn't = did not

When -ed is added there are sometimes changes in spelling, e.g. stop – stopped, study – studied. The ending -ed has variants of pronunciation depending on the type of a preceding sound:

It]

after voiceless consonants

Id] after voiced consonants and vowels

(id) after [t, d]

watched worked stopped

lived played used

studied mended rented

USAGE

The Past Simple tense denotes:

1. A single action or a state. The reference of the action to the past is typically indicated by time adverbials such as ago, last year (week, month), yesterday, the other day, in 1997, last (time), for five years, for a week, etc.

Ann spent a lot of money on books yesterday. It didn't rain last night.

When did you go to the cinema last?

She started learning the piano at the age of five.

I baked the cake for 30 minutes.

Note that when an adverbial denoting a period of time (for five years, for a fen– minutes, etc) is used with the Past Simple emphasis is placed on the reference of the fact to the past, not on the duration of the activity.

They lived in Brest for five years before the war.

2. A succession of single past actions.

/ entered the office, looked around and came up to

the secretary.

3. Habitual past actions or states.

I often went cycling last summer.

When it is desired to emphasize a contrast between the past and the present the construction used to + Infinitive* is preferable.

He used to smoke forty cigarettes a day till he

finally gave up smoking.

Do you play golf? – No, but I used to when I lived

in the country.

She used to be such a happy lively girl (but no longer now).

The construction would + Infinitive is also used to describe repeated past actions (but not states). It is more common for written language and often occurs in reminiscences.

* Note the difference in meaning between 'used to do smth' and be (get) used to smth or doing smth', e.g. We used to go to the cinema a lot but we never get the time now. It's hard to understand Scottish people if you're not used to their accent. I'm not used to walking long distances.

When we worked in the same office, we would have coffee together.

4. Reported present time actions after the reporting verbs like say, tell, ask, wonder, etc in the Past Simple (according to the rules of Sequence of Tenses).

Direct Speech

Indirect (Reported) Speech

1. Jane said to me: «I am never late for classes». 2. Ann asked me: « When do you usually have breakfast ?»

1. Jane laid me (that) she was never late for classes. 2. Ann wondered when 1 usually had breakfast.

B. The Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense

FORMATION

The Past Continuous tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary was/were and the Present Participle of the main

verb.

Table 5

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I

was

working

I

was not

working

was

I

working?

you

were

you

were not

were

you

he

she

it

was

he

she

it

was not

was

he

she

it

we

you

they

we

you

they

were

we

you

they

were not

were

Contractions:

wasn't = was not weren't = were not

USAGE

The Past Continuous (Progressive) tense denotes:

1. An action in progress at a definite moment* or at a definite period of time in the past indicated normally by adverbial modifiers such as at 5 p.m., at that time yesterday, from 2 to 3, between three and four, all the morning, the whole day, etc.

At one o'clock she was having lunch.

What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?

It was raining the whole morning.

The moment in the past can also be expressed by the context or by an adverbial clause of time.

I looked out of the window. The sun was shining

and the birds were singing.

When I came in he was lying in bed.

Obviously, the action of the subordinate clause of time in such cases is simultaneous with that of the principal clause. However, the two actions are not always identical in character. One can be an action in progress (i.e. a long action) while the other may be an event (i.e. a short action) which 'interrupts' the activity going on at the given past moment.

We were going down in the lift when it suddenly stopped.

* Similar to the meaning of 'now' in the Present Continuous tense, the definite moment in the past may actually mean both at and around a particular moment in the past. The meaning of the Past Continuous in the latter case is that of a temporary past activity contrasted to a permanent past activity expressed by the Past Simple Tense.

// happened while I was living in Bristol. They lived in London all their life.

There can be situations with two parallel past actions in progress, which are both expressed by the Past Continuous or by the Past Simple tenses, or there may be a combination of the Past Continuous and the Past Simple. The two simultaneous actions in progress are normally linked by 'while'.

Jane was cooking while I was laying the table. While we were packing (packed) the suitcases, Bill was talking (talked) to the travel agent.

Note that when the two actions are not simultaneous, i.e.

when one action happened after the other, the Past Simple

is used for both the verbs.

When Brenda arrived I was telephoning Jim. (She arrived during my telephone call.) Wlien Brenda arrived I telephoned Jim. (I telephoned after her arrival.)

2. A past action of unusual frequency to convey a feeling of annoyance or irritation with adverbials of frequency like always, constantly (compare with a similar use of the Present Continuous).

When he studied at school he was always making trouble.

3. Present time actions in progress in reported speech after the reporting verbs like say, tell, ask, wonder, etc in the Past Simple (according to the rules of Sequence of Tenses).

Direct Speech

Indirect (Reported ) Speech

1. Jim asked: «Is it freezing hard?» 2. Mike asked: «What are you cooking for dinner, mum?»

1 . Jim wondered if it was freezing hard. 2. Mike asked his mum what she was cooking

for dinner.

Compare the use of the Past Simple (Indefinite) and the Past Continuous (Progressive) tense-forms.

1. It was a cold winter night. It was snowing hard and I wanted to get back home quickly.

2. Jack fell off the ladder when he was painting the ceiling.

3. Yesterday evening we waited for him in the office for nearly an hour. We gave up in the end and went home.

4. What were you doing on the corner last night around 9 o'clock? – I was waiting for a bus to go down town.

5. When I opened the envelope I was delighted to see a picture of my friend's family.

6.1 dropped my bag when I was running for a bus. 7. Peter was wearing a white shirt and grey trousers when I saw him.

PRACTICE

1. Choose between the Past Simple and Past Continuous (Progressive) tense-forms.

Thomas Edison started/was starting work on the railway when he was twelve, selling newspapers and snacks. There were long periods with nothing for him to do so he built/ was building himself a little laboratory in the luggage van where he could carry out experiments when he didn't sell/ wasn 't selling things to passengers. Another thing that he occupied/was occupying himself with was reading. Rejoined a library and read/was reading every single book in it. One day, when he waited/was waiting at a station he noticed/was noticing a small boy who played/was playing by the track, unaware that a train approached/was approaching. Edison ran/was running out and grabbed/was grabbing the child just in time. The child's father was so grateful that he offered/ was offering to teach Edison to be a telegraph operator. Edison accepted the offer and soon he had/was having regular lessons. After a year, he was good enough to get a job in the telegraph office. He continued to read and experiment, whenever he had/was having time. At twenty-one he left/ was leaving the telegraph office to devote all his time to be an inventor. He went/was going to invent the electric light bulb, the photograph and the movie camera.

2. Choose the suitable adverb.

1. Everyone was talking but stopped (then/the moment) Mr Smith entered the room.

2. I lived in Glasgow (until/by the time) I was fourteen.

3. (While/Once) I was chewing a piece of meat, my tooth fell out.

4. James always let me know (at the time/whenever) he was going to be late.

5. Now, Mr Star, what were you doing (between/by) ten and ten thirty last night?

6. It wasn't (until/up to) last year that they could afford to buy a car.

7. I was sitting at my report (by 5p.m./at 5p.m.).

8. (When/While) I got to the cinema Jack was waiting for me.

9. He was drinking quite a lot (these days/those days). 10. (When/During) I was shopping I met Max, my sister's

boy-friend.

3. Open the brackets putting the verbs in the Past Simple or the Past Continuous tense-forms.

1. When the door-bell (ring) he (stand) up and (go) to the door.

2. It (rain) hard this morning when I (wake up).

3. While I (have) breakfast this morning, my sister (phone) from Mexico.

4. When I (see) his face, I (realize) my mistake.

5. I (take) my umbrella because it (rain).

6. Yesterday morning he (wake up) late and (miss) his breakfast.

7. When he (work) in the garden he (hurt) his knee.

8. Linda (wait) for the bus when I (see) her.

9. I (look) out of the window and (see) that it (snow) hard. 10. When the parents (come) from the theatre yesterday

evening, the children (sleep). 1. When the guests (arrive) Mrs Black still (cook) dinner.

12. Tom (not/want) to lend us the money at first but then he (agree).

13. The illness (get) worse and worse. In the end he (go) into hospital for an operation.

14. I (walk) along the road yesterday when I (meet) an old friend. She (go) to the post-office.

15. We (see) an accident when we (wait) for the bus.

16. Where you (go) at this time yesterday?

17. I (go) to sleep at 3 o'clock this morning and (wake) up an hour later at 4 o'clock.

18. He (give) up his job as a journalist and (become) a teacher.

19. While we (be) on holiday, we (spend) most of our time swimming and sailing.

20. When my car (break) down 1 (phone) a garage.

21. When I (shave) I (cut) myself.

22. Ann (show) me a photograph and then (go) to the kitchen for some drinks.

23. Sally (lie) in bed when her mother (enter) the room.

24. This (use) to be a station and all the London trains (stop) here. But two years ago they (close) the station and (give) us a bus service instead.

25. I (go) to Jack's house but (not/find) him in. His mother (say) that she (not/know) what he (do) but (think) he probably (play) football.

26. We (cycle) along the road when we (see) a huge lorry.

27. «What you (do) between 9.00 and 10.00 yesterday?» (ask) the detective. – «I (clean) my house», said Mrs Jones. «I always clean my house on Saturday mornings.»

28. Although he (agree) with me on most points, there (remain) one on which he was unwilling to yield.

29. We (arrive) as they (leave).

30. She (weep) bitterly while she (tell) her story.

31. As Mary (get) out of the boat her foot (slip) and she (fall) into the water.

32. While I (wait) for the bus I (notice) a group of tourists who (listen) intently to a guide.

33. I (try) to explain the situation to my parents, but they just (not/understand) what I (talk) about.

34. She (injure) her ankle while she (jog) in the park. 35.1 (feel) rather worried. It (get) darker and colder, but there

(be) still no sign of the rescue helicopter.

36. How often you (visit) your cousins when you (he) in the States last year?

37. John's children (use) to be well-behaved but now they are quite naughty.

38. While I (row) across the lake I (lose) one oar.

39. At school I (dislike) the maths teacher because he always (pick) on me.

40. Nobody (watch), so the little boy (take) a packet of sweets from the shelf and (put) it in his pocket.

41. The plane (crash) into a bridge because it (fly) too low.

42. While I (try) to get my car started, a passing car (stop) and the driver (offer) to help me.

43. Last fall I (drive) along a free way when I (run) out of gas. Luckily a truck (stop) and (give) me a lift.

44. When they (walk) through the countryside one day they (come) across a ruined mansion.

45. While we (clean) the attic, we (come) across our grandmother's old school books.

46. The driver (fall) asleep as he (drive) along.

47. I (not/understand) what (goon). Several people (shout) at me and one (wave) a newspaper in front of my face.

48. The article (say) that crime (grow) at a rapid rate, especially in urban areas.

49. At six o'clock this morning I (have) a wonderful dream, but then the alarm (go) off.

50. Laura (not/wear) her glasses at that time, so she (not/ notice) what kind of car the man (drive).

51. We (not/go) to the skating rink, because it (freeze) hard.

52. While I (have) a shower someone (knock) at the door.

53. She said she (get) more forgetful as she (grow) older.

54. The only thing I disliked about him when we (study) at college was that he always (borrow) my things without asking.

55. While we (get) on the train, we (see) a robbery take place.'

56. While the boys (skate) they (slip) on the thin ice and (fall) into the water.

57. The sun (shine) so brightly that Maria (have) to put on her sunglasses.

58. Bobby always (make) up excuses for being late when he studied at school.

1.3. THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) TENSE-FORMS

FORMATION

The Present Perfect tense is formed with the help of the auxiliary have/has and the Past Participle of the main verb.

Table 6

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I

you

have

worked

come

1

you

have not

worked

come

have

I

you

worked ?

come?

he

she

it

has

he

she

it

has not

has

he

she

it

we

you

they

have

we

you

they

have not

have

we

you

they

Contractions:

've = have

's = has

haven't = have not hasn't = has not

USAGE

The Present Perfect tense denotes:

1. Completed past actions connected in their result with the present either because of the actual evidence of the result or its importance for the present. The recent completion of an action is often expressed by the adverbials 'recently, lately, already''in affirmative sentences and the adverbial 'yet'in questions and negatives.