Текст книги "The Book of Lost Tales, Part One"

Автор книги: John Ronald Reuel Tolkien

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Other elements in the story of the battle that survived—the steadfastness of the folk of Ъrin (Hъrin), the escape of Turgon—already existed at this time in a tale that had been written (that of Tъrin).

The geographical indications are slight, and there is no map of the Great Lands for the earliest period of the legends; in any case these questions are best left until the tales that take place in those lands. The Vale (or Valley) of the Fountains, afterwards the Valley (or Vale) of Weeping Waters, is in D explicitly equated with Gorfalong, which in the earlier outlines is given as Gorfalon, and seems to be distinct; but in any case neither these, nor ‘the Tumbled Lands’, can be brought into relation with any places or names in the later geography—unless (especially since in D Turgon is said to have fled ‘south down Sirion’) it may be supposed that something like the later picture of the Pass of Sirion was already in being, and that the Vale of the Fountains, or of Weeping Waters, was a name for it.

NOTES

1 Above Turuhalmл are written Duruchalm (struck out) and Halmadhurwion.

2 This paragraph is marked with queries.

3 The word may be read equally well as ‘dim’ or ‘dun’.

4 The original reading here was: ‘and few of his folk went with him, and this Tы forbade to his folk, fearing the wrath of Ilъvatar and Manwл yet did’ (sc. curiosity overcome Nuin, etc.).

5 Earlier in the Tales, ‘the Lost Elves’ are those who were lost from the great journey and wandered in Hisilуmл (see p. 118).

6 In the tale the ‘fairies’ of Tы’s dominion (i.e. the Dark Elves) are given the name Hisildi, the twilight people; in outlines A and B, in addition to Hisildi, other names are given: Humarni, Kaliondi, Lуmлarni.

7 Cf. also Sador’s words to Tъrin in his boyhood (Unfinished Tales p. 61): ‘A darkness lies behind us, and out of it few tales have come. The fathers of our fathers may have had things to tell, but they did not tell them. Even their names are forgotten. The Mountains stand between us and the life that they came from, flying from no man now knows what.’

8 Cf. The Silmarillion p. 104: ‘It is told that ere long they met Dark Elves in many places, and were befriended by them; and Men became the companions and disciples in their childhood of these ancient folk, wanderers of the Elven-race who never set out upon the paths to Valinor, and knew of the Valar only as a rumour and a distant name.’

9 Above Ermon is written, to all appearance, the Old English word Жsc (‘ash’). It seems conceivable that this is an anglicizing of Old Norse Askr (‘ash’), in the northern mythology the name of the first man, who with the first woman (Embla) were made by the Gods out of two trees that they found on the seashore (Vцluspб strophe 17; Snorra Edda, Gylfaginning §8).

10 The text has here the bracketed word ‘(Gongs)’. This might be thought to be a name for the Kaukareldar or ‘false-fairies’, but in the Gnomish word-list Gong is defined as ‘one of a tribe of the Orcs, a goblin’.

11 The cutting out of Nуlemл’s heart by the Orcs, and its recapture by Turgon his son, is referred to in an isolated early note, which says also that Turgon encased it in gold; and the emblem of the King’s Folk in Gondolin, the Scarlet Heart, is mentioned in the tale of The Fall of Gondolin.

12 Cf. p. 167: ‘Turondo son of Nуlemл was not yet upon the Earth.’ Turgon was the Gnomish name of Turondo (p. 115). In the later story Turgon was a leader of the Noldor from Valinor.

13 After the story was changed, and the founding of Gondolin was placed far earlier, the concluding part of The Silmarillion was never brought into harmony; and this was a main source of difficulty in the preparation of the pub1lished work.

APPENDIX

NAMES IN THE LOST TALES -PART I

There exist two small books, contemporary with the Lost Tales, which contain the first ‘lexicons’ of the Elvish languages; and both of them are very difficult documents.

One is concerned with the language called, in the book, Qenya, and I shall refer to this book as ‘QL’ (Qenya Lexicon). A good proportion of the entries in the first half of the alphabet were made at one time, when the work was first begun; these were very carefully written, though the pencil is now faint. Among these original entries is this group:

Lemin ‘five’

Lempe ‘ten’Leminkainen ‘23’ The choice of ‘23’ suggests that this was my father’s age at the time, and that the book was begun therefore in 1915. This is supported by some of the statements made in the first layer of entries about certain figures of the mythology, statements that are at odds with everything that is said elsewhere, and which give glimpses of a stage even earlier than the Lost Tales.

The book naturally continued in use, and many entries (virtually all of those in the second part of the alphabet) are later than this first layer, though nothing more definite can be said than that all entries belong to the period of (or not long preceding) the Lost Tales.

The words in QL are arranged according to ‘roots’, and a note at the beginning states:

Roots are in capitals, and are not words in use at all, but serve as an elucidation of the words grouped together and a connection between them.

There is a good deal of uncertainty, expressed by queries, in the formulation of the roots, and in the ascription of words to one root or another, as my father moved among different etymological ideas; and in some cases it seems clear that the word was ‘there’, so to speak, but its etymology remained to be certainly defined, and not vice versa. The roots themselves are often difficult to represent, since certain consonants carry diacritic marks that are not defined. The notes on names that follow inevitably give a slightly more positive impression than does the book itself.

The other book is a dictionary of the Gnomish language, Goldogrin, and I shall refer to this as ‘GL’ (Goldogrin, or Gnomish, Lexicon). This is not arranged historically, by roots (though occasionally roots are given), but rather, in plan at least, as a conventional dictionary; and it contains a remarkable number of words. The book is entitled i·Lam na·Ngoldathon (i.e. ‘the tongue of the Gnomes’): Goldogrin, with a date: 1917. Written beneath the title is Eriol Sarothron (i.e. ‘Eriol the Voyager’), who else is called Angol but in his own folk Ottor W fre (see p. 23).*

The great difficulty in this case is the intensity with which my father used this diminutive b1ook, emending, rejecting, adding, in layer upon layer, so that in places it has become very hard to interpret. Moreover later changes to the forms in one entry were not necessarily made in related entries; thus the stages of a rapidly expanding linguistic conception are very confused in their representation. These little books were working materials, by no means the setting-out of finished ideas (it is indeed quite clear that GL in particular closely accompanied the actual composition of the Tales). Further, the languages changed even while the first ‘layer’ was being entered in GL; for example, the word mф ‘sheep’ was changed later to moth, but later in the dictionary uimoth ‘sheep of the waves’ was the form first written.

It is immediately obvious that an already extremely sophisticated and phonetically intricate historical structure lies behind the languages at this stage; but it seems that (unhappily and frustratingly) very little indeed in the way of phonological or grammatical description now survives from those days. I have found nothing, for instance, that sets out even in the sketchiest way the phonological relations between the two languages. Some early phonological description does exist for Qenya, but this became through later alterations and substitutions such a baffling muddle (while the material is in any case intrinsically extremely complex) that I have been unable to make use of it.

To attempt to use later materials for the elucidation of the linguistic ideas of the earliest period would in this book be quite impractical. But the perusal of these two vocabularies shows in the clearest possible way how deeply involved were the developments in the mythology and in the languages, and it would be seriously misleading to publish the Lost Tales without some attempt to show the etymological connections of the names that appear in them. I give therefore as much information, derived from these books, as is possible, but without any speculation beyond them. It is evident, for instance, that a prime element in the etymological constructions was slight variation in ancient ‘roots’ (caused especially by differences in the formation of consonants) that in the course of ages yielded very complex semantic situations; or again, that an old vocalic ‘ablaut’ (variation, in length or quality, of vowels in series) was present; but I have thought it best merely to try to present the content of the dictionaries as clearly as I can.

It is noteworthy that my father introduced a kind of ‘historical punning’ here and there: so for instance the root SAHA ‘be hot’ yields (beside saiwa ‘hot’ or sбra ‘fiery’) Sahуra ‘the South’, and from NENE ‘flow’ come nen ‘river’, nйnu ‘yellow water-lily’, and nйnuvar ‘pool of lilies’—cf. nenuphar ‘water-lily’, modern French nйnufar. There are also several resemblances to early English that are obviously not fortuitous, as hфr ‘old’, HERE ‘rule’, rыm ‘secret (whisper)’.

It will be seen that a great many elements in the later languages, Quenya and Sindarin, as they are known from the published works, go back to the beginning; the languages, like the legends, were a continuous evolution, expansion, and refinement. But the historical status and relationship of the two languages as they were conceived at this time was radically changed later on: see p. 51.

The arrangement of the material has proved difficult, and indeed without a better understanding of relationships and their shifting formulations co1uld scarcely be made satisfactory. The system I have adopted is to give etymologically-connected groups of words, in both Qenya and Gnomish, under an important name that contains one of them; to this entry other occurrences of a word in the group are referred (e.g. glor– in Glorvent, Brбglorin is referred to the entry Laurelin, where the etymological associations of Qenya laurл ‘gold’ are given).* Every name in the Lost Tales of this volume is given—that is, if any contemporary etymological information is to be found concerning it: any name not found in the following list is either quite opaque to me, or at least cannot be identified with any certainty. Rejected names are also included, on the same basis, but are given under the names that replaced them (e.g. Dor Uswen under Dor Faidwen).

The list of secondary names of the Valar which is written out on blank facing pages in the tale of The Coming of the Valar (see p. 93) is referred to as ‘the Valar name-list’. The sign < is used only where it is used in the Gnomish dictionary, as alfa < alchwa, meaning that the one was historically derived from the other: it is not used in this Appendix to refer to alterations made by my father in the dictionaries themselves.

Ainur Among the original entries in QL are ainu ‘a pagan god’ and aini ‘a pagan goddess’, together with бye ‘hail!’ and Ainatar ‘Ilъvatar, God’. (Of course no one within the context of the mythology can call the Ainur ‘pagan’.) GL has Ain: ‘also with distinctive masc. and fem. forms Ainos and Ainil, a God, i.e. one of the Great Valar’.

Alalminуrл See Aldaron, Valinor. In QL Alalminуrл is glossed ‘Land of Elms, one of the provinces of Inwinуrл in which is situated Kortirion (Warwickshire)’ i.e. Alalminуrл="Warwickshire" (see p. 25). Gnornish words are laln or larm, also lalmir, ‘elm’.

Aldaron In QL is a root ALA ‘spread’, with derivatives alda ‘tree’, aldлa ‘tree-shadowed’, aldлon ‘avenue of trees’, and alalmл ‘elm’ (see Alalminуrл). In GL this name of Oromл appears as Aldor and Ormaldor (Oromл is Orma in Gnomish); ald ‘wood (material)’, later altered to вl.

Alqaluntл QL alqa ‘swan’ GL alcwi, with the corresponding word in Qenya here given as alqл, alcwi changed later to alfa < alchwa.

QL luntл ‘ship’ from root LUTU, with other derivatives lъto ‘flood’ and verb lutta-, lutu– ‘flow, float’ (cf. Ilsaluntл). GL has correspondingly lunta ‘ship’, lud– ‘flow, stream, float’.

Aluin See Lъmin.

Amillo This appears in QL but with no indication of meaning; A million is Amillo’s month, February (one of the most ‘primitive’ entries).

Angaino Together with angayassл ‘misery’, angaitya ‘torment’, Angaino is given in QL separately from the ‘iron’ words (see Angamandi) and was first defined as ‘a giant’, emended to ‘the great chain’. In GL Melko has a name Angainos, with a note: ‘Do not confuse Gnomish Angainos with Qenya Angaino (Gnomish Gainu), the great chain of tilkal.’ Under Ga1inu there is a later note: ‘popularly connected with ang “iron” but really = “tormentor”.’

Angamandi QL has anga ‘iron’ (which is the a of tilkal, p. 100), angaina ‘of iron’, Angaron(ti) ‘Mountains of Iron’, and Angamandu or Eremandu ‘Hells of Iron’ (added later: ‘or Angamandi, plural’). The Gnomish forms are ang ‘iron’ (as in Angol, see under Eriol), angrin ‘of iron’, Angband—which, strangely, is said in GL to be ‘Melko’s great fortress after the battle of Countless Lamentation down to the battle of the Twilit Pool’ (when Tulkas finally overthrew Melko). See Mandos.

Angol See Eriol.

Arvalin See Eruman.

Aryador This is said (p. 119) to be the name among Men of Hisilуmл but according to GL it was a word of Ilkorin origin, meaning ‘land or place of shadow’ QL Arлandor, Arлanor ‘name of a mountainous district, the abode of the Shadow Folk’ (see p. 237). See Eruman.

Asgon GL has Asgon ‘name of a lake in Dor Lуmin (Hisilуmл), Q. Aksanda’ QL has aksa ‘waterfall’, of which the Gnomish equivalent is given as acha of the same meaning. (No light is cast on the later name Mithrim in the dictionaries.)

Aulл A word aulл ‘shaggy’ is given in QL as a derivative from a root owo (whence also oa ‘wool’, uл ‘fleece’), but without any indication that this is to be connected with the name of the Vala. The Gnomish form of his name is уla, changed to уli, without further information. In the Valar name-list Aulл is called also Tamar or Tamildo. These are given in QL without translation under root TAMA ‘smelt, forge’, with tambл ‘copper’ (the t of tilkal, p. 100), tambina ‘of copper’, tamin ‘forge’ Gnomish words are tam ‘copper’, tambin ‘of copper’, tambos ‘cauldron’. For other names of Aulл see Talka Marda.

Aulenossл For nossл ‘kin, people’ see Valinor.

Aur Gnomish name of the Sun; see Ыr.

Balrog GL defines Balrog as ‘a kind of fire-demon; creatures and servants of Melko’. With the article the form is i’Malrog, plural i’Malraugin. Separate entries give bal ‘anguish’ (original initial consonant mb-), balc ‘cruel’ and graug ‘demon’. Qenya forms are mentioned: araukл and Malkaraukл. In QL Malkaraukл with other words such as malkanл ‘torture’ are given under a root MALA (MBALA) ‘(crush), hurt, damage’, but the relation of this to MALA ‘crush, squeeze’ (see Olуrл Mallл) was apparently not decided. There are also Valkaraukл and Valkanл ‘torture’, but again the relationship is left obscure.

Brбglorin Defined in the text (p. 187) as ‘the bl1azing vessel’, but translated in GL as ‘Golden Wain, a name of the Sun’, with a note: ‘also in analytical form i·Vreda ‘Loriol’ brada ‘waggon, wain’. For-glorin see Laurelin.

Bronweg GL has Bronweg ‘(the constant one), name of a famous Gnome’, with related words as brod, bronn ‘steadfast’, bronweth ‘constancy’. In QL Voronwл (see p. 48) ‘the faithful’ is derived from the root VORO, with vor, voro ‘ever’, voronda ‘faithful’, vorima ‘everlasting’, etc. Cf. Vorotemnar.

The common ending -weg is not given in GL, but cf. gweg ‘man’, plural gwaith.

Cьm a Gumlaith ‘The Mound of the First Sorrow’, tomb of Bruithwir, p. 149. GL cыm ‘mound, especially burial-mound’ (also cum– ‘lie’, cumli ‘couch’); gumlaith ‘weariness of spirit, grief’ (blaith ‘spirit’).

Cыm a Thegranaithos See preceding entry. GL thegra ‘first, foremost’, thegor ‘chief’ naitha– ‘lament, weep, wail for’, naithol ‘miserable’.

Danuin GL has dana ‘day (24 hours)’, with reference to Qenya sana (not in QL); Dana was an earlier reading for Danuin (p. 222). The same element appears in Lomendбnar ‘Days of Gloaming’.

Dor Faidwen Gnomish dфr (< ndor-) ‘(inhabited) land, country, people of the land’ see Valinor.

Dor Faidwen is translated in the text ‘Land of Release’ (p. 13); GL has faidwen ‘freedom’ and many related words, as fair ‘free’, faith ‘liberty’, etc. In QL under root FAYA appear faire ‘free’, fairiл ‘freedom’, fainu– ‘release’.

Dor Faidwen was the final Gnomish name of Tol Eressлa after many changes (p. 21), but little light can be cast on the earlier forms. Gar in Gar Eglos is a Gnomish word meaning ‘place, district’. Dor Us(g)wen: GL gives the stem us– ‘leave, depart’ (also uthwen ‘way out, exit’), and QL under root USU ‘escape’ has uswл ‘issue, escape’ and usin ‘he escapes’.

Dor Lуmin See Valinor, Hisilуmл.

Eдrendel In an annotated list of names accompanying The Fall of Gondolin there is a suggestion, attributed to Littleheart son of Voronwл, that Eдrendel had ‘some kinship to the Elfin ea and earen “eagle” and “eyrie”’, and in QL these words (both given the meaning ‘eagle’) are placed with Eдrendel, though not explicitly connected. In the tale itself it is said that ‘there are many interpretations both among Elves and Men’ of the name Eдrendel, with a suggestion that it was a word of ‘some secret tongue’ spoken by the people of Gondolin.

GL has an entry: Ioringli ‘true Gnomish form of Eдrendel’s name, though the Eldar-form has been also adopted and often is met in transition state as Iarendel, Iorendel’ (on the di1stinction between ‘Gnomish’ and ‘Eldar’ see p. 50). Gnomish words for ‘eagle’ are ior, ioroth.

In QL is an entry Eдrendilyon ‘son of Eдrendel (used of any mariner)’ cf. p. 13.

Eldamar For the first element see Eldar.—In QL the following words are given in a group: mar (mas-) ‘dwelling of men, the Earth, -land’, mardo ‘dweller’, masto ‘village’, and -mas equivalent to English -ton, -by in place-names (cf. Mar Vanwa Tyaliйva; Koromas; i·Talka Marda ‘Smith of the World’, Aulл). In GL are bar ‘home’ (< mbar-), and derivatives, as baros ‘hamlet’, also -bar as suffix ‘dweller’, or ‘home, -ham’.

The Gnomish equivalent of Eldamar was Eglobar (Gnomish Egla = Qenya Elda): ‘Eglobar “Elfinesse” = Q. Eldamar, i.e. Elfhome; the land on the edge of Valinor where the fairies dwelt and built Cфr. Also in forms Eglabar, Eglamar, Eglomar.’ In QL Eldamar is said, in a very early entry, to be ‘the rocky beach in western Inwinуrл (Faлry)’ ‘upon this rock was the white town built called Kфr’.

Eldar In QL Elda is given separately, without etymological connections, and defined as ‘a beach-fay or Solosimpл (shore-piper)’. This is a glimpse of an earlier conception than that found in the Lost Tales: the Eldar were originally the Sea-elves. GL has the entry Egla ‘“a being from outside”, name of the fairies given by the Valar and largely adopted by them, ="Q." Elda’ (see p. 235); also eg, кg ‘far away, distant’. The association of Eldar with the stars does not go back to the beginning.

Erinti She appears in QL in an isolated, early entry (afterwards struck through). Nothing is ever told of Erinti in the Lost Tales, but in this note she is called the Vala of love, music, and beauty, also named Lotessл and Akairis (‘bride’), sister of Noldorin and Amillo. These three alone (i.e. of the Valar) have left Valinor, and dwell in Inwenуrл (Tol Eressлa); she herself dwells in Alalminуrл in a korin of elms guarded by the fairies. The second half of the month of avestalis (January) is called Erintion.

There is no trace of this elsewhere; but clearly, when Erinti became the daughter of Manwл and Varda her dwelling in Alalminуrл was taken over by Meril-i-Turinqi, the Lady of Tol Eressлa.

In the Valar name-list Erinti is called also Kalainis; this word appears in QL with the meaning ‘May’, one of many derivatives from the root KALA (see Galmir).

Eriol In The Cottage of Lost Play (p. 14) Eriol is translated ‘One who dreams alone’. In QL the elements of this interpretation are given under the roots ERE ‘remain alone’ (see Tol Eressлa) and LORO ‘slumber’ (see Lуrien). In GL appears the note cited on p. 24 that Gnomish Angol and Qenya Eriollo were the names of the region ‘between the seas’ whence Eriol came (="Angeln" in the Danish peninsula); and in an isolated note elsewhere Angol is derived from ang ‘iron’ and фl ‘cliff’, while Eriol is said to mean the same—‘this being the name of the fairies for the parts [sic] of his home (ironcliffs)’. Meril refers to ‘the 1black coasts of your home’ (p. 96). In this note the interpretation ‘One who dreams alone’ is said to be a pun on Lindo’s part.

For ang ‘iron’ see Angamandi. GL has ol, уla ‘cliff, seaward precipice’, with Qenya forms ollo, old . ere(n) ‘iron or steel’ is given in QL, and this element appears also in the alternative name Eremandu for Angamandu, ‘Hells of Iron’.

Eruman The names of this region are as difficult as the original conception of the region itself (see p. 91 ff.). The form Erumбni (which occurs in the Tales as well as Eruman) appears in QL under ERE ‘out’ (cf. Neni Erъmлar) without further information. GL has a long entry under Edhofon, which="Q." Erumбni: it is a ‘dark land outside Valinor and to the south of the Bay of Faлry, that ran right up to the bases of the western side of the Mountains of Valinor; its farthest northern point touched upon the roots of Taniquetil, hence Edhofon < Eрusm n -, i.e. beyond the abode of the Mбnir. Hence also the Q. title Afalinan or Arvalion, i.e. nigh Valinor.’ The implication of this seems to be that Taniquetil was ‘the abode of the Mбnir’, as is comprehensible, since the Mбnir were particularly associated with Manwл (the Gnomish words mуna, mуni are defined as ‘spirits of the air, children of Manwл’), and therefore Eruman was beyond (south of) their abode. See Mбnir.

GL also states that Edhofon was called Garioth; and Garioth is ‘the true Gnome form’ of the name Aryador (a word of Ilkorin origin) ‘land of shadow’, though applied not to Hisilуmл but to Edhofon / Eruman.

According to QL Harwalin ‘near the Valar’ contains har(e) ‘near’ the entries in GL are too confusing to cite, for the forms of Harwalin / Arvalin were changed over and over again. A late entry in GL gives a prefix ar– ‘beside, along with’. For Habbanan see Valar.

Falassл Nъmлa Translated in the text (p. 124) as ‘Western Surf’ see Falman, Nъmл.

Falman In QL the root FALA has derivatives falma ‘foam’, falmar ‘wave as it breaks’, falas(s) ‘shore, beach’, Falman="Ossл" cf. Falassл Nъmea, Falmarнni. GL has falm ‘breaker, wave’, falos ‘sea-marge, surf’, Falmon or Falathron ‘names of Otha [Ossл], ="Q." Falman and Falassar’.

Falmarнni See Falman.

Fanturi In QL fantur, without translation but with reference to Lуrien and Mandos, is given under root FANA, with several derivatives all referring to visions, dreams, falling asleep. In GL (a late entry) the form is Fanthor, plural i·Fanthaurin ‘the name of each of the two brothers, of sleep, of death’.

Fanuin GL has fann ‘a year’. For the rejected names Lathos, Lathweg (p. 222) see Gonlath.

Faskala-nъmen, Faskalan Translated in the text (p. 187) as ‘Bath of the Setting Sun’. GL has fas– ‘wash’, fasc ‘clean’, fasca– ‘splash, sprinkle’, fфs ‘bath’. For—nъmen see Nъmл.

Fлanor The only evidence for the meaning of this name is given under Fionwл-Ъrion.

Fingolma See Nуlemл.

Finwл As a proper name this is not in the dictionaries, but GL gives a common noun finweg ‘craftsman, man of skill’ (with fim ‘clever; right hand’ and other related words); for -weg see Bronweg. In QL derivatives of root FINI are finwa ‘sagacious’, finiл, findл ‘cunning’. See Nуlemл.

Fionwл-ъrionFion ‘son’ is given separately in QL (a hurried later addition), with the note ‘especially Fion(wл) the Vala’. In Gnomish he is ‘Auros Fionweg, or Fionaur Fionor’. In a later entry in GL ‘Fionaur (Fionor)="Q." Fлanor (goblet-smith)’, and among the original entries is fion ‘bowl, goblet’. There is no indication that this refers to Fлanor the Gnome.

For the second element (Ъrion, Auros) see Ыr. In the Valar namelist Fionwл is called Kalmo; see Galmir.

Fui In QL are hui ‘fog, dark, murk, night’ and huiva ‘murky’, and also ‘Fui (=hui) wife of Vк’. In Gnomish she is Fuil ‘Queen of the Dark’, and related words are fui ‘night’, fuin ‘secret, dark’.

fumellar The ‘flowers of sleep’ (poppies) in Lуrien’s gardens (p. 74). QL under root FUMU ‘sleep’ has fъmл ‘sleep’ (noun), fъmella, fъmellot ‘poppy’.

Galmir Translated in the text (p. 187) as ‘the goldgleamer’ (a name of the Sun). This is a derivative of Gnomish gal– ‘shine’, which in Qenya is KALA ‘shine golden’, and of which a great many derivatives are given in QL, as kala– ‘shine’, kбlл ‘morning’, kalma ‘daylight’, Kalainis ‘May’ (see Erinti), kalwa ‘beautiful’, etc. Cf. Kalormл, Kalaventл, and i·kal’ antъlien ‘Light bath returned’ (p. 184).

Gar Lossion Translated in the text (p. 16) as ‘Place of Flowers’ (Gnomish name of Alalminуrл). For Gar see Dor Faidwen. GL gives lost ‘blossom’ and lфs ‘flower’, but it is noted that they are probably unconnected and that lфs is more likely to be related to lass ‘leaf’, also used to mean ‘petal’. (QL has lassл ‘leaf’, lasselanta ‘the Fall, Autumn’.) See Lindelos.

Glorvent For the element Glor– see Laurelin.—GL had Glorben(d) ‘ship of gold’, changed later to Glorvent ‘boat of gold’ benn ‘shape, cut, fashion’, benc, bent ‘small boat’. QL has the root VENE ‘shape, cut out, scoop’, with derivatives veniл, venwл ‘shape, cut’ and venл ‘small boat, vessel, dish’. Cf. the title of the ‘World-Ship’ drawing, I Vene Kemen (see p. 85), and the Sun’s name i·Kalaventл (Kalavйnл).

Golfinweg See Nуlemл, Finwл.

Gondolin QL does not give this name, but ondo ‘stone’ appears under root ONO ‘hard’. In GL Gondolin is said to="Qenya" Ondolin (changed to Ondolinda) ‘singing stone’. There is also an entry gond ‘great stone, rock’ later this was changed to gonn, and a note added that Gondolin-Gonn Dolin, together with an entry dуlin ‘song’. See Lindelos.

Gong GL gives no other information beyond that cited on p. 245, note 10, but compares sithagong ‘dragonfly’ (sitha ‘fly’, Sithaloth or Sithaloctha (‘fly-cluster’), the Pleiades).

Gonlath This is the name of the great rock on Taniquetil to which Fanuin’s cable was tied (p. 219); the second element must therefore be Gnomish lath ‘a year’, which appears also in the rejected names for Fanuin, Lathos and Lathweg (p. 222). For Gon– see Gondolin.

Gwerlum This is given in GL with the translation ‘Gloomweaver’ gwer– ‘wind, turn, bend’, but also used in the sense of the root gwidh– ‘plait, weave’. QL has a root GWERE ‘whirl, twirl, twist’, but the name Wirilуmл of the great Spider is placed under the root GWIDI, whence also windelл ‘loom’, winda ‘woof’, wistл ‘weft’. The name of the great eddy Wiruin (p. 167), not in the dictionaries, must belong here. For the element– lуmл, -lum see Hisilуmл.

Haloisi Velikл (On the ‘World-Ship’ drawing, p. 84.) In QL haloisi ‘the sea (in storm)’ is given under a root HALA, with other derivatives haloitл ‘leaping’, halta– ‘to leap’.

To Qenya velikл ‘great’ corresponds Gnomish beleg ‘mighty, great’ (as in Beleg the Bowman in the tale of Tъrin).

Helkar QL under root HELE has helkл ‘ice’, helka ‘ice-cold’, hilkin ‘it freezes’, halkin ‘frozen’. GL has helc, heleg ‘ice’, hel– ‘freeze’, heloth ‘frost’, etc., and helcor ‘arctic cold, utter frost’ this last was changed to read helchor ‘antarctic cold, utter frost of the South (the pillar of the Southern Lamp). Q. Helkar.’

Helkaraksл See Helkar; Helkaraksл is not in either dictionary and the second element is obscure, unless it is to be connected with Q. aksa ‘waterfall’ (see Asgon).

Heskil The root HESE ‘winter’ in QL has derivatives Heskil ‘winter one’, Hesin ‘winter’, hessa ‘dead, withered’, hesta– ‘wither’. In GL are Hess ‘winter, especially as name of Fuil’, and hesc ‘withered, dead; chill’. For another name of Fui Nienna see Vailimo.

Hisildi See Hisilуmл.

1 Hisilуmл Under the root HISI QL gives hнsл, histл, ‘dusk’, Hisinan ‘Land of Twilight’. For the translation of Hisilуmл as ‘Shadowy Twilights’ see p. 112.

The root LOMO has many derivatives, as lуmл ‘dusk, gloom, darkness’, lуmлar ‘child of gloom’ (cf. Lуmлarni), lуmin ‘shade, shadow’, lomir ‘I hide’, lomba ‘secret’. Cf. Wirilуmл. Gnomish words are lфm ‘gloom, shade’, lуmin ‘shadowy, gloomy’ and noun ‘gloom’: so Dor Lуmin. The same element occurs in Lomendбnar ‘Days of Gloaming’.

Ilinsor A late entry in GL gives Glinthos="Qenya" Ilinsor, Helmsman of the Moon. The first element is probably glint ‘crystal’. Ilinsor does not appear in QL.

Ilkorin A negative prefix il– is given in both dictionaries; in GL it is said that il– ‘denotes the opposite, the reversal, i.e. more than the mere negation’. See Kфr.

Ilsaluntл (Name of the Moon.) Ilsa is given in QL as ‘the mystic name of silver, as laurл of gold’ it is the i of tilkal, p. 100. For luntл ‘ship’ see Alqaluntл. The Gnomish name is Gilthalont; giltha ‘white metal’ is said to be properly the same as celeb ‘silver’ (Q. telpл), but now including gais ‘steel’, ladog ‘tin’, etc., as opposed to culu ‘gold’ and culu is said to be a poetic word for ‘gold’ but ‘also used mythically as a class name of all red and vellow metals, as giltha of white and grey’. See Telimpл.

Ilterendi In the text the fetters are called Ilterendi ‘for they might not be filed or cleft’ (p. 101); but root TERE in QL has derivatives with a sense of ‘boring’ (tereva ‘piercing’, teret ‘auger, gimlet’).

Ilъvatar There can be no doubt that the original meaning of Ilъvatar was ‘Sky-father’ (in QL is found atar ‘father’); see Ilwл.

Ilverin Elvish name of Littleheart son of Bronweg. The rejected name Elwenildo (p. 52) contains the word elwen ‘heart’ given in QL; GL gives the word ilf ‘heart (especially used of feelings)’, and several names (Ilfin(g), Ilfiniol, Ilfrith) corresponding to Qenya Ilwerin.