Текст книги "Кто мы?"

50 Herbert C. Kelman, "The Role of Social Identity in Conflict Resolution: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian Problem-Solving Workshops", paper presented at the Third Biennial Rutgers Symposium on Self and Social Identity: Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Resolution (April 1999), p. 1.

51 George W. Pierson, The Moving American(New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 5; Jason Schacter, «Geographical Mobility: Population Characteristics», Current Population Reports(U. S. Census Bureau, p. 20-538, 2001), p. 1.; Stephen Vincent Benйt, Western Star(New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1943), p.3.

52 Alexander Mackey quoted in John Higham, "Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History", The Journal of American History,61 (June 1974), p. 17; Gabriel

581

A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations(Boston: Little,

Brown, 1965), p. 64.

53 Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section: Selected Essays(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 37; Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 290, n. 3; Lord Dunmore quoted in Pierson, Moving America,p. 51. See generally Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978).

54 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America(New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 18.

55 Russell Bourne, The Red King's Rebellion: Racial Politics in New England, 1675-1678(New York: Atheneum, 1990), p. 23-26; James D. Drake, King Philip's War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), p. 36-37.

56 Alan Taylor, "In a Strange Way", New Republic,13 April 1998, p. 39-40; Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity(New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 240; Eric B. Schultz and Michael J. Tougias, King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict(Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 1999), p. 4-5.

57 Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860(Middletown, СТ: Wesleyan University Press, 1973), p. 79; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America(New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 352. За этими словами Токвилля следует неожиданно эмоциональное и живописное описание выселения племени чокто, которое автор наблюдал в Мемфисе в 1831 году.

58 James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978), p. 288-300; Peter H. Schuck and Rogers M. Smith, Citizenship Without Consent: Illegal Aliens in the American Polity(New Haven: Yale University

582

Press, 1985), p. 63ff; Chief Justice John Marshall, The Cherokee Nation vs. The State of Georgia,30 U.S. 1 (1831).

59 Edmund Randolph, History of Virginia(Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970), p. 253; Thomas Jefferson, «The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson», in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson(New York: Modern Library, 1944) p. 51; John Patrick Doggins, On Hallowed Ground: Abraham Lincoln and the Foundations of American History(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 175-76.

60 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 134.

61 Lind, Next American Nation,p. 43, 68; Smith, «The American Creed' and American Identity», p. 233, 235; Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny;Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimension of American Overseas Colonial Policy(Westport, СТ: Greenwood Press, 1997).

62 David Heer, Immigration in America's Future: Social Science Findings and the Policy Debate(Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), p. 37.

63 Justice Stephen J. Field, Chae Chang Ping v United States,130 U. S. 581 (1889); Smith, «'American Creed' and American Identity», p. 244.

64 Philip Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization", in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups(Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 46.

65 Immigration Restriction League, quoted in Madlwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 222.

66 William S. Bernard, "Immigration: History of U.S. Policy", in Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups,p. 493.

67 Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization", p. 47.

68 Alden T. Vaughan, "Seventeenth Century Origins of American Culture", in Stanley Coben and Lorman Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2nd ed., 1983), p. 30-2; Arthur M.

583

Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America(New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 34.

69 James A. Morone, "The Struggle for American Culture", PS: Political Science Politics,29 (September 1996), p. 428-429; John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America(New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 180.

70 Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 93ff.

71 Anthony D. Smith, National Identity(Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 150; Michael Novak, Further Reflections on Ethnicity(Middletown, PA: Jednota Press, 1977), p. 26; Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 14; who levels the same charge against Canada and Australia; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 93, quoted from Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual(New York: Morrow, 1967), p. 256.

72 Benjamin С Schwarz, "The Diversity Myth", Atlantic Monthly,275 (May 1995), p. 57-67.

73 Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 187, and Chapter 8 generally; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 154; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 72.

74 Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1955); William Lee Miller, «Religion and Political Attitudes», in James Ward Smith and A. Leland Jamison, eds., Religious Perspectives in American Culture(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 85; Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony,p. 154.

75 Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 38-66.

584

76 Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 144ff; Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood,p. 74-5; Morone, «The Struggle for American Culture», p. 426.

77 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France(Chicago: Regnery, 1955), p. 125-126 and «Speech on Moving Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies», in Ross J. S. Hoffman and Paul Levack, eds., Burke's Politics(New York: Knopf, 1949), p. 69-71.

78 Morone, "The Struggle for American Culture", p. 429; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America(New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 2, p. 32; Huntington, American Politicsp. 153; James Bryce, The American Commonwealth(London: Macmillan, 1891), 2, p. 599.

79 David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 787; Kevin P. Phillips, The Cousins' Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of Anglo-America(New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. xv and passim.

80 John C. Green et al, Religion and the Culture Wars: Dispatches from the Front(Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 1996), p. 243-44.

81 George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925(New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 6; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), p. 19.

82 Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 4; William McLoughlin, ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800-1900; An Anthology(New York: Harper Row 1968), p. 26, quoted in Bellah, Broken Covenant,p. 46.

83 George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People's Religion: American Faith in the 90"s(New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 93. For other estimates, see Cullen Murphy, «Protestantism and the Evangelicals», The Wilson Quarterly,(Autumn 1981), p. 107ff; Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925,p. 228; Boston Sunday Globe,20 February 2000, p. Al.

585

84 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America(New York: Vintage, 1954), vol. I, p. 409; Bryce, American Commonwealth,Vol. 2, p. 417-418; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma(New York: Harper, 1944); Vol. 1, p. 495, Daniel Bell, «The End of American Exceptionalism», in Nathan Glazer and Irving Kristol, eds., The American Commonwealth 1976(New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 209; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword(New York: Norton, 1996), p. 63-4.

85 Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective(New York: Norton, 1973), p. 103.

86 William Lee Miller; John Higham, "Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History", Journal of American History,61 (June 1974), p. 15; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 79-80.

87 Lipset, American Exceptionalism,p. 63-4.

88 Francis J. Grund, The Americans in Their Moral, Social and Political Relations(New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), p. 355-56.

89 Geert Hofstede, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values(Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980), p. 222; Henry van Loon, «How Cadets Stack Up», Armed Forces Journal International(March 1997), p. 18-20; Lipset, American Exceptionalism,p. 218; Charles Hampden-Turner and Alfons Trompenaars, The Seven Cultures of Capitalism(New York: Doubleday, 1993), p. 48, 57. See also Harry С Triandis, «Cross-Cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism», Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1989(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), vol. 37, p. 41-133.

90 Bellah, Broken Covenant,p. 76; John G. Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 39ff; Bill Clinton, remarks to Democratic Leadership Council, 1993 quoted in Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream,p. 18.

91 Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 1-3, 67, 72-5.

586

92 Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Characterp. 29; Michael Chevalier, Society, Manners and Politics in the United States; Letters on North America(Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967), p. 267-68.

93 Roger M. Smith, "The 'American Creed' and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States", Western Political Quarterly,41 (June 1988),p.239, citing Eric Foner, Free soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War(New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man,esp. p. 39ff.

94 Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States(New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 236; International Labor Organization Study September 1999, cited in The Daily Yomiuri, 7September 1999, p. 12; Prospect,No. 49 (February 2000), p. 7, citing Boston Review,December 1999-January 2000.

95 Daniel Yankelovich, "What's Wrong– And What's Right – With U.S. Workforce Performance", The Public Perspective,3 (May/June 1992), p. 12-14; «American Enterprise Public Opinion and Demographic Report»; Jack Citrin, et al, «Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy», International Studies Quarterly,38 (March 1994), p. 13.

96 New York Times,9 May 1999, p. WK5; Shklar, American Citizenship,p. 98.

97 Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character,p. 29; Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dreampp. 228-29; New York Times,11 February 1999, p. Al.

98 Bellah, Broken Covenant,p. 179; Wills, Under God,p. 25.

99 Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, From the Great Awakening to the Revolution(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 14, 19; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millenial Themes in American Thought,1756– 1800 (Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. xiv.

100 John Adams, letter to Hezekiah Niles, 13 February 1818, in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Selected

587

Writings of John and John Quincy Adams(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946), p. 203.

101 Bellah, Broken Covenant,p. 44-45.

102 William W. Sweet, Revivalism in America: Its Origin, Growth, and Decline(New York: Scribners, 1944),p. 159-61.

103 Alan P. Grimes, The Puritan Ethic and Woman Suffrage(New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 102.

104 Sidney Ahlstrom, "National Taruma and the Changing Religious Values", Daedalus,107 (Winter 1978), p. 19-20.

105 Al Haber, quoted in Edward J. Bacciocco, Jr., The New Left in America(Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1974), p. 228-29.

106 Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997); and for a somewhat different view, James Kurth, «The Protestant Reformation and American Foreign Policy», Orbis,(Spring 1998), p. 221-39.

107 Newsweek,8 July 2002, p. 23-25; New York Times,27 June 2002, p. Al, A21.

108 New York Times,27 June 2002, p. A21, 1 July 2002, p. A8, 1 March 2003, p. A2.

109 New York Times,29 Nov 1999, p. A14.

110 Gaines M. Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in John Bodnar, ed. Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 121-22; Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 22; Robert Middlekauff, «The Ritualization of the American Revolution», in Stanley Cohen and Lormon Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2nd ed., 1983), p. 50-53; Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 75; Michael Novak, God's Country: Taking the Declaration Seriously(Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1999 Francis Boyer Lecture, 2000), p. 12-17.

111 Quotations from Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World

588

Since 1776(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), p. 38; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 180-82; Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 214; Novak, God's Country,p. 25-26; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America(New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 316.

112 Sidney E. Mead, The Nation With the Soul of a Church(New York : Harper Row, 1975), p. 78ff.

113 Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith,p. 268.

114 Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America: 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy(New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 16-21 and passim.

115 Tocqueville, Democracy in America,vol. 1, p. 45, 316, 319; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character,(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961) p. 14,75-76.

116 James Bryce, The American Commonwealth(London: Macmillan, 1891), vol. 2, p. 278, 577, 583; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy(New York: Harper, 1962), vol. 1, p. 11; Paul Johnson, "Writing A History of the American People"(lecture, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., 13 March 1998), p. 6; Paul Johnson, «The Almost-Chosen People», The Wilson Quarterly,9 (Winter 1985), p. 85-86.

117 Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-12 December 1999, 17-19 February 2003,9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Quinnipiac University Poll, 4-9 June 2003; General Social Survey 2002,6 February-26 June 2002, National Opinion Research Center, Q0118; The National Election Studies(Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center of Political Studies, 1995-2000), V850; Jack Citrin, Ernst B. Haas, Christopher Muste, and Beth Reingold, «Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy», International Studies Quarterly,38 (March 1994), p. 13, citing 1992 National Election Study.

589

118 Quinnipiac University Poll,4-9 June 2003; Gallup Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 18-20 March 2002, 22-24 July 2002, 17-29 June 2002; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 9-10 December 2002, 3-6 October 2002, 2-4 September 2002,28-30 June 2002,21 -23 June 2002; CBS News Poll, 28 April-1 May 2003; Time/CNN/Harris Interactive Poll, 27 March 2003; Investor's Business Daily/ Christian Science Monitor Poll, 3-8 September 2002; Boston Globe,16 January 1999, p. A3 citing C. Kirk Hadaway and Penny Long Marler, «Did You Really Go to Church this Week? Behind the Poll Data», Christian Century,6 May 1998, p. 472-5, and Andrew Walsh, Religion in the News,Fall 1998; Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword,p. 278; Wall Street Journal,9 November 1990, p. A8; Economist,29 May 1999, p. 29.

119 Krister Stendhal quoted in William G. McLoughlin and Robert N. Bellah, Religion in America(Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. xv; The Gallup Organization, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999(Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 2000), p. 50-56.

120 Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States(New York: St. Martin's, 1987).

121 George Bishop, "What Americans Really Believe", Free Inquiry,9 (Summer 1999), p. 38-42.

122 Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basanez, and Alejandro Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook: Political, Religious, Sexual, and Economic Norms in 43 Societies: Findings from the 1990-1993 World Values Survey(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. V9, V20, V38, V143, V146, V147, V151, V166.V176.

123 Smith, Civic Ideals,p. 55-56, 56-57; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship,p. 66-69; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5-6, 11-54.

124 Smith, Civic Ideals,p. 57; Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), chapter 5; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in

590

American Thought, 1756-1800(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 12; Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty,p. 36-44; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship,p. 114.

125 Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty,p. 75-76, 131; Cushing Strout, The New Heavens and New Earth: Political Religion in America(New York: Harper Row, 1974), p. 71; Phillips, The Cousins' Wars,p. 91-100; McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State,p. 18; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics(New York: Simon Schuster, 1990), p. 360-362; Bloch, Visionary Republic,p. 58-59.

126 Ray Allen Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860(New York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 3-21; Theodore Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism(New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 115.

127 Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology(Garden City: Doubleday, 1955), p. 151-52,186-87; Schaff, America,p. 73. О влиянии смешанных браков на католическую общину, включая семью епископа Джона Кэрролла, см. Joseph Agonito, The Building of an American Catholic Church: The Episcopacy of John Carroll(New York: Garland, 1988), p. 171-77.

128 Heer, Immigration in America's Future,p. 35-37, 85-86; Billington, Protestant Crusade,chapters 15-16; Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America(New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965), p. 56.

129 Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century(New York: Holt, 1998), p. 17; Philip Gleason, «American Identity and Americanization», in Stephen Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups,(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 31-38.

130 Цитируется в Johnson, "The Almost-Chosen People", p. 88.

131 Edward Wakin and Joseph F. Scheuer, The De-Romanization of the American Catholic Church(New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 15-16 and passim; Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism,p. 502; Dorothy Dohen,

591

Nationalism and American Catholicism(New York: Sheed Ward, 1967), p. 71.

132 Peter Steinfels, New York Times Book Review,17 August 1997, p. 20.

133 Ronald Inglehart and Marita Carballo, "Does Latin America Exist? (And is There a Confucian Culture?): A Global Analysis of Cross-Cultural Differences", PS: Political Science Politics,30 (March 1997), p. 44; Ronald Inglehart, «The Clash of Civilizations? Empirical Evidence from 61 Societies» (Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 23-25 April 1998), p. 9-10.

134 Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism,p. 171; Schaff, America,p. 72-73; Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew,p. 100, 152-154; Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism,p. 171.

135 John Ireland, The Church and Modern Society: Lectures and Addresses(St. Paul: Pioneer Press, 1905), p. 58, quoted in Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism,p. 109 and 165.

136 Kwam Anthony Appiah, "The Multiculturist Misunderstanding", New York Review of Books,9 October 1997, p. 31.

137 Tocqueville, Democracy in America,1, p. 314-15; Bryce, The American Commonwealth, vol.2, p. 576-77.

138 The People v. Ruggles,8 Johns. 295 (1811); Wills, Under God,p. 424; David J. Brewer, The United States: A Christian Nation(Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1905); Justice Sutherland, U.S. v. Macintosh,283 U.S. 605 (1931), 633-34; Justice David J. Brewer, Church of the Holy Trinity v. U.S.,143 US 457 (1892), 465, 471; Justice William O. Douglas, Zorach v. Clauson,343 U.S. 306 (1952), 312; Foster, «A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant», p. 122, 134-135; Thomas C. Reeves, «The Collapse of the Mainline Churches», in Robert Royal ed., Reinventing the American People: Unity and Diversity Today(Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1995), p. 204-205.

139 Quoted in Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p.12.

592

140 Russell Shorto, "Belief by the Numbers", New York Time Magazine,7 December 1997, p. 60; Barna Research Group results in The American Enterprise,6 (November/ December 1995), p. 12, 19; CUNY survey, New York Times,10 April 1991, p. A1; National Election Studies.

141 Diana Eck, "Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?" Harvard Magazine(September/October 1996), p. 40; New York Times,29 January 2000, p. A11.

142 Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights(New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 114-115, 223; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality in the Liberal State(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 174-75.

143 New York Times,10 April 1991, p. A1, A16, 24 April 2000, p. A11; New York Times Magazine,7 December 1997, p. 60; Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity(New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 102-05.

144 Trollope quoted in Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective(New York: Norton, 1979), p. 156; Eisenhower quoted in Johnson, «Almost Chosen People», p. 87, citing Christian Centurymagazine interview.

145 Irving Kristol, "On the Political Stupidity of the Jews", Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation(Autumn 5760/1999), p. 60, cited by The Wilson Quarterly,24 (Winter 2000), p. 87.

146 Karl Zinsmeister, "Indicators", American Enterprise,9 (November/December 1998), p. 19ff.; George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People's Religion: American Faith in the 90"s(New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 18,91.

147 Wills, Under God,p. 388, n28; Andrew M. Greeley, Religious Change in America,(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 8, 44-50, 115-116; Gallup and Castelli, The People's Religion,p. 36.

148 Gallup and Castelli, The People's Religion,p. 6,11 -13, 30, 31, 36; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Andrew M. Greeley, "American

593

Exceptionalism: The Religious Phenomenon", in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Is America Different?: A New Look at American Exceptionalism(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 99.

149 Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith,p. 238, 268-70; Finke and Stark, The Churching of America,p. 15-16.

l50 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol.2, p. 6; Robert N. Bellah, Varieties of Civil Religion(San Francisco: Harper Row, 1980), p. 17.

151 Justice Douglas, Zorach v. Clawson, 343 U. S. 306 (1952), 313; President Eisenhower, quoted in Mead, The Nation with the Soul of a Church,p. 25.

152 Conrad Cherry, "Two American Sacred Ceremonies: Their Implications fore the Study of Religion in America", American Quarterly,21 (Winter 1969), p. 748.

153 W. Lloyd Warner, "An American Sacred Ceremony", in Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion(New York: Harper Row, 1974), p. 89-113.

154 Peter Steinfels, "Beliefs: God at the Inauguration: An Encounter That Defies American Notions About Church and State", New York Times,23 January 1993, p. 7.

155 D. W. Brogan, The American Character(New York: Vintage, 1959), p. 164.

156 Bellah, Varieties of Civil Religion,p. 11-13; Cherry, «Two American Sacred Ceremonies», p. 749-50.

157 Isaiah Berlin, "Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power", Partisan Review,46 (No. 3,1979), p. 348, quoted in John Mack, «Nationalism and the Self», The Psychohistory Review,2 (Spring 1983), p. 47-48; Anthony D. Smith, National Identity(Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 143; Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1988), p. 1.

158 Benjamin Franklin quoted in Max Savelle, "Nationalism and Other Loyalties in the American Revolution", American Historical Review,67 (July 1962), p. 903.

159 S. M. Grant, "'The Charter of Its Birthright': The Civil War and American Nationalism", Nations and Nationalism,4 (April 1998), p. 163.

594

160 Richard L. Merritt, Symbols of American Community, 1735-1775(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 174, 180.

161 John M. Murrin, "A Roof Without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity", in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward С Carter II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), p. 339; Merritt, Symbols of American Community,p. 58.