Текст книги "Inferno: The Devastation of Hamburg, 1943"

Автор книги: Keith Lowe

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injuries 231–2

intensity 201–2

moral questions 335–7

morning after 224–7

parks and open spaces 211

the phenomenon 200–1

sea of flames 213

smoke 200

spread of 224

start time 221

survivors 228–9, 230–2

temperatures 200, 201, 224

weather conditions 202

winds 200–1, 216, 221, 228–9

First World War 17–18, 37, 39, 46–50, 51, 57, 60

flak 74–5, 93, 97–8, 112–13, 121, 139, 146–7, 164, 191, 195, 196, 247, 254, 255, 278–9, 333

flashbacks 317

Fleming, Samuel 135

Flensburg 96, 107

flies 294–5, 298

flight engineers 85, 87, 103

Flying P Line 13

Folkestone 47

food riots, threat of 314

food shortages 39

food supplies 237, 242

forced labourers 265–6

France 33, 131, 137, 145, 166

France, battle of 53

Freikorps 20

‘Freya’ radar system 73–4, 76, 92, 190

Frick, Wilhelm 305

Friedrich, Jörg 343

friendly fire 164

Frisian Islands 156, 172

frostbite 141

Fry, Doug 340

Fuhlsbüttel airfield 237

Fuller, J. F. C. 51

Galland, Adolf 93–4, 240, 325–6

Gänsemarkt, the 125

Gardieweski, Leutnant Eberhard 159

Garvens, Erwin 119

Garvey, Flight Lieutenant 189

gas 53

gas supply, restoration of 303–4

Genoa 268

Gerke, Liselotte 118–19, 123

German Communist Party (KPD) 25

Germany

air defences 93–4, 326–7

Allied occupation 311–15

attitude to the bomber war 341–4

bitterness towards 330

civil defence 323–4

collapse predicted 328

denial of past xiv

despair 314–15

devastation 311

effect of evacuation on 240, 243–4

emigration 15–16

fighter production 325–6

First World War air raids on 48–9

infrastructure dismantled 313–14

pacifism 349

rearmament programme 30–2

reconstruction 311–12

surrender 309

Glasgow 56, 311

Godeffroy and Woermann 13

Goebbels, Josef 10, 29, 38, 39, 62, 112, 180, 233, 233–4, 236, 245, 305

Goering, Hermann 31, 56, 305, 325–6

Gollancz, Victor 312, 314–15

Grasbrook 12, 99

Grassmann, Ilse 124, 238, 302

Great Britain

attitude to the bomber war 337–8

the Blitz xvii, 56, 57, 204, 310–11

bombing restraint 54

cost of bomber war 327–8

declares war 33

defence cuts 51

First World War air raids on 47–8

opposition to plan to bomb Hamburg 69–70

reaction to the bombing 234

relationship with Hamburg 10–14, 108

strategic bombing campaign 55, 57–8, 61–3

Greater Hamburg 32

Grevenweg 217–18

Grimm, Richard 161

Grimsby 250

Grindel 125

Groom, Ted 197–8, 274

grumbling 39

Grzeskowiak, Sergeant S. 104

Guernica 53

guilt 330–2, 339, 340–1, 344, 349

gunners 79, 84, 85, 87–8, 103, 140, 142

Gust, Darrell 144–5

H2S 73, 97

Haberland, Ernst-Günther 216, 242

Hagenbeck zoo 180–1

Hague Peace Conference, 1899 53

Hamburg

air protection 34–5, 37, 40

air-raid warnings 37–8

aircraft industry 15

’Anti-War Memorial’ 316

appearance 4–6

apprehension 40–1

attitude to the bomber war 341–2

awareness of threat 107–8

beer-hall battle, 1930 22–4

breakdown of social order, 1919 19–20

British troops enter 309–11

and change 9

chronology 351–62

churches 181

clean-up effort 265, 287–93

Communist uprising, 1923 20–1

complacency 109–10

damage, 24–6 July 175–81

damage costs 400

the ‘dead city’ 295–6, 298–9

debts 25

defences 73–5, 81, 93, 97–8, 138–9, 146–7, 195–6, 247, 254, 278–9

destruction as defining moment of war xv–xvi

devastation 287–8, 295–6, 300–1, 309–11, 318–19

development as trading centre 6–8

disaster plan 236

economic collapse, 1929–30 21

effect of First World War on 17–18

effect of USAAF raids 174–5

emigrants 15–16

evacuation 126, 183, 232, 236–42, 247

famine 312–15

forbidden zone 298–9

Great Fire of 1842 35, 186–7

harbour 4, 6–7, 269, 287, 323

Hitler and 5, 31–2, 32–3, 234

immigrants 8

importance of 82

industrial development 8, 17

industrial production 322–3

Jews 28–30

lack of experience of bombing 34

legacy of bombing 316–17

location 3–4

media capital 316

the ‘Miracle of’ 306–7

named as target 69–70; see alsoOperation Gomorrah

Nazi Party membership 26

Nazi Party takes control 121

November 1918 revolution 18–19

party leaders visit 305–6

population 32, 228

and the rearmament programme 31–2

reconstruction 315–16, 327

recovery, 1920s 21

refugees return 300–3

relationship with America 14–16

relationship with Britain 10–14, 108

relaxation in 108–9

reputation with air crews 81

rise of the Nazis 22–4, 25–6

seasonal temperature 202

shipbuilding industry 13, 31, 32, 315

spread of Nazi control 27

surrender 309

suspension of civil liberties 26

swing movement 40

teenage persecution 28

today 349–50

trade with America 14–15

trade with Britain 10, 13

tragedy of 328–9

unemployment 24, 25, 31

war preparations 34–5, 37

Hamburg-Amerikanische

Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft, seeHAPAG

Hamburger Zeitung(newspaper) 182, 305

Hamm 5–6, 207, 211, 213, 214, 221, 228, 257, 287, 299

Hammer Landstraße, the 208, 226, 288

Hammer Park 211, 221

Hammerbrook 5–6, 192, 209, 211, 213, 217–21, 225, 227, 228, 287, 299

hamstering, seeblack market

Hangelar 191

Hanover 137, 166, 167, 171, 172, 337

Hanseatic League, the 7, 10

HAPAG 13, 15, 31

Harburg 32, 282

Hargis, Lieutenant Jack 172

Harland, Kenny 153

Harris, Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur

air crews’ devotion to 61

and the air raid, 2 August 268, 269

and the air raid, 29 July 246, 249

announces intention to bomb Hamburg 69–70

appointed to command Bomber Command 58, 59–60

background 60

belief in bombing 327–8, 336, 338

character 60–1

and daylight bombing 66

and Eaker 65

friends 61

optimism 188

orders, 1943 67–8

orders Operation Gomorrah to proceed 71–2, 76, 129

orders second maximum effort raid 186

Harris, Sir Arthur – cont.

plans to raid Berlin 245

presses for use of ‘Window’ 75–6

reputation 338

statue 331

on strategic bombing 61–2

strategy 61–3

and Trenchard 48

Harrison, Colin 193, 273, 280–1, 340

Harvestehude 5, 122, 268

Heide 95, 150

Heidenkampsweg, the 216, 227

Heiligengeistfeld, the 316

Heligoland 151

Henning, Ernst Robert 26

Hennings, Annegret 288

Herrmann, Major Hajo 191, 196

Hesse 314

Hillenmayer, Donald 140

Hills, Keith 86

Hindenburg, Paul von 18

Hiroshima, xvii

Hitler, Adolf

and the battle of Britain 56

criticism of 39

and Hamburg 5, 31–2, 32–3, 234

reaction to the bombing 233–4

rearmament programme 30–2

refusal to defend Germany 325–6

rise of 25

suicide 308–9

takes power 26–7

withdrawal from League of Nations 53

Hitler Youth 27, 242

Hochbunker, the 260

Hohenfelde 221

Holland 53, 54–5, 65, 131, 145, 156

Hollis, Leslie 19

homeless people 183

Hopcroft, Freddie 81

Hopton, Sergeant C. G. 195–6

Horn 236

Hornsea 90

Horsey, Dr P. J. 309–10, 312

hospital trains 265

hospitals 183

Houck, James H. 139, 153

housing, amount destroyed 318

Howaldtswerke 13, 150, 169, 174

Hull 47

humidity 202

Husum 151, 158

immigrants, threat of 24

Independent Social Democratic Party (USDP) 18

industrial capacity, effect on 319, 322, 322–3

inflation 19, 314

informers 39

internment 279

Italy 45, 46, 268

Jakobi Friedhof cemetery 264

Jakobipark 211

Janson, Gustaf 46

jazz 28

Jedlicka, Hans 209, 227, 231

Jena–Auerstadt, battle of, 1806 12

Jeschonnek, Hans 326

Jever 151

Jews 24, 28–30, 341

Johannsen, Johann 113–14, 122, 123

Johen, Wilhelm 95, 276

Joint Intelligence Committee 328

Kaiser-Friedrich-Ufer 27

Kammhuber Kino 93–4

Kammhuber Line 93

Karstadt department store 260

Kassel 172, 248, 337

Kaufmann, Karl 27, 121, 126, 182, 234, 236, 309

Kellinghausen 96, 238

Kelson, Hannah 39, 110, 305

Kiausch, Elisabeth 342

Kiel 38, 89, 107, 130, 131, 145, 186, 248, 281

Kiel Mutiny 18

Kinderlandverschickungevacuation scheme 38

Kipke, Max 225

Klank, Henni 206–7, 232

Klauß, Margaret 240

Klemperer, Victor 25

Klöckner aero-engine factory 129, 130, 138, 149, 165–6, 169

Knight, Noel 197

knock-out blow, Allies’ inability to mount 244–5

Koch, Traute 226

Kraft durch Freude (‘Strength through Joy’) 27

Krauter, Feldwebel 276, 278

Kristallnacht 29–30

Krohn, Erwin 238

Küper, Dr Wilhelm 183

Kursk, battle of 40

Laeisz, Ferdinand 13

Landungsbrücken, the 6

latrines 293–4

Lauck, Gary 343

‘Law for the Lifting of Misery from the People and Reich’ 26

leaflet drops 41, 96–7, 107, 235

League of German Girls 27, 240, 242

League of Nations 30, 53

Leeming, Sergeant C. C. 273

Lettow-Vorbeck, General Paul von 20

Libya 46

‘Lichtenstein’ radar system 74, 76, 95

Liddell Hart, Basil 337

Liverpool 56

living conditions 300–7

Lloyd George, David 48

Lohse, Else 225–6, 231

Lohse, Peter 231

Lokstedt 110, 125–6, 266

London 7

the Blitz 56, 204, 310

First World War air raids on 47, 49, 51

vulnerability to air attack 51–3, 52

looting 182, 298

Lotze Engineering Works 224

Lübeck 7, 38, 62, 89, 186, 337

Luftwaffe

and the air raid, 24 July 92–5, 96, 103

and the air raid, 25 July 144–5, 151, 154, 155, 157–8, 158–9

and the air raid, 26 July 168–9, 171

and the air raid, 27 July 189–92

and the air raid, 29 July 251–2, 254, 256–7

and the air raid, 2 August 276–8

and the battle of Britain 56–8

bolsters defences 247

bombing of Guernica 53

bombing of Rotterdam 55

existence revealed 31

JG 1 158–9

JG 26 145

JG 300 191

lack of leadership 325

lack of resources 324–6

morale 324–6

NGJ 1 276

role 54

Staffel145

Luftwaffe – cont.

tactics 154, 159, 190–2, 257, 326–7

Trojan Horse B17s 172

Maack, Dr 289

Mablethorpe 90

McCrea, Bill 85, 193, 256, 271–2, 273, 281

McIntosh, Wallace 104

McLean, Harold 79

MAN diesel engine works 169

Manchester 56

Mannheim 57, 245, 337

Maria K. 226–7

Markusstrasse 19

Marshall Plan, the 311

Marthastrasse 118

martial law 314

Martini, General 76

mass graves 292–3

Massaquoi, Hans J. 238–9, 261

Masuch, Heinz 219–20

Melsen, Jan 291–2, 292–3

memorials 316–17, 342

Merck, Heino 238

meteorological effects 123

Michaeliskirche 181, 331–2, 344

Milan 268

Milch, Erhard 233, 234, 326

missing persons 296–8

Mitchell, William 48

Mittel Kanal 224

Moorweide Park 236

moral questions 332–41, 345

morale 49, 57–8, 125–6, 174–5, 180, 243–4, 304–7, 324–6

Moringen concentration camp 28

Morris, Katherine 312–13

Mosley, Sergeant P. 86

Moulton-Barrett, Gordon 98

mourning 296, 344–8

Müller, Klaus 118, 317

Munich 311, 337

Mussolini, Benito 182, 268

Mutz, Joseph 135

myths 298–9

Nagasaki xvii, 319

Napoleonic Wars 11–13

National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP). seeNazis

navigational aids 73

navigators 79, 83, 85, 87, 103, 142

Nazis

arrest of 313

beer-hall battle, 1930 22–4

blamed 342

ideology 23–4, 28

myth of 24

’Night of the Long Knives’ 26

party leaders visit Hamburg 305–6

party volunteers 119

racism 28–30

reaction to the bombing 233–4

rise of 24–6

spread of control 27–8

suspend civil liberties 26

take control of city 121

take power 26–7

war doctrine 53

neo-Nazis 343

Neuengamme concentration camp 290, 291, 341

Neuhof power station 169, 174, 176, 303, 323

Neumünster 238

New York Herald Tribune235

New York Times235

New Zealanders 103

news, lack of 181–2

newspaper coverage 107, 234–5

newspapers, banned 27

Nienstadt timber yard 224

night fighters 73–4, 93, 94–5, 96, 103, 158–9, 251–2, 254, 255, 276, 398

‘Night of the Long Knives’ 26

Nikolaikirche 181, 316

Nindorf 171

N.N. 229–30

Nordholz 151

North Africa 40

Norway 53, 54, 137

Nossack, Hans Erich xiii, xiv, 110–11, 239, 242–3, 243, 265, 296, 300, 341

Novgorod 7

NSDAP, seeNazis

‘nuisance raids’ 38, 175, 185, 248

Nuremburg Race Laws 29

Ohlsdorf 5

Ohlsdorf cemetery 290, 292–3, 316–17, 342

Oldenburg 151, 191

Operation Gomorrah

air raids, seeindividual air raids

American planning and preparation 128–36

cancellations 72, 77–8

chronology 363–6

end of 282–3

financial costs 399–400

flight plan 72–3

follow-up raids postponed 185–6

Harris announces intentions 69

moral questions 332–3

numbers involved 73

opposition to 69–70

planning and preparation 71–6

third raid ordered 246

orphans 265

Oschersleben 173, 248

oxygen supplies 141–2, 152, 161

Paris 47

Pathfinder Force 72, 73

air raid, 24 July 86, 90, 95–6, 97, 98–9, 104, 181

air raid, 27 July 189, 192

air raid, 29 July 250, 251, 257

air raid, 2 August 280

Pauly, Adolf 260–1, 264

Pearl Harbor, bombing of 61

Petersen, Rudolf 314

Pexton, Flight Lieutenant H. C. ‘Ben’ 254–5

phosphorus bombs 68, 206, 219

Pickles, Flight Sergeant E. L. 252

Piech, Edward 140

pilots 85, 87, 103, 142

Pinneberg 267

Plymouth 56

Poland, invasion of 33, 53

Poles 103

police officers 27, 238

Portal, Sir Charles 61, 66, 70

Porter, Albert, Jr. 141

Portsmouth 56

post office reopens 303

precision bombing 333–4

prisoners-of-war 153, 154, 171, 279

prisons 265

psychological effects 240, 317

public toilets 217–18

‘Purple Heart Corner’ 155

radar, German 73–4, 75–6, 92, 94–5, 97–8, 190

radio 59

rain 123

Rathaus, the 5

ration cards 303

Ratouis, René 300–1, 304

rats 294, 295

Reck, Friedrich 242

refugee camps 236–7

refugees xvi, 237–44, 282, 296, 297, 300

Remscheid 245

Rendall, First Lieutenant James W., Jr. 171

‘Reports on Germany’ 29–30

Rescue and Repair Service 290

resistance 40

Revolution, November 1918 18–19

Rheine 191

Rhineland, reoccupation of 31

Robert Ley, the 32

Robinsonstrasse 219

Roosevelt, President Franklin D. 54, 63

Rosshafen 174

Rostock 62–3, 337

Rothenburgsort 6, 205, 213, 221, 287, 299, 304

Rotherbaum 268

Rotterdam, bombing of 54–5

Rouen-Sotteville, raid on, 1942 66

round-the-clock bombing 128

Royal Air Force. see alsoBomber Command; Pathfinder Force

builds strength 58

contrasts with USAAF 132–3

co-operation with USAAF 65

crisis of confidence 59

debt owed 349

formation of 48

optimism 188

power on the rise 62–3

raids on naval bases 54

recruits 60, 80

statistics 393

survival of 51

tactics 203–4, 333

Royal Air Force formations

1 Group 90

3 Group 90

4 Group 90

5 Group 90

6 Group 90, 101

8 Group 90

57 Squadron 81, 256

75 (New Zealand) Squadron 86, 100

83 Squadron 99

Royal Flying Corps 60

Royal Navy 270

rubbish 294, 295

Ruhr, the 68, 81, 323

rumours 107, 108, 181–2, 227, 298

Saß, Helmuth 238, 259

Saundby, Air Vice Marshal Sir Robert 61, 71, 76

Schiffbek 20

Schleswig-Holstein 8, 183, 186, 252

Schoene, Pastor Johannes 124, 301–2

Scholl, Hans 347–8

Schramm, Ruth 225

Schurig, Rudolf 112–13, 121, 174–5, 278

Schwabedissen, Generalleutnant 93, 94

SD (Sicherheitsdienst) 39

Searby, John 105

searchlights 74, 93, 97–8, 195, 254, 255

Second World War

civilian casualties 337

destruction of Hamburg as defining moment xv–xvi

end of 308–9

tragedy of xiii–xiv

turning points 235–6, 240

Sheffield 56

shipping 13

shortages 39

situation 27 July 176

sleep deprivation 175, 185

smell 195, 290–1, 294, 309

smoke 123, 124, 146, 149, 176, 193, 195, 196, 200, 201, 249

smoke inhalation 200, 229–30

smoke pots 169

Smuts, Jan 47–8

Snape, Sergeant R. 251–2

Social Democratic Party (SDP) 21, 25, 29–30

soldiers, reaction to the bombing 235

Soltwedel, Gotthold 112

South Africans 103

Southampton 311

Soviet Union 235, 323–4, 336

Spaatz, Carl 64

Spaight, J. M. 52

Spanish Civil War 53

Spartacists 19

Speer, Albert 233, 234, 244, 323–4, 326, 333

Speicherstadt, the 17

Spence, Magnus 71

‘Splasher’ radio beacons 164

SS 39, 121, 183, 238, 290, 293

St Elmo’s Fire 272–3, 276

Staatstheater 180

Stadtdeich, the 207

Stadtpark, the 5, 238

Stalingrad, battle of 40, 235, 243–4

Stammers, Wiebke 27–8, 39

state of emergency declared 121

‘State of Major Catastrophe’ 182

Steenwisch 177

Stephen, Sergeant A. 275–6

Stokes, Richard 337

Stoltenpark, the 211, 226–7

storm, 2 August 266–7, 268, 270–6

strategic bombing

1940–3 55–8, 61–3

accuracy 57, 59, 66, 164, 186, 334

denial of consequences xiv–xv

development 45–6, 50–3

early Second World War 53–5

effectiveness survey 318–22

escalation xiv, 56

First World War 46–50

legitimate targets 335–7, 344

moral questions 332–41

morale effects 49, 57–8

as second front 323–4

tactics 203–4

targets 50

Süderstrasse 6

Sullivan, James 273

Summers, Brad 151–3

superstition 85

survivors’ stories, effect of 243–4

Swan, Peter 279

Swansea 56

Sweden 139, 279

‘swing youth’ 40

Tandy, Napper 11

target indicators 99, 111–14, 192, 280

telephone network 176, 304

Termer, Dr Franz 123–4, 177, 267

Thälmann, Ernst 20, 21

Things to Come(film) 51

thousand-bomber raid, Cologne, 1942 63

Tiefstack power station 303

The Times234

Timperley, Trevor 193, 195, 280

‘Tinsel’ 76

Titschak, Erich 207–9, 226, 231

Tizard, Sir Henry 69–70

Tokyo, firebombing of 334

total war 50

transport system 176

trees, bloom in September 306–7

Trenchard, Brigadier-General Sir Hugh 48–9, 50, 51, 60

Trojan Horse B17s 172

tuberculosis 312

Turin 268

Turkey 45

Turner, Geoff 100

typhoid 182

typhus 293

U-boat yards, recovery of 304

U-boats 322, 335

Ufa-Palast cinema 303

unemployment 24, 25, 31

United States of America

air-raid scares 52

attitude to the bomber war 338–9

German immigration 15–16

immunity from air attack xvii–xviii

reaction to the bombing 235

reconstruction aid 311

relationship with Hamburg 14–16

war production 63–4

United States Strategic Bombing Survey 261, 318–22, 323

Ursta, George 157

US Eighth Air Force 64, 68, see alsoindividual air raids

4th Bombardment Wing 128–9

VIII Bomber Command 128, 168, 173

91st Bombardment Group 138, 141, 150, 166, 168

97th Bombardment Group 66

303rd Bombardment Group 129, 138, 149, 150, 166, 167, 168, 169

351st Bombardment Group 138, 141, 150, 166, 168, 172

379th Bombardment Group 138, 150, 166, 167

381st Bombardment Group 138, 141, 147, 149, 150, 153, 154, 166

384th Bombardment Group 138, 139, 149, 150, 151, 154–5, 166, 167

532nd Squadron 154

544th Squadron 155

USAAF (United States Army Air Force)

agrees to bomb Hamburg 69

bombing accuracy 66, 164, 334

brashness 134

casualties 67, 173, 336

contrasts with RAF 132–3

daylight bombing policy 66–7, 132–3, 134–5, 333–4

first raids 65–6

flight formations 133, 164

follow-up raid postponed 185–6

grounded 248

lack of experience 132

life expectancy 135–6

RAF co-operation with 65

raid on Hamburg, June 1943 129, 138

raid on Kiel 248

rest policy 165

statistics 394–5

suspends operations 124–5

tactics 133, 134–5, 146, 333–4

target policy 338

victory claims 164–5

USDP (Independent Social Democratic Party) 18

utilities, restoration of 303–4

Vergangenheitsbewältigung 332

Versailles, Treaty of 25, 30–1

Voght & Sieveking 14

Völkischer Beobachter(newspaper) 245

Voss, Hannah 241

‘wakey-wakey’ pills 78

Wandsbek 32, 109, 221, 224

Wandsbeker Chaussee 221

war crimes 331

war declared 33

war economy, effect on 322–3

War in the Air, The(Wells) 45

war industries, return to production 304

Warboys 105

Warnemünde 130, 131, 145, 248

Warsaw, bombing of 54

Washington Post235

water supply 35, 177, 183, 288, 293, 304

weather 81, 123, 129–30, 137, 186, 202, 266–7, 268, 269

Wehrmann, Pastor Jürgen 305

Weir, Lord 49

Weise, Generaloberst 257, 278

Weldon, Joe 255

Wellham, Reg 197–8

Wells, H. G. 45

Wesermünde 172

White Rose movement 40

Wilde Sau fighters 191–2, 195–6,251, 254, 326

Wilhelmshaven 18, 172, 198

Wilken, Erika and Willi 217–18, 231

Wilmott, Tommy 309

wind 123

‘Window’ 75–6, 78–9, 82–3, 87, 92, 94–5, 97–8, 103, 105–6, 113, 182, 188, 189–90, 198, 250, 252, 254, 278

Winter, 1946–7 315

Winterhude 5, 123

wireless operators 79, 83, 87, 103, 142

Wittenburg 238

Witter, Ben 219, 292, 293

Wolff-Mönckeberg, Emil 124–5

Wolff-Mönckeberg, Mathilde 34, 123, 124–5, 294, 301–2

Workers’ and Soldiers’ Council 20

working hours 38

World Trade Center, 11 September terrorist attacks xvii–xviii

Wray, Air Commodore A. M. 188

Wulff, Herbert 205, 227, 230–1

Wuppertal xv, 68, 201

‘Würzburg’ radar system 74, 76, 97, 190

Zassenhaus, Hiltgunt 114–15, 175, 176–7, 240–1

‘Zephyrs’ 81

zeppelins 15, 34, 47