Текст книги "Inferno: The Devastation of Hamburg, 1943"

Автор книги: Keith Lowe

сообщить о нарушении

Текущая страница: 32 (всего у книги 33 страниц)

Archives Consulted

1 Archives in Britain

Imperial War Museum

National Archives

British Library

RAF Museum, Hendon

2 Germany

(a) Local history archives( Geschichtswerkstätten andStadtteilarchive)

Altona:

Stadtteilarchiv Ottensen

Barmbek:

Geschichtswerkstatt Barmbek e. V.

Barmbek Süd:

Jarrestadt-Archiv

Bergedorf:

Kultur & Geschichtskontor der Initiative historischer Bauten

Dulsberg:

Geschichtsgruppe Dulsberg

Eimsbüttel:

Galerie Morgenland e. V.

Eppendorf:

Stadtteilarchiv Eppendorf

Fuhlsbüttel:

Willi-Bredel-Gesellschaft Geschichtswerkstatt e. V.

Hamm:

Stadtteilinitiative Hamm e. V.

Bunker Museum

Harburg:

Honigfabrik

St Georg:

Geschichtswerkstatt St Georg

St Pauli:

St Pauli-Archiv e. V.

Wandsbek:

Stadtteilarchiv Bramfeld

(b)Other archives

Bundesarchiv

Bürgerschaft der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg Parlaments– Dokumentation

Carl Hagenback Archiv

Förderkreis ‘Rettet die Nikolaikirche’ e.V.: Dokumentenzentrum in the cellar of the ruined church

Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg (FZH), especially their oral history project ‘Werkstatt der Erinnerung’

Hamburg Staatsarchiv

Kirchenkreis Alt-Hamburg (Church Archives)

Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, particularly their library

3 United States of America

Mighty Eighth Museum, Savannah, Georgia

National Archives

National Fire Protection Association

National Technical Information Service

Oral History Archive of World War II, Rutgers University

Reichelt Oral History Program at Florida State University

United States Air Force University, Alabama

4 Internet sites

http://www.91stbombgroup.com – Official USAAF 91st BG website

http://www.303rdbg.com –Official USAAF 303rd BG website

http://www.polebrook.com/history.htm – USAAF 351st BG website

http://freespace.virgin.net/ken.harbour – USAAF 351st BG history

http://www.379thbga.org – Official USAAF 379th BG website

http://www.381st.org – Official USAAF 381st BG website

http://www.384thbg.iwarp.com – Official USAAF 384th BG website

http://fas-history.rutgers.edu/oralhistory – Rutgers University oral history online

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ww2era.htm– German Propaganda Archive

http://www.hamburgmuseum.de – website of the Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte

http://www.lostplaces.de – website listing flak positions and air-raid shelters in Hamburg

http://www.seniorennet-hamburg.de.zeitzeugen – website where Hamburg’s senior citizens record their memories of the city

http://eh.net – website containing historical exchange rates

Select Bibliography

1 Published books and booklets

(a) Official Histories

Craven, W. F., and Cate, J. L., The Army Air Forces in World War II (Chicago, 1949)

Hinsey, F. H., et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War(London, 1979–1990)

Webster, Sir Charles, and Frankland, Noble, The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany, 1939–1945 (London, 1961)

Zuckerman, Solly, et al., The Strategic Air War Against Germany,1939–45: Report of the British Bombing Survey Unit(London, 1998)

(b) Unattributed booklets

Gnadenkirche Hamburg 1907–1987(Hamburg, 1987)

(c) Attributed works

Aust, Alfred, Der Ohlsdorfer Friedhof(Hamburg, 1964)

Bahnsen, Uwe, and von Stürmer, Kerstin, Die Stadt, die sterben sollte: Hamburg im Bombenkrieg, Juli 1943(Hamburg, 2003)

Bajohr, Frank, and Szodrzynski, Joachim (eds), Hamburg in der NS-Zeit(Hamburg, 1995)

Beck, Earl R., Under the Bombs: The German Home Front 1942 –45 (Lexington, 1986)

Bekker, Cajus, The Luftwaffe War Diaries,trans. Frank Ziegler (London, 1966)

Bessel, Richard, Nazism and War(London, 2004)

Betz, Frank L., and Cassens, Kenneth H. (eds), 379th BG Anthology(Paducah, 2000)

Böge, Volker, and Deide-Lüchow, Jutta, Eimsbüttler Jugend im Krieg(Hamburg, 2000)

Bond, Horatio, Fire and the Air War(Boston, 1946)

Boyle, Andrew, Trenchard:Man of Vision(London, 1962)

Brauer, Max, Nüchternen Sinnes und heiβen Herzens …: Reden und Ansprachen(Hamburg, 1952)

Brenken, Anna, Hamburg:Metropole an Alster und Elbe(Hamburg, 2001)

Brunswig, Hans, Feuersturm über Hamburg(Stuttgart, 2003)

Büttner, Ursula, Gomorrha:Hamburg im Bombenkrieg(Hamburg, 1993)

Caidin, Martin, The Night Hamburg Died(New York, 1960)

Caldwell, Donald L., The JG26 War Diary(London, 1998)

Campbell, Sir Malcolm, The Peril from the Air(London, 1937)

Chorley, W. R., Bomber Command Losses, vol. 4 (1943)(Hersham, 2004)

Clarke, Basil, The History of Airships(London, 1961)

Clarke, I. F. (ed.), The Tale of the Next Great War 1871–1914:Fictions of Future Wafare and Battles Still-to-come(Liverpool, 1995)

Decker, Ken, Memories of the 384th Bomb Group(New York, 2005)

Diecks, Herbert, Friedhof Ohlsdorf auf den Spuren von Naziherschaft und Widerstand(Hamburg, 1992)

Dissen, Adolf, 73 Jahre Horne Martinskirche(Hamburg, 1961)

Douhet, Giulio, The Command of the Air,trans. Dino Ferrari (London, 1943)

Erdmann, Heinrich (ed.), Hamburg und Dresden in Dritten Reich:Bombenkrieg und Kriegsende(Hamburg, 2000)

Faber, Harold (ed.), Luftwaffe:An Analysis by Former Luftwaffe Generals(London, 1979)

Fossedal, Gregory A., Our Finest Hour:Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan and the Triumph of Democracy(Stanford, 1993)

Freeman, Roger A., The Mighty Eighth(London, 2000) The Mighty Eighth War Diary(London, 1990)

Freeman, Roger, and Osborne, David, The B-17 Flying Fortress Story(London, 1998)

Friedrich, Jörg, Der Brand:Deutschland im Bombenkrieg 1940–1945(Berlin, 2002)

Fulbrook, Mary, The Divided Nation:A History of Germany 1918–1990(Oxford, 1992)

Fuller, J. F. C, The Reformation of War(London, 1923)

Galland, Adolf, The First and the Last,trans. Mervyn Savill (London, 1955)

Goebbels, Joseph, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels,ed. Elke Fröhlich (München, 1993)

The Goebbels Diaries,trans. and ed. Louis P. Lochner (London, 1948)

Gollancz, Victor, In Darkest Germany(London, 1947)

Grassmann, Use, Ausgebombt:Ein Hausfrauen-Kriegstagebuch von lise Grassmann, Hamburg 1943–1945(Hamburg, 2003)

Grayling, A. C., Among the Dead Cities(London, 2006)

Groehlen, Olaf Der Bombenkrieg gegen Deutschland(Berlin, 1990)

Günther, Claus (ed.), erlebt – erkannt – erinnert:Zeitzeugen schrieben Geschichte(n) 1932–1952(Hamburg, 2003)

Hage, Volker (ed.), Hamburg 1943:Literarische Zeugnisse zum Feuersturm(Frankfurt am Main, 2003)

Harris, Sir Arthur, Bomber Offensive(London, 1947)

Hastings, Max, Bomber Command(London, 1979)

Hauschild-Thiessen, Renate, Unternehmen Gomorrha(Hamburg, 1993) Die Hamburger Katastrophe vom Sommer 1943 in Augenzeugenberichten(Hamburg, 1993)

Herrmann, Hajo, Bewegtes Leben(Stuttgart, 1984)

Hinchliffe, Peter, The Other Battle(Shrewsbury, 1996)

Hof Kerstin (ed.), Rothenburgsort 27/28 Juli 1943(Stadtteilinitiative Hamm e.V., no date)

Hoffman, Egbert A., Als das Feuer vom Himmel fiel(Hamburg, 1983)

Howard, Michael (ed.), Restraints on War(Oxford, 1979)

Irving, David, The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe(Boston, 1973)

Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf 1939–1945:Der zweite Weltkrieg in Chronik und Dokumenten(Darmstadt, 1961)

Johnen, Wilhelm, Duel Under the Stars(Manchester, 1994)

Jureit, Ulrike, and Meyer, Beate (eds), Verletzungen: Lebensgeschichtliche Verarbeitung von Kriegsefahrungen(Hamburg, 1994)

Kennett, Lee, A History of Strategic Bombing(New York, 1982)

Klemperer, Victor, I Shall Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1933–1941, trans. Martin Chalmers (London, 1998)

To the Bitter End: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1942–1945,trans. Martin Chalmers (London, 1999)

Klessmann, Eckart, Geschichte der Stadt Hamburg(Hamburg, 2002)

Klöss, Erhard (ed.), Der Luftkrieg über Deutschland 1939–1945:Deutsche Berichte und Pressestimmen des neutralen Auslands(München, 1963)

Kruse, A., Aufestehungsgemeinde und Kirchgemeinde Nord-Barmbek(Hamburg, 1995)

Liddell Hart, B. H., Paris, or the Future War(London, 1925)

Lindqvist, Sven, A History of Bombing,trans. Linda Haverty Rugg (London, 2001)

Ludendorff, Erich, Der Totale Krieg,trans. by A. S. Rappoport as The Nation at War(London, 1936)

Markusen, Eric, and Kopf, David (eds), The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing:Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century(Boulder, 1995)

McCrea, Bill, A Chequer-Board of Nights(Preston, 2003)

Middlebrook, Martin, The Battle of Hamburg(London, 1980)

Miller, Carl F. (ed.), Summary of Damage Inflicted by Air Raids on the City of Hamburg in the Period July 25 to August 3, 1943(Stanford, 1968)

Appendixes 1 through7 to the Hamburg Police President’s Report on the Large Scale Air Attacks on Hamburg, Germany, in World War II(Stanford, 1968)

Appendixes 8 through 19 to the Hamburg Police President’s Report on the Large Scale Air Attacks on Hamburg, Germany, in World War II(Stanford, 1968)

Mitchell, William, Winged Defense: The Development and Possibilities of Modern Air Power – Economic and Military(New York, 1925)

Müller, Rolf-Dieter, Der Bombenkrieg 1939–45(Berlin, 2004)

Der letzte deutsche Krieg 1939–1945(Stuttgart, 2005)

Musgrove, Gordon, Operation Gomorrah(London, 1981)

Neillands, Robin, The Bomber War(London, 2001)

Nossack, Hans Erich, Der Untergang(Hamburg, 1981)

O’Neill, Brian D., 303rd Bombardment Group(Oxford, 2003)

Okraβ, Hermann, Hamburg bleibt rot(Hamburg, 1934)

Overy, Richard, War and Economy in the Third Reich(Oxford, 1994)

Why the Allies Won:Explaining Victory in World War II(London, 1996)

Paris, Michael, Winged Warfare: The Literature and Theory of Aerial Warfare in Britain 1859–1917(Manchester, 1992)

Peukert, Detlev J. K., Inside Nazi Germany:Conformity, Opposition and Racism in Everyday Life(London, 1989)

Plagemann, Volker, ‘Vaterstadt, Vaterland …’: Denkmälerin Hamburg(no date)

Rasmuβen, Kerstin, Veränderungen 1894–1994:Hamburg – Hamm im Spiegel erlebter Geschichte(n)(Hamburg, 1994)

Rasmuβen, Kerstin, and Wulf, Gunnar (eds), Es war ja Krieg(Hamburg 1993)

Es war ein unterirdischer Bunker(Hamburg, 1996)

Juli 1943: Hamburg erinnern sich(Hamburg, 2001)

Wir zogen in die Hammer Landstraβe(Hamburg, 2001)

Ratouis, René, Mémoires de guerre d’un non-combattant(Paris, 2003)

Ray, John, The Second World War(London, 1999)

Reichel, Peter, Politik mit der Erinnerung(Frankfurt, 2001) (ed.), Das Gedächtnis der Stadt:Hamburg im Umgang mit seiner national-sozialistischen Vergangenheit(Hamburg, 1997)

Reiker, Michael, Hamburg – Hamm 1693–1993(Kiel, 1993)

Robb, Derwyn D., Shades of Kimbolton:A Narrative of 379th Bombardment Group(San Angelo, 1981)

Rumpf, Hans, The Bombing of Germany,trans. Edward Fitzgerald (London, 1963)

Schaffer, Ronald, Wings of Judgement:American Bombing in World War II(New York, 1985)

Sebald, W. G., On the Natural History of Destruction,trans. Anthea Bell (London,2003)

Sigmund, Monika, et al. (eds), ‘Man versuchte längs zu kommen, und man lebt ja noch …’: Frauenalltag in St Pauli in Kriegs– und Nachkriegszeit(Hamburg, 1996)

Spaight, J. M., Air Power and the Cities(London, 1930)

Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich,trans. Richard and Clara Winston (London, 1970)

Taylor, A. J. P., The Second World War(London, 1975)

Taylor, Frederick, Dresden(London, 2004)

Wells, H. G., The War in the Air, and Particularly how Mr Bert Smallways Fared While it Lasted(Leipzig, 1909)

Wilson, Kevin, Bomber Boys(London, 2005)

Wolff-Mönckeberg, Mathilde, On the Other Side,trans. and ed. Ruth Evans (London, 1979)

Wolter, Rudolf, Erinnerung an Gomorrha(Hamburg, 2003)

Zanetti,J. Enrique, Fire from the Air: The ABC of Incendiaries(New York, 1941)

Zassenhaus, Hiltgunt, Ein Baum blüht im November(Hamburg, 1974)

Zuckerman, Solly, From Apes to Warlords: The Autobiography (1904–1946) of Solly Zuckerman(London: 1978)

2 Journals

Lutherische Monatshefte,vol. 32 (1993)

Die Heimat,March/April 1987

German History,vol. 13, no. 1 (1995)

Weatherwise,vol. 16, no. 2 (April 1963)

3 Newspapers and magazines

Der Alter Hammerbrooker,July – August 1953

Bild,22 July 1965

Hamburger Abendblatt,16/17 August 1952, 18 July – 4 August 1953, 18 and 19 July 1963, 1-31 July 1983, 17-24 July 1993

Hamburger Anzeiger,1943–1944

Hamburger Echo,25–29 July 1953

Hamburger Fremdenblatt,1943

Hamburger Morgenpost,15–22 August 1952

Hamburger Tageblatt,1943

Hamburger Zeitung,25 July – 14 August 1943

Memo,October 1993 (magazine produced by the Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte)

Der Spiegel,25 July 2003

Uhlenhorster Warte,7 July 1953

Die Welt,special edition, July 1993, ‘Unternehmen Gomorrha’

4 CDRoms

The Molesworth Story(2nd edition) produced by 303rd Bomb Group Association

5 Unpublished material

(a) Official reports

Secret Report by the Police President of Hamburg (as local Air Protection Leader) on the heavy air raids on Hamburg in July/August,1943 [Geheim. Bericht des Polizeipräsidenten in Hamburg als Örtlicher Luftschutzleiter über die schweren Grossluftangriffe auf Hamburg im Juli/August 1943],translated by the British Home Office, Civil Defence Department, Intelligence Branch, January 1946. This document is available in the UK National Archives, AIR 20/7287. Alternatively, it can be bought from US Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Technical Information Service under the following title: Carl F. Miller (ed.), Summary of Damage Inflicted by Air raids on the City of Hamburg in the Period July 23 to August 3, 1943(Stanford, July 1968). The Hamburg Police Report Appendixes are also available from the National Technical Information Service.

United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Economic Effects of the Air Offensive against German Cities: A Detailed Study of the Effects of Area Bombing on Hamburg, Germany(November 1945), available from the UK National Archives, AIR 48/19.

Summary Report of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (European Theatre),available from the UK National Archives, DSIR 23/15754.

(b) Speeches

Brauer, Max, ‘Gedächtnisstatte für die Hamburger Bombenopfer’, delivered 16 August 1952, in Max Brauer, Nüchtemen Sinnes und heiβen Herzens …: Reden und Ansprachen(Hamburg, 1952)

Ehlers, Hermann, speech on the opening of the memorial at the Ohlsdorfer Friedhof on 16 August 1952 (Staatarchiv, 141–20 Friedhof Ohlsdorf/Bombenopfer)

Giordano, Ralph, Rede zur 60. Wiederkehr des Luftangriffes auf Hamburg an der Nikolaikirche,typescript from Förderkreis archive

Jepsen, Frau Bischofin Maria, ‘Predigt am 23 Juli 1993 in der St Michaelis Kirche: “Gomorrha”’ (provided by the Bishop’s office)

Kiausch, Elisabeth, ‘Wer es erlebt hat, wird es nie vergessen’, delivered at 11.00 a.m. on 23 July 1993 in the Great Hall of the Hamburg Rathaus. From Bürgerschaft der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg Parlaments-Dokumentation (Press and public relations document 66/91: 17.00 100/23.07.1993/1.03 Kiausch, Elisabeth)

Schönfelder, Adolf, speech given on 16 August 1952 at the Ohlsdorfer Friedhof (Staatsarchiv, 141–20 Friedhof Ohlsdorf/Bombenopfer)

Witter, Ben, Speech 1993,from Berichte und Dokumente 952 (27 September 1993), Staatliche Pressestelle, Hamburg

(c)Letters and diaries

Gerke, Liselotte: typescript account

Herr Schult, Letter to Pastor Kreyer

Hof Kerstin (ed.), Rothenburgsort 27/28 Juli 1943,unpublished booklet, produced by Stadtteilinitiative Hamm e.V.

Severin, Günther (ed.), Briefe an einen Pastor,collection of letters written to Pastor Jürgen Wehrmann in Eilbek from his parishioners

(d)University theses

Hohmann Mirko, ‘so wurde die Zerstörung ihres Lebens für uns alie zu einer furchtbaren Anklage’:Die Juliangriffe auf Hamburg in der hamburgischen Erinnerungskultur 1943 bis 1993(Hamburg, 2003)

(e) Unattributed

Hamburg secondary school project, ‘Als die Bomben fielen: Hamburg vor 40 Jahren, Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, Halll 68

‘Klontreff “Eimsbüttel im Feuersturm”’, unpublished transcript of local-history group conversation at Galerie Morgenland/Geschicht-swerkstatt

Acknowledgements

I am extremely grateful to the staff at the many institutions that have become essential to the creation of a book like this. The most important of these were, in no particular order, the Air Force University in Alabama, the US National Archives in Washington, the Reichelt Oral History Program at Florida State University, Oral History Archive of World War Two at Rutgers University, the British Library, the Imperial War Museum in London, the Royal Air Force Museum, the UK National Archives, the Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, and the Forschungsstelle für Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg. I have been consistently surprised at the knowledge and helpfulness of the staff in such institutions on both sides of the Atlantic, and am truly grateful for their existence.

Special mention must be made of the various Geschichtswerkstätten and Stadtteilarchive in Hamburg, most of which are run with extremely limited funds, and rely on the unbounded enthusiasm of the people who run them. I am particularly indebted to Grunhild Ohl-Hinz of the St Pauli-Archiv and Sielke Salomon of Galerie Morgenland Geschicht-swerkstatt Eimsbüttel, both for giving me access to unpublished material and for introducing me to survivors of the firestorm. Tim Bottoms at the Mighty Eighth Museum, in Georgia, and Robin Sellers, at Florida State University, should also be mentioned for assistance above and beyond the call of duty. Also Klaus Gille of the Carl Hagenbeck Archiv, who kindly provided me with information about the destruction of Hamburg’s zoo.

Where possible I have tried to restrict myself to quoting contemporary diaries and letters in this book, since the details they give are more likely to be accurate. However, stories told face to face have an immediacy that can sometimes be lacking in written accounts. I would therefore like to express my deep gratitude to the men and women who have both shared their diaries and consented to be interviewed for this book, especially: Leonard Bradfield, Wanda Chantler, Leonard Cooper, Walter

Davis, Lishman Easby, Ted Edwards, Doug Fry, Liselotte Gerke, Ted Groom, Colin Harrison, Kenneth Hills, Norman Jones, Beege Margot, Wallace McIntosh, Bill McCrea, Gordon Moulton-Barrett, Ted Neville, F. H. Quick, James Sullivan, Denys Teare, Trevor Timperley and Louis P. Wooldridge.

There are several individuals whom I must thank for their help with research. I could not have covered the German side of the story in nearly so much detail without the help of Malte Thieβen and Mirko Hohmann. David Isby got me started on the American research, and Paul Wolf was an enormous help at the US National Archives. Harry D. Gobrecht was very helpful with information relating to the USAAF’s 303rd BG. Although I did not have time to follow up all the leads they gave me, Penny Ash and Keith Hill were generous with their own lists of contacts. The irrepressible Peter Hart of the Imperial War Museum not only helped with oral history sources but kept me smiling as well. Thanks must also go to H. E. Batchelder of the RAF Ex-Prisoner of War Association, Nigel Parker of Bomber Command News,and Frank Haslam of the British & Commonwealth Air Unit Register, and Oliver Clutton-Brock. My wife, Liza, gave me excellent advice on ways to improve the manuscript, as did Ion Trewin, Ian Drury and Gary Sheffield. I must also thank Sonia Stammwitz, Jenny Piening and Sylvia Goulding for their help with translating some of the denser German documents.

As always, I am very grateful also to my agents: Simon Trewin and Claire Scott at PFD; Nicki Kennedy, Mary Esdaile and all at ILA; and Dan Mandel at Sanford J. Greenburger Associates.

Lastly I must thank all those at my publishers who have made this book possible. After working for several years in the publishing industry myself I know what an enormous amount of effort goes into the creation, publicizing and marketing of a book, and I am grateful to everyone at Penguin for all their hard work. In particular I must thank my editors Eleo Gordon and Hazel Orme for all their patience, their excellent advice and their constant enthusiasm for this book throughout the publishing process.

Index

Aachen 107

Abromeit, Friedrich 159

absurdity 259

accommodation, lack of 301

Ahrens, Georg III, 306

air crew, jobs 87–8

air doctrine 48–9

air power 50–3

Air Protection battalions withdrawn 248

Air Protection leader 120–1

air raid, June 1943 129, 138

air raid, 24 July

expectancy 77–80

preparations 78–80

briefing 80–3

intelligence briefing 81–3

last meal 83–4

take-off 84–7

numbers involved 86

aborts 86

Pathfinders 86, 90, 95–6, 97, 98–9, 104, 181

outbound flight 87–8, 89–92, 95–7

diversionary missions 89, 101

interception attempts 92–5, 96, 103

casualties and losses 96, 98, 104, 117, 119, 136, 151–8, 376–8

flak 97–8, 112–13, 121

target indicators dropped 98–9, 111–14

bombing run 99–101

air-raid warnings 109–11

in the shelters 114–16

on the streets 116–19

fires 101, 113–14, 118, 119–21, 122, 123, 124, 201

homebound flight 101, 103–5

landing 105

debriefing 105

25 July 106

effects of 119–27

damage 124–5

RAF statistics 393

air raid, 25 July

planning and preparation 128–36

weather 129–30

priority targets 129, 138

diversionary missions 130–1, 145

briefing 137–9

takeoff and formation assembly 139–42

apprehension 139

flak 139, 146–7

aborts 142, 150, 163

outbound flight 142, 144–7

bombing run 147–50, 334

casualties and losses 147, 161, 163–4, 378–80

homebound flight 150–9

landing 159–61

debriefing 161–2

intelligence assessment 163–5

victory claims 164–5

USAAF statistics 394

air raid, 26 July

briefing 165–6

takeoff and formation assembly 166–8

diversionary missions 166

aborts 167–8

outbound flight 167–9

bombing run 169, 171, 175

homebound flight 171–2

casualties and losses 171, 172, 380–1

Trojan Horse B17s 172

USAAF statistics 395

air raid, 27 July. see alsofirestorm

planning and preparation 186–9

bomb loads 186–7

briefing 335

outbound flight 186–7, 189–92

aborts 189

Pathfinders 189, 192

takeoff 189

casualties and losses 190, 195–8, 381–3

flak 191, 195, 196

bombing run 192–8, 204–6, 335

target indicators dropped 192

homebound flight 198–9

RAF statistics 393

air raid, 29 July

Harris orders 246

Hamburg prepares for 247–9

flak 247, 254, 255

briefing 249–50

planning and preparation 249–50

takeoff 250–1

decoys 250, 251

Pathfinders 250, 251, 257

casualties and losses 251–2, 254–5, 256–7, 260, 261, 384–7

outbound flight 251–4

bombing run 254–6, 257, 259

homebound flight 256–7

experience on the ground 259–61

effect of 257–64

RAF statistics 393

air raid, 2 August

planning and preparation 268–70

weather 268, 269

reconnaissance flight 269

outbound flight 270–6

aborts 270, 271

casualties and losses 275–6, 278, 279, 281, 282, 388–92

flak 278–9

over Hamburg 267, 278–9, 281–2

homebound flight 279

Pathfinders 280

targets of opportunity 281

debriefing 279–81

assessment 281–2

RAF statistics 393

air-raid drill 37–8

Air-raid Protection Service 290

air-raid shelters 34–5, 37, 110, 114–16, 175, 225, 248–9, 259–61, 316

air-raid sirens 37, 109–10, 174–5, 247–8

air raids, 1940–42 37–8, 55

air raids, post 1943 308

air-sea rescue 172

air supremacy 328

aircraft

Avro Lancaster 59, 87–8, 88, 187, 396

Boeing B17 ‘Flying Fortress’ 66, 133, 141–2, 153, 155–6, 158–9, 397

De Havilland Mosquito 59, 89, 396

the Doris Mae149

Dornier Do217 398

Focke-Wulf 190 397

Gotha bombers 47

Handley Page Halifax 88, 186, 396

the Judy B147, 161

Junkers Ju88 104, 398

Messerschmitt Me 109 104, 144–5, 164, 397

Messerschmitt Me 110 158–9, 398

the Nitemare171

Short Stirling 89, 186, 396

Vickers Wellington 89, 396

the Yankee Doodle Dandy159, 160

Albert H. 211–13

Allwright, Flight Sergeant E. F. 256

Alster, river 4, 123

Alster Lake 35, 37, 315

Alsterdorf 5

Althoff Circus 109

Altona 7, 18, 29, 32, 99, 113–14, 122, 125, 175, 180, 185

‘Am Stadtpark’ beer hall 22–4

Amsterdam 7

Anderson, Brigadier-General

Frederick L., Jr 64, 71, 72, 128–9, 132, 188–9

anoxia 141–2, 152, 161

Anschluss, the 32, 53

anti-aircraft guns. seeflak

anti-Jewish laws 29

anti-Nazi outbursts 238–9

anti-Semitism 28–30

appeasement 53

‘area bombing’ 49, 56, 57, 59, 62, 129, 333–4

Arnold, Lieutenant-General Henry

‘Hap’ 64, 338

Arnold, Rolf 122

arson 259

Auschwitz 341

Ausschläger Weg 224

Australians 103

Austria 32, 53

Baaken 99

Backiel, Stan 160

bailing out 152–3, 153–4, 156, 171

Baker, Else 39

Barlach, Ernst 27

Barmbek 5, 20, 124, 176, 224, 257, 261

Barmbek power station 303

Bartels, Maria 302–3

Bath 310

Battle Opera House, the 93–4

Bavaria 40

BBC 107

Belfast 56

Belgium 53

Bell, George, Bishop of Chichester 337

Bellealliancestrasse 118

Belsen 341

Bennett, Air Vice Marshal Don 61, 76

Benny, Sergeant J. 275

benzedrine 78

Bergedorf 20

Berlin xv, 40, 56, 81, 244–5, 311, 328, 337

Berliner Tor 221

Biermann, Wolf 210–11, 215–16, 220–1

Bigler, Lieutenant Charles 147

Billbrook 6

Billstedt 236

Birmingham 56

Bismarck, the 32

black-market, the 39, 314

Blankenese 35

blanket bombing, see alsoarea

bombing 333–4

Bläß, Herr 208

Blitz, the xvii, 56, 57, 204, 310–11

‘Blitz Week’ 165

Blohm & Voss 13, 55, 129, 130, 138, 149–50, 165–6, 169, 174, 287, 304, 305, 334, 335

Bochum xvii

bomb-aimers 79, 83, 84, 88, 99–100, 103

bomb runs 74–5

bomb-sights 59, 66, 334

bombardiers 142

Bomber Command, see alsoindividual air raids

bombing accuracy 59, 186

discipline 77

Harris appointed commander-in-chief 58, 59–60

Operations Room routine 71–2

order of battle 370–5

orders, 1943 68

plans to raid Berlin 244

thousand-bomber raid, Cologne, 1942 63

total casualties and losses 59, 80, 336, 337

veterans’ attitudes 339–41

Bombing Survey Unit 318–22

bombs

1000-pound 99

4000-pound 99–100, 101, 112

8000-pound 101, 112

high-explosive 203–4

incendiary 99–100, 101, 112, 116, 117, 119, 169, 186–7, 203–4, 206

noise of 115, 117

tactics 119

timer fuses 122

unexploded 177, 287

Bonaparte, Napoleon 11–12

book burning 27, 343

Borck, Fredy 41, 182, 205, 231

Borgfelde 213, 221, 224

Bould, Flight Lieutenant G. 275

Boyle, Flight Officer A. H. 252

Bradfield, Leonard 98, 99–100

Brauer, Max 342

Bremen 89, 198, 281

Bremerhaven 281

Breslau 245

Bristol 56

Britain, battle of 55–8

British Army, enters Hamburg 309–11

Brooke, Air Commodore W. A. 188

Brookes, Sergeant Dennis 274–5

Brown, Virgil 145

Bruges 7

Brunswig, Hans 119–20, 221

Bührich, Martha 110, 182, 235

buildings destroyed 318–19

Buist, Scott 136

Bünger, Lore 239

bunker wardens 115, 116

Büttner, Gretl 289, 295, 307

caffeine pills 78

Calhoun, Major William 167

camouflage 35, 37

Campbell, Sir Malcolm 52

Canada 52

Canadians 103

canals, the 4, 218–21

carbon monoxide poisoning 200, 229–30, 260

Cardiff 56

Carlisle, Willis 147

Casablanca Conference, 1943 67, 128

casualties and losses, see alsocorpses

air raid, 24 July 96, 98, 104, 117, 119, 136, 151–8, 376–8

air raid, 25 July 147, 161, 163–4, 378–80

air raid, 26 July 171, 172, 380–1

air raid, 27 July 190, 195–8, 381–3

air raid, 29 July 251–2, 254–5, 256–7, 260, 261, 384–7

air raid, 2 August 275–6, 278, 279, 281, 282, 388–92

the Blitz 57

Bomber Command 59, 80, 336, 337

combined air offensive 68

estimating 291–2

the firestorm 209, 211, 212–13, 215, 216, 224–30

First World War air raids 47

Hanover, 26 July 172

injuries 231–2

Lübeck 62

post 1943 308

Rotterdam 55

total xvi, 299, 319, 337

treatment of 183

USAAF 67, 173, 336

cellars 117, 209–10, 229–30, 289, 290, 290–1, 291–2

Chantler, Wanda 110, 116–17, 119, 125–6, 266–7, 282

children

adaptation 301–2

evacuation 38

post 1943 casualties 308

chivalry 156

Christie, J. K. 272

Christuskirche, Holstenplatz 181

Church, moral leadership 345

Churchill, Winston S. 55, 56, 57, 59, 66, 70, 75, 268

Clostermann, Pierre 134

Cochrane, Ralph 61

‘Coffin Corner’ 155

Cole, Flight Officer J. S. 104

collision, risk of 100

Cologne 63, 107, 191, 311, 337

combined air offensive 67–70

Combined Chiefs of Staff 67, 129

commemoration 345–8

Communist Party 20–1, 22–3, 26

Communist resistance groups 40

Communist uprising, 1923 20–1

Communists, threat of 23–4

concentration camp inmates 290, 291, 292–3

consequences, denial of xiv–xv

Coombes, Eva 37

Cooper, Leonard 97–8, 195

corpses

identification 292, 297

recovery and burial 288–93, 298

refugees carrying 241–2

Couper, Flight Sergeant J. A. 278

Coventry xvii, 56, 310

Cromer 90

Cuxhaven 146

Czechoslovakia 32, 53

Dagerman, Stig xiv

Daily Express234

damage assessment 318–22

Dark, Philip 310

Davis, David 157

Davis, Walter 134, 146

Davout, Marshal Louis 12

death, causes of 200

Decontamination Service 291

decoys 192

Deelen 151

Denmark 53, 241

Depression, the 21, 25

Der Brand(Friedrich) 343

destruction, man’s urge for xiii

Deutsche Arbeitsfront, the 27

Dimpfelsweg 207, 208

disease, fear of 293, 298, 312

ditching 157–8, 172

diversionary missions 89, 101, 130–1, 145, 166, 250

Doenitz, Admiral Karl 305

Dortmund 68

double summertime 109

Douhet, Giulio 51, 236

Dresden xv, 201, 245, 308, 311, 328, 338

Drieseszun, Philip 138, 139, 153–4

Duisburg 89, 101

Düppel 75–6

Düsseldorf xv, xvii, 68

Eaker, General Ira 61, 64, 64–5, 66, 67, 69, 248

East Germany 343

education 27–8

Edwards, Ted 98

Eilbek 211, 213, 221, 224, 257, 260, 305

Eimsbüttel 5, 20, 125, 175

Eimsbüttler Chaussee 118

Eimsbüttler Marktplatz 118–19

Elbe, river 3–4, 9, 35, 98, 144, 146, 176, 315

Elbe Chaussee, the 4

Elbetunnel, the 18

electricity, restoration of 303

Elingshausen, Paul 116, 119

Elmshorn 282

emergency rations 183

emergency services 119–20

‘Enabling Act’ 26

Eppendorf 5, 257

Essen xvii, 68, 129, 185, 245

Estes, Thomas 156–8

evacuation 126, 183, 232, 236–42, 247

evasion tactics 96

executions, political 26

famine, fear of 39

Farmsen 236

Faupel, Ludwig 214–15, 290

Fenton, Frank 255

fighter escorts 134, 334

financial costs 327–8, 399–400

fire, threat of 35

fire service 119–20, 120–1, 176, 213–15, 248

fire wardens 112, 116, 206

fire-watchers 35, 112

firebombing 52–3

firemen 35

fires 175, 185, 248, 257, 288. see alsofirestorm

air raid, 24 July 101, 113–14, 118, 119–21, 122, 123, 124

meteorological effects 123

situation 27 July 176, 177, 180

tactical use of 203–4

firestorm

begins 192–3, 195

the bombardment 204–6, 207–9, 210

canals as refuges 218–21

damage 224

casualties 209, 211, 212–13, 215, 216, 224–30

causes of death 229–30

commemoration 347–8

danger of cellars 209–10, 229–30

death-toll 227–8

experience on the ground 206–21

extent 221–4

eyewitness accounts 205, 207, 208–9, 210, 211–13, 214–16, 217, 219, 220–1, 225, 226, 227, 228–9, 229–30, 230–1, 232

fiftieth anniversary 331–2, 342, 344

the fire service and 213–15

fire-whirls 201

incendiary bombs 203–4, 206