Текст книги "On the Way to Success. На пути к успеху"

Автор книги: Елена Карневская

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6.5. PREPOSITIONS WITH NOUNS AS ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS

6.5.1. Study the use of prepositions with adverbial modifiers after verbs.

He was very reluctant to do it at first, but in the end he agreed.

The car came round the corner at full speed.

He's a doctor by profession.

He's very shy by nature.

They met by chance.

Sorry, I did it by mistake.

The teacher knew all the pupils by name.

They decided to go to Bristol by sea (by bus, by train, by air).

I go to work by bus/by tram/by taxi/by car.

I'd like to go to France for a holiday/on holiday.

What would you like to have for breakfast (supper,dinner, lunch)?

The rain has stopped. Let's go for a walk.

I went to work in my car.

I like walking in the rain.

He spoke in a loud voice so that everybody could hear him.

You are not allowed to write in pencil. You must write in ink.

It's not far. We can go there on foot.

He went to Japan on business.

I've never met her. I've only spoken to her on the phone.

I listened to the news on the radio.

I saw a very interesting film on television last night.

The London train arrived on time at 8.30. (But We ran all the way to the station and were just in time to catch the train.)

She cut the bread with a knife.

6.5-2. Complete the following sentences.

1.1 think you can get there ... bus. 2. We were just... time to see the Queen arrive. 3. We met at the station ... chance. 4. Can I get to Yalta ... sea? 5.1 only had a cup of coffee ... breakfast. 6. She sent a parcel ... post. 7. You must write your name ... ink. 8.1 took Tom's hat... mistake. 9. We still have some time. Let's go ... foot. 10. Cut the cake ... a knife. 11. He began to speak ... a low voice. 13. I picked up the wrong suitcase at the airport... mistake. 14. Is there anything interesting ... television tonight? 15. The journey takes ten minutes... bus and about 25 minutes... foot. 16. Robert didn't come to work ... his car yesterday. His car had broken down and he had to come ... taxi. 17. Statistically, the safest way of travelling is ... air. 18.1 know him ... name, but I've never actually seen him. 19. Nobody wanted to buy his car, so ... the end he had to give it away. 20. She isn't here this week. She's gone to Canada ... business. 21. Violent films should not be shown ... television. 22. We decided to travel to Australia ... boat. 23. Don't write to me between 2 and 16 June. I'll be ... holiday then. 24. It annoys me when he starts to speak ... such a loud voice. 25. The chairman wants the conference to start exactly ... time. 26. It's Mrs. Blake ... the phone. She says it's urgent. 27. Be careful if you are walking home... the dark.

6.6. PREPOSITIONS BEFORE A NOUN USED AS AN OBJECT

6.6.1. Study the use of prepositions with an object after the following verbs.

Never ask for money you have not earned.

I think we 'd better apologize to them for wakingthem up.

Who does this house belong to?

Mike borrowed $15 from me.

She complained to the manager about the poor working conditions. (But: She complained to me of a headache.)

Don't look out of the window. Concentrate on your work.

The report consisted of two parts. Have you heard about Peter? He got married last month.

Have you ever heard of William Thackerey?

1 haven't heard from him for a month.

A strange thing happened to me last night.

The teacher had to explain the grammar rule to the pupil again.

She insisted on our staying to lunch.

They invited us to_ their house for lunch.

Everyone laughed at his joke.

I usually listen to the news on the radio.

They lived on bread and butter for weeks.

Look at the rainbow. Isn 't it beautiful?

I have looked for the book everywhere but I can't find it.

Don’t worry. I shall look after the children.

I looked through the magazines while

I waited for you.

Your party prevented everybody from sleeping last night.

Jane reminds me of a girl I was at school with.

She was shivering with cold.

His sister is suffering from allergy.

Has anyone sent for a doctor?

Can I speak to the manager, please?

How much do you spend on clothes?

I talked to her half an hour ago.

Translate the sentences from Russian into English.

We are thinking of going out tonight, (-have an idea)

What do you think of this play? (=have an opinion)

Before giving a final answer, think carefully about what I said, (consider, concentrate the mind on)

Don 't worry about lunch. It 'II be ready in a moment.

Sorry I haven't written to you for such a long time.

6.6.2. Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions.

1. We had to send ... an electrician to mend the switch. 2. I'm in a hurry. John is waiting... me at the University. 3.1 looked ... my dog everywhere but couldn't find it. 4. He's very selfish. He only thinks ... himself. 5. Can you explain ... me what you mean? 6. The man sitting opposite me kept looking ... me. 7. It didn't occur to me to ask him ... the proof of his identity. 8. The police are looking... the boy who disappeared from home last week. 9. I'm thinking ... the children. How can we help them? 10. We spent the evening listening ... music. 11. His books have been translated ... many languages. 12. We waited ... Jim for half an hour but he didn't come. 13. He looked ... his watch everywhere but he didn't find it. 14. I don't think much ... this show. 15. What are you laughing ...? I can't understand what's funny. 16. Who looked ... you when you were ill? 17. When I looked ... my watch, I couldn't believe that it was so late. 18. I am looking ... Tom. Have you seen him anywhere? 19. It isn't my car. It belongs ... Mike. 20. I apologize ... breaking your drill. 21. A baby-sitter was looking ... the children while they went to the cinema. 22. I'm sorry for being late. I had to look ... my camera. 23. He complained ... the manager ... the poor service at the restaurant. 24.1 can't concentrate ... anything at the moment. 25. I borrowed an umbrella ... a friend of mine. 26.1 insist... knowing what happened. 27. I'm looking ... a present for Laura. Can you think ... anything? 28. You can't accuse me ... laziness. 29. I can't think ... any reason why the accident happened. 30. You look sad. What are you thinking ... ? 31. She listened ... my story sympathetically. 32. Doesn't he have a job? What does he live ... ? 33. He asked me to look ... the document and then sign it. 34.1've been looking ... a cup to match the one I broke. 35. I am afraid he has never heard ... Michaelangelo. 36.1 haven't heard ... Sarah yet. I hope she will write soon. 37. I am bored. Can't you think ... something we can do?

6.7. PREPOSITIONS WITH AN OBJECT AFTER VERBAL PHRASES (UNITS)

6.7.1. Study the use of prepositions in these verbal phrases.

He seems not to be afraid of anything.

Don 't be angry with me. I did it by mistake.

He is not ashamed of what he did. In fact he seems to be proud of it.

Everyone was astonished/surprised/shocked by/at the news.

The children were thrilled to see that the ground was covered with snow.

The bus was crowded with people.

He was disappointed/satisfied/pleased with theexamination results.

He fell ill with pneumonia and had to stay in bed.

This town is famous for its hand-woven carpets.

Are you fond of classical music?

It's not easy to get rid of bad habits.

I'm afraid I am not very good at dancing.

I'm grateful to you for all your help.

Everyone was impressed by/with the performance.

I don't think he is interested in football.

I'm not very keen on going out tonight.

Don 't be late for classes.

I am looking forward to seeing you in September.

It was nice/kind/generous/clever of him to act like that.

It was mean/stupid/rude of him to act like that.

What is_ the tray made of?

He 's married to his friend's sister.

She looks very pleased with herself.

The film was not popular with the public.

The Browns seem to be proud of their son.

Brazil is rich in minerals.

Who is responsible for the children?

He can't be so rude to people.

We 've run out of bread.

The teacher was satisfied with the pupil's answer.

I am sorry for the animals in a cage.

He said he was sorry about breaking the window.

I'm a bit short of money. Can you lend me some?

I shall take care of the flowers while you are away.

It's typical of him to behave like that.

I'm tired of getting up early every day.

I'm not used to driving on the left.

I'm worried/upset/anxious about the present situation.

6.7.2. Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions.

1. What is he afraid ...? 2. If you are interested ... literature you may join our literary society. 3. Kate is very good ... English. 4. Is she still afraid... darkness? 5. My mother was angry ... me for my bad behaviour. 6. The Welsh are very proud ... their language. 7. Ann is fond ... her younger brother. 8. Do you think your teachers had much influence ... you? 9. Paul is getting anxious ... his future career. 10. Hurry up or you'll be late ... the plane. 11. Jane is 16 and she speaks two foreign languages. Her parents are very proud ... her. 12. He is used ... getting up early. 13. Many people are fond ... winter sports. 14. The manager was satisfied ... Bill's work and offered him a pay rise. 15. He is interested ... foreign languages. 16.1 was late ... the office again this morning; that is why the boss seems to be angry... me. 17. His garden is very well kept and he is very proud ... it. 18. He is married ... Cathleen and has three children. 19. Children are usually fond ... sweet things. 20. Nick is ill... the flue. He won't be coming tonight. 21. Sydney in Australia is famous ... its Opera House. 22. You are very good ... explaining things. 23. Are you worried ... your driving test? 24. I'm tired ... eating potatoes every day. Why can't we have rice for a change? 25. To tell you the truth, I'm not very keen... seeing him again. 26. If you are not satisfied ... the service at the hotel, you should complain to the manager. 27. I'm surprised ... you, forgetting your briefcase like that. 28. It was good ... you to help Dave with his homework. 29. The public is taking a lot of interest ... the new courses offered by the Open University. 30. We're angry ... Alex for letting us down. 31. He's quite nice but I wouldn't like to be married ... him.

32. The pudding was made ... fruit and chocolate. 33. Are you familiar ... this type of machine? 34. His essay is full... mistakes. 35. The jury found him quilty ... murder.

6.8. PHRASAL VERBS

6.8.1. Study the use of the following phrasal verbs.

When did the first world war break out?

She was brought up in the country.

Have you called on Mrs. Price? (-Have you visited

Mrs. Price?)

Margaret came across those old books in the attic.

The Parliament carried out the Prime Minister's

order.

The rain stopped and the sky cleared up.

In the end we found out the truth.

How does she get on with her brother?

We shall have to_get up early tomorrow.

You should give up smoking.

When he grows up he wants to become a pilot.

Go (keep) on writing.

There were a few words that I didn 't understand,

so I looked them up in my dictionary.

It was very dark. We couldn 't make out anything.

The meeting was put off until the following week.

She only puts on a hat when she goes to a wedding.

Ann ran into a former school classmate last week.

I won't be able to join you tonight. I'm seeing off

my friend.

Speak up! I can't hear you.

People say I take after my father.

It's getting dark. Turn (switch) on the light.

It's still dark in the room. Don't turn (switch} off

the light.

It's warm here. Take off your coat.

Won't you consider my proposals? – Well, I'll think

them over and let you know.

Why don't you throw away these old newspapers?

She had tried on about ten pairs of shoes before

she made her final choice.

When she woke up it was still dark.

He told me to write down his address.

6.8.2. Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions and postpositions.

1. Don't turn ... the radio. Father is working. 2. Take... your jacket. It's hot here. 3. Before you leave the house make sure that you have turned ... the gas and electricity. 4. It's getting dark. Shall I turn ... the light? 5. Wake me ... in half an hour. 6. I'm afraid we'll have to put... the meeting. 7. They bring ... their children very properly. 8. The children are asleep. Don't wake them .... 9.1 tried ... the jacket to see if it fitted me. 10. If you come across new words look them ... in the dictionary. 11. The teacher told the pupils to write ... their homework. 12. The weather's horrible, isn't it? I hope it'll clear ... later. 13.1 can't hear you very well. Can you speak ... a bit? 14. The children have grown ... since I saw them last. 15.1 was so tired that I couldn't get... in the morning. 16. We often call... our next door neighbours. 17.1 came ... this photograph by accident when I was clearing the attic. 18. Robert gave ... playing football years ago. 19. Did anyone find ... what their new address is? 20. Can you read the inscription? – No, I can't make it.... 21. When you are learning a new language you often have to look ... new words in the dictionary. 22. The epidemic broke ... in the early part of January. 23. I'm sure they will carry ... the project. 24. The housing development was put ... because of the increased expenses. 25. They turn ... the street lights at the same time every morning. 26. He doesn't get ... with his family. That's why he doesn't live at home. 27. He wanted to talk to me but I kept... working and refused to listen. 28. He takes ... his mother; he has blue eyes and fair hair too. 29. After his fourth attempt he gave ... trying to pass the driving test. 30. You can throw ... the packet; it's empty. 31. We went to see them ... at the station and waved till the train was out of sight. 32. Without my glasses I can hardly make ... the words on the page. 33. They decided to put... their wedding until the summer. 34. They've gone to the airport to see their daughter ....

6. 9. 2. Insert the correct prepositions where necessary.

1. Sandra was ... bed. She waited ... the postman to arrive. While she lay there she was thinking ... the application she had made for the scholarship. Suddenly she got... , put... her dressing gown and went... the bathroom. While she was having a shower she heard the postman. He knocked ... the door and her mother opened it. When Sandra entered ... the breakfast room, a letter was lying ... the table.

2 I'm a member ... a group who spend weekends looking ... footpaths, building walls and planting trees. We are not paid what we do but we enjoy it very much. You don't need any previous experience but it helps if you are fond ... gardening. The most attractive thing about it is that you meet ... other people interested ... nature and preserving the countryside.

3. We were late as usual. My husband had insisted ... doing his packing ... himself, and when he discovered that he couldn't manage he'd asked me ... help ... the last moment. So we had an hour to get... the airport. Luckily, there wasn't much traffic ... the road and we were able to get there just...

time.

4. Archeologists and historians are more and more worried ... the Italian city ... Venice, one ... the world's most important historical cities. Venice, built... the seventeenth century ... the Doges of Venice, is visited ... more than one million people ... a year. But Venice's buildings are ... danger. Their foundations are shaken... the vibrations from passing ships. Many parts ... the city are often flooded and these floods cause

damage too. Worried residents and experts ... all over the world are looking ... ways to stop the damage and preserve Venice.

5. Unexpected guests are good ... you. The phone rings, the friends you haven't seen ... ages are arriving ... a few hours, and you realize ... horror that you haven't changed the sheets

... the spare bedrooms ... months, that all the dirty dishes have been ... the sink since the weekend, and that you've been wearing the same frock ... three days.

6. Last year I went... a trip which was an absolute disaster. I was going to Berlin ... business when, ... accident, I got ... the wrong train. We were ... the way to Brussels before I realized my mistake. ... the end I got... Berlin twenty-four hours later than I had expected.

7. Last year my family went... holiday to Thailand. We went ... air; it was a very long journey but we were very well looked after ... the plane ... all the stewardesses. We stayed ... a large hotel... the outskirts of Bangkok. We were given a wonderful suite ... the top floor ... the hotel. The most enjoyable day I had was when we went... a trip ... boat, down the river to the crocodile farm. We had a wonderful holiday.

7. WORD FORMATION

7.1. STUDY THE TYPICAL SUFFIXES WHICH FORM NOUNS FROM VERBS.

– age -al

pass – passage arrive – arrival

– ment – sion

improve – improvement divide – division

– ance – ation

appear – appearance admire – admiration

– tion – ure

invent – invention fail – failure

– ence – ion

differ – difference confuse – confusion

– y – ee

recover – recovery employ – employee

Study the following list of nouns formed from verbs which do not follow the above patterns.

advise – advice behave – behaviour believe – belief

choose – choice complain – complaint die – death

fly – flight grow – growth hate – hatred know – knowledge live – life lose – loss

practise – practice prove – proof serve – service ' speak – speech think – thought weigh – weight

7.1.1. Make nouns from the following verbs. Check your variants with the dictionary.

admit develop interrupt protect

advertise disappoint introduce propose

announce discover invade punish

apologize divide invent qualify

apply educate hesitate receive

appoint elect marry recognize

approve employ mix refer

arrange enter operate refuse

attend entertain pass repeat

celebrate exist perform revise

combine explain permit satisfy

continue imagine possess solve

confess imitate prefer suggest

depart improve prepare translate

describe impress produce treat

7.1.2. Complete the sentences using nouns formed from the verbs in brackets.

1. The ... of America was made in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, (discover)

2. I can't tell the ... between butter and margarine, (differ)

3. Susie takes after her father in .... (appear)

4. The staff at this hotel is excellent. They give very good .... (serve)

5. The ... to the park is through the gate over there, (enter)

6. The American ... of this word is different from the British, (use)

7. We'll have to stay at this hotel. There's no .... (choose)

8. You need more ... if you want to speak good English, (practise)

9. The police said they were awaiting further .... (develop)

10. He can't get over the ... of so much money, (lose)

11. She accepted his ... for his rude behaviour at dinner, (apologize)

12. There is a... at the bottom of the letter, but I can't make it out. (sign)

13. I made an ... to see the dentist tomorrow, (appoint)

14. The film didn't come up to our ... at all. (expect)

15. It will be very helpful if you continue your .... (investigate)

16. She has a very wide ... of modern arts, (know)

17. The police suspect him of being guilty but they have no .... (prove)

18. The government is due to announce its economic ... shortly, (propose)

19. The college expects a high standard of... from its students, (behave)

20. Three boys in the school had the same name, which caused some.... (confuse)

21. My uncle was given a medal in ... of his service, (recognize)

22. This is the city's... district, full of cinemas and theatres, (entertain)

23. Can I see the manager? I have a ... about my room, (complain)

24. We should be ready for the ... at 5 sharp, (depart)

25. I can't give my ... today because I've got a sore throat, (speak)

26. He considered himself a .... He hadn't succeeded in anything, (fail)

7 2. STUDY THE TYPICAL SUFFIXES WHICH FORM NOUNS FROM ADJECTIVES

_ ance

important – importance

–ity

popular – popularity

–cy

vacant – vacancy

– ment

excited – excitement

_ ence

silent – silence

–ty

necessary – necessity

– ion

attractive – attraction

– y

difficult – difficulty

_ (i)ness

lazy – laziness

kind – kindness

The nouns formed from adjectives in the list below do not follow the above patterns.

deep – depth free – freedom high – height hot – heat

long – length poor – poverty proud – pride strong – strength

young – youth warm – warmth wide – width wise – wisdom

7.2.1. Make nouns from the following adjectives. Check your variants with the dictionary.

absent

beautiful

certain

confident

convenient

cruel

curious

dark

difficult

elegant

equal

fluent

foolish

frequent

generous

ill

important

independent

happy

patient

perfect

popular

possible

present

quiet

real

sad

safe

shy

stupid

tidy

ugly

violent

vacant

weak

wicked

7.2.2. Complete the sentences using nouns formed from the adjectives in brackets.

1. ... is one of the world's great problems, (poor)

2. I think it shows ... of character to admit you are wrong, (strong)

3. Summer came and the ... became quite oppressive, (hot)

4. I was told that you have a ... for a computer operator, (vacant)

5. He was delighted by the ... of the welcome he received, (warm)

6. ... is the mother of invention, (necessary)

7. ... on the screen is one of the most topical issues, (violent)

8. If you want to find a good job you should gain more .... (confident)

9. The ... of the water in this lake is more than twelve metres, (deep)

10. He is famous for his .... He gives large sums of money to charity, (generous)

11. I am sure that his ... was caused by overwork, (ill)

12. After staying in England for a couple of months he spoke English with greater .... (fluent)

13. Please have a little .... We'll have to wait for another hour, (patient)

14. The ... of this bus service is about one every ten minutes, (frequent)

15. Though it was his first visit to the town he found the right hotel without any .... (difficult)

16. According to a survey, the ... of this television channel has increased over the last three months, (popular)

17. My uncle is a figure of some ... in the academic world, (important)

18. I will always remember the ... of the welcome I received in your country, (warm)

19. To bring up children to be normal, well-adjusted human beings requires great ..., and perhaps a bit of luck, (wise)

20. In the ... we couldn't make out if there was anyone at the entrance, (dark)

7.3. STUDY THE TYPICAL SUFFIXES WHICH FORM ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS AND VERBS

– ic

energy – energetic

– able

to break – breakable

– (ic)al

practice – practical

– ive

to attract – attractive

profession – professional

– ous

danger – dangerous

– y

ram – rainy

-ly

friend – friendly

Note the meaning of the suffixes -ful and -less.

-ful means 'having', 'with', e.g. beautiful, careful, harmful,

peaceful, successful, useful.

-less means 'without', 'lacking', e.g. careless, friendless,

harmless, homeless, useless.

Note that the suffix -ly is used both in adverbs and

adjectives. See Part I, 5.

7.3.1. Make adjectives from the following nouns and verbs.

agriculture

alphabet

ambition

anger

comfort

courage

democracy

fame

fashion

health

honest

humour

hunger

luck

music

mystery

nerve

science

thirst

week

year

to advise

to agree

to change

to create

to cure

to decide

to enjoy

to protect

to respect

to value

7.3.2. Complete the sentences using adjectives formed from the nouns and verbs in brackets.

1. Those wires look a bit.... If I were you I would be more careful, (danger)

2. English weather is very .... It's often different from day to day. (change)

3. Long leather boots were extremely ... at one time, (fashion)

4. The country exports ... over two million tons of rice, (year)

5. Until the situation has settled down, it is not ... to travel to that country, (advise)

6. He's looking forward to starting his new job, but at the same time he's a bit.... (nerve)

7. I'm very pleased with my job. It's a very ... company to work in. (friend)

8. I think people who help the old, sick and ... are the salt of the earth, (home)

9. He's not very .... What he needs is someone to look after him and do everything for him. (care)

10. Jack is always in trouble though the rest of the family are ..., honest people, (respect)

11. The report which doesn't contain all the necessary facts is ... and makes a bad impression, (use)

12. A lot of people wear jeans and sweaters because they are cheap and .... (practice)

13. Smoking is ... to health and in many countries a warning is printed on every packet of cigarettes, (harm)

14. A taxi, sometimes called a cab, is the most ... way of travel, (comfort)

15. Everybody drank a toast to the future ... of the young couple, (happy)

16. The magazine was full of stories of the private lives of ... people, (fame)

17. Disabled people sometimes have ... in coping with public transport, (difficult)

18. Jack was very proud. He got a new job with more mone and .... (responsible)

19. Pack the glasses carefully. They're .... (break)

20. I think it's ... to book rooms in a hotel in advance, (advise)

21. Firemen wear... clothing, otherwise they would get burnt, (protect)

22. My sister is a very... person. She paints and makes sculptures, (create)

23. The two countries signed an agreement on trade and ... cooperation, (culture)

7.4. STUDY THE NEGATIVE PREFIXES WHICH ARE USED WITH DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH

Note that the prefixes dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, un– make words opposite in meaning to the original words.

E.g. to obey – to disobey, legal – illegal, patient – impatient, definite – indefinite, regular – irregular, lucky -unlucky.

7.4.1. Change the meaning of the following words from positive into negative by using one of the above prefixes.

comfortable

dependent

educated

friendly

happy

honest

literate

polite

popular

possible

tidy

usual

to agree

to appear

to approve

to like

to load

to tie

7.4.2. Put one of the above prefixes in each space to make the word which follows opposite in meaning.

1. It is the most... believable story I've ever heard.

2. I am afraid this is a very ... convenient arrangement.

3. The country became ... dependent soon after the end of World War II.

4. My parents ... approve of early marriages.

5. John left his job because he was ... able to deal with such a large amount of work.

6. When the ambulance came, the man was ... conscious after being knocked down by a car.

7. It's his first job and he is very ... experienced.

8. We had a long talk but we still... agree on a number of points.

9. Last summer I stayed in Paris for two weeks. It was an ... forgettable experience.

10. It was dark in the corridor and it took us ages to ... lock the door.

11. The sitting-room looks ... tidy after last night's party.

12. Sailing in a boat during the storm was a very ... pleasant experience.

13. The weather is ... usually warm for this time of the year.

14. He's usually rather ... patient and ... friendly, but I must say he was very sympathetic when I told him about my family problems.

15. He just can't stop talking. He goes on and on about totally... important things.

16. We were surprised that he ... appeared without saying a word to his friends.

17. Some of the spectators ... agreed with the referee's decision.

18. The English verbs fall into two groups: regular and ... regular verbs.

19. It is ... legal to bring goods into a country without paying tax.

20. I wouldn't like to share a flat with an ... tidy person.

7 4.3– Mixed practice.

Use the words given in capitals at the end of each

form a word that fits in the space in proper line.

A-

Architects responsible for the_____ot many CONSTRUCT

skyscrapers believe that a tall building must

always have a certain minimum_____but that WIDE

there is no limit to its absolute_____. This HIGH

means that the skyscrapers of the future are likely to be even taller.

Engineers agree with this, but there is_____ AGREE

over the best shape for very tall, slim buildings.

The effects of wind_____mean that cylindrical PRESS

designs have enjoyed some_____in recent POPULAR

years, and these are quite pleasing to the eye.

Would these tall buildings of the future offer

more than a_____view? Some believe tall WONDER

towers could contain all the_____for modern REQUIRE

living. The_____of these vertical villages INHABIT

would travel up and down between their home

and work zones and would_____need to RARE

journey to the ground level.

B.

The site of the town of Winchester was a_____ NATURE

place for a_____, at the point where a river SETTLE

cut through the chalk of the_____hillsides. SOUTH

A simple camp at St Catherine's Hill was the

____known use of the site. It was the Romans EARLY

who finally established the town and_____it ROUND

with a defensive wall for the protection of their people and trade.

With the_____of its first cathedral in the BUILD

seventh century, the town became an important

_____centre. Later, King Alfred, who had RELIGION

_____pushed back the invading Danes, moved SUCCESS

his palace to Winchester. The town then experienced rapid_____, and its _____role in DEVELOP CENTRE

English history was underlined in 1066 when the conquering Normans, like Alfred, made Winchester their capital.

8. WORD ORDER

8.1. TYPICAL SCHEMES AND EXAMPLES OF WORD ORDER IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUESTIONS

A. General questions

1

2

3

4

5

auxiliary verb

subject group

main verb