Текст книги "Dividing the Spoils: The War for Alexander the Great's Empire"

Автор книги: Robin Waterfield

Соавторы: Robin Waterfield,Robin Waterfield,Robin Waterfield
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13

. For some of the later history of the city, see Mark Mazower,

Salonica, City of Ghosts

(London: HarperCollins, 2005).

Chapter 8

1

. The main ancient sources are DS 18.58–63, 73, 19.12–5, 17–32, 34.7–8, 37–44; Plutarch,

Life of Eumenes

13–9. My discussion is indebted above all to Bosworth 2002, ch. 4.

2

. DS 19.12.3–13.5 contains more details of Eumenes’ departure, or escape, from Babylonia.

3

. DS 19.41.1.

4

. Curtius 4.15.7.

5

. DS 19.46.1.

6

. DS 19.48.3.

7

. Details of Chandragupta’s administration may be found in Mookerji 1966/1999.

8

. They are preserved as

FGrH

715.

9

. If it was a drunken rampage. The destruction of the palace may have been an act of policy; archaeology has revealed that the rooms were emptied of their treasures before the fire was set. See e.g. Fredricksmeyer 2000, 145–9.

10

. Phylarchus fr. 12 (

FGrH

81 F 12).

11

. The evidence for Antigonus’s administration of Asia is exiguous. Billows 1990, chs. 7 and 8, has made the most of it.

12

. Arrian,

Anabasis

2.4.8–9; Curtius 4.1.13–14.

Chapter 9

1

. DS 19.56.2.

2

. Ps.-Aristotle,

Oeconomica

1345b–1346a; for the assignation of this passage to Antigonus’s times, see Billows 1990, 289–90; for further discussion of the passage, Aperghis 2004b, 117–35.

3

.

SIG ³

344 = Welles 3, Ager 13, Austin 48.

4

. Theophrastus,

Inquiry into Plants

4.8.4.

5

. DS 19.90.4; see also Appian,

Syrian History

56.

6

. Text at DS 19.61.1–3 = Austin 35.

7

. DS 19.63.2.

8

. DS 19.63.4.

9

. An inscription has survived,

IG

II

²

450, that places Asander in Athens in the winter of 314/313, but whether his visit preceded or followed Prepelaus’s expedition to Caria is uncertain.

Chapter 10

1

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

6.1.

2

. Details of the Nabataean campaign can be found in DS 19.94–100.2.

3

.

The Devil’s Dictionary

(1911), s.v.

4

. Text in Austin 38–9; Bagnall/Derow 6; Harding 132.

5

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

7.3.

6

. AD (Astronomical Diaries) 1–309, obv. 9, available at

http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/bchp-diadochi/diadochi_06.html

.

7

. ABC (

Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles

) 10: rev. 23–25, available at

http://www.livius.org/di-dn/diadochi/diadochi_t23.html

.

8

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

19.4

Chapter 11

1

. DS 19.105.4.

2

. As late as 305 in Egypt:

P.Dem. Louvre

2427, 2440.

3

. Plutarch,

On Spinelessness

530d. There has been speculation in the press that the new royal grave discovered at Aegae/Vergina in 2009 is that of Heracles (see e.g.

http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_0_31/08/2009_110269

), but it is far too soon to tell.

4

. “A monument to the rewards of carefully limited ambitions” is Green’s description (quoted in Ellis 1994, 66).

5

. DS 20.37.2.

6

. See Dixon 2007, 173–75.

7

. For more on Cleopatra, see Carney 2000a, and Meeus 2009.

8

. DS 20.106.2–3.

9

. Habicht 1997, 153–54.

10

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

10.3.

11

. On the library, see Canfora 1990; Collins 2000; Erskine 1995.

12

. The definitive account of Alexandria is Fraser 1972; Green 1990, ch. 6, is considerably shorter.

13

. On the Septuagint, see Collins 2000.

14

. The famous earlier fire, in the time of Julius Caesar, did not, as is usually thought, damage the main library. See Canfora, 66–70.

15

. P.-A. Beaulieu in Briant and Joannès 2006, 17–36.

16

. See e.g. Plato,

Timaeus

22a–23b.

17

. Theocritus’s

Idyll

17 in praise of Ptolemy II is a prime example.

18

. “In the populous land of Egypt there is a crowd of bookish scribblers who get fed as they argue away interminably in the birdcage of the Muses,” said the satirist Timon of Phlius (fr. 60 Wachsmuth; fr. 12 Diels).

Chapter 12

1

.

IG

II

²

469.9–10. A photograph of this decree is available, thanks to the Oxford University Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, at

http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/CSAD/Images/200/Image286.html

.

2

. See P. Anderson, “The Divisions of Cyprus,”

London Review of Books

30.8 (April 24, 2008), 7–16; or online at

http://www.lrb.co.uk/v 30/n 08/perryanderson/the-divisions-of-cyprus

.

3

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

17.5; see also Appian,

Syrian History

54; DS 20. 53.2.

4

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

25.4; see also Plutarch,

Precepts of Statecraft

823c–d; Phylarchus fr. 31 (

FGrH

81 F 31). For discussion, see Hauben 1974.

5

. Bosworth 2002, 246.

6

. The nature of Hellenistic monarchy is, naturally, much debated. See especially Austin 1986; Bosworth 2002, ch. 7; Bringmann 1994; Beston 2000; Chamoux 2003, ch. 7; Gruen 1985; Ma 2003; Smith 1988; Walbank 1984.

7

. Niccolò Machiavelli,

The Prince

, ch. 14 (trans. N. H. Thomson).

8

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

42.3.

9

. Plutarch,

Whether Old Men Should Engage in Politics

790a.

10

. Appian,

Syrian History

61.

11

. Durrell’s

Reflections on a Marine Venus

(London: Faber and Faber, 1953) contains a spirited account of the siege, in a chapter perhaps unfortunately titled “The Sunny Colossus.” Durrell is not unsound, but Berthold (1984, 66–80) is better.

12

. Polybius,

Histories

12.13.11. On Hellenistic technology in general, Lloyd 1973, ch. 7, but for technical details, see Oleson 2008. Demetrius’s snail was reconstructed in theory by A. Rehm, “Antike Automobile,”

Philologus

317 (1937), 317–30.

13

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

24.1.

14

. e.g. DS 22.92.3, Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

2.2.

15

.

The Flatterer

, fr. 4 Arnott; Athenaeus,

The Learned Banqueters

587d. The line is addressed to a soldier, who in Menander’s comedies of the period was often a Demetrius look-alike. See S. Lape,

Reproducing Athens: Menander’s Comedy, Democratic Culture, and the Hellenistic City

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 61–3.

16

. Heckel 1992, 188.

17

. A fragmentary constitution of the league survives:

IG

IV

²

1.68 = Austin 50; Harding 138; Bagnall/Derow 8; Ager 14.

18

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

3.

Chapter 13

1

. Studies stressing or discussing Seleucid continuation of Achaemenid practices: Aperghis 2008; Briant 1990, 2010; Briant and Joannès 2006; Kuhrt and Sherwin-White 1988, 1994; McKenzie 1994; Sherwin-White and Kuhrt 1993; Tuplin 2008; Wolski 1984. For continuity in Ptolemaic Egypt: Manning 2010.

2

. Curtius 9.1.1–2.

3

. This paragraph skates over considerable debate about the degree of constitutionalism in early Macedon. See especially Adams 1986; Anson,1985, 1991, 2008; Borza 1990 (ch. 10); Carlier 2000; Errington 1974, 1978, 1990 (ch. 6); Greenwalt 2010; Hammond 1989, 1993, 1999, 2000; Hammond and Walbank 1988; Hatzopoulos 1996; Lock 1977; Mooren 1983, 1998; O’Neil 1999, 2000.

4

. Leriche in Cribb and Herrmann 2007, 131, 134.

5

. Some idea of the increasing importance of gymnasia, and the increasing civic power wielded by their directors, is given by a second-century inscription from Macedon: Austin 137 = Bagnall/Derow 78.

6

. Eddy 1961, 19.

7

. More detailed studies of taxation in early Ptolemaic Egypt: Bingen 2007 and Thompson 1997; in early Seleucid Asia: Aperghis 2004b.

8

. e.g. Polybius,

Histories

30.26.9 on Antiochus IV (175–64).

9

.

P.Tebt

. III 703 (= Bagnall/Derow 103, Burstein 101, Austin 319) gives a good impression of what a minor official was expected to do to ensure the system’s smooth and profitable running.

P.Rev.

(= Bagnall/Derow 114, Austin 296–97) is another vital document for understanding the Ptolemaic taxation system; commentary in Bingen 2007, 157–88.

10

. It is, of course, hard to be exact about such figures. See Manning 2010, 125–27.

11

. Jenkins 1967, 59.

12

. e.g.

P.Col.Zen

. II 66 = Bagnall/Derow 137, Austin 307;

P.Ryl

. IV 563 = Bagnall/Derow 90;

P.Lond

. 1954 = Austin 302;

P.Cairo Zen

. 59451 = Austin 308.

Chapter 14

1

. Will 1984, 61.

2

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

30.1.

3

. Athenaeus,

The Learned Banqueters

98d.

4

. Polyaenus,

Stratagems

4.12.1. See Bosworth 2002, 248–49, for dating this episode during the raids described by Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

31.2.

5

. See Grainger 1990a.

6

. Polybius,

Histories

5.46.7, 54.12.

7

. Most of the story of this remarkable woman lies outside the period covered in this book, but see Carney 2000a, 173–77; Macurdy 1932/1985, 111–30; S. Burstein, “Arsinoe II Philadelphos: A Revisionist View,” in W. L. Adams and E. N. Borza (eds),

Philip II, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Heritage

(Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1982), 197–212.

8

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

33.1.

9

. Where, in typical Successor fashion, he renamed the city he made his seat: Heraclea became Pleistarcheia. The defensive walls built probably by Pleistarchus are among the best preserved early Hellenistic fortifications: see McNicoll and Milner 1997, 75–81.

10

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

34.2.

11

. A stoa was a building containing offices and/or meeting rooms, but consisting most prominently of a long, covered colonnade designed for shelter from the elements; the stoas were therefore popular meeting places. The reconstructed Stoa of Attalus in the Athenian agora gives the best impression.

12

. The therapeutic aspect of Hellenistic philosophy has only recently become more accepted within scholarly circles, thanks especially to Hadot 2002; Sharples 2006 is a good product of the new thinking.

13

. Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias, Isocrates, Isaeus, Demosthenes, Aeschines, Lycurgus, Hyperides, and Deinarchus.

Chapter 15

1

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

36.12.

2

. The expression was coined by a later Macedonian king, Philip V (222–179), according to Polybius,

Histories

18.11.5.

3

. Delev 2000.

4

. Plutarch,

Life of Pyrrhus

8.2.

5

. Plutarch,

Life of Pyrrhus

10.5.

6

. Duris of Samos, fr. 13 Jacoby; full text at Austin 43, Burstein 7, Grant p. 67.

7

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

42.2.

8

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

41.3.

9

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

43.5. On the whole subject, see Murray 2012.

10

. The villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale: see Billows 1995, 45–55.

11

. On Hellenistic religious developments, see especially Chamoux 2003, ch. 9; Mikalson 2006; Potter 2003; Shipley 2000, 153–76.

12

. On Samothrace, see Cole 1984; on Eleusis, Mylonas 1961.

13

. Plutarch,

On Isis and Osiris

361f–362a; Tacitus,

Histories

4.83–4 (= Austin 300).

14

. Demetrius of Phalerum fr. 82a Stork/van Ophuijsen/Dorandi.

15

. Lund 1992, 98.

16

. Plutarch,

Life of Pyrrhus

12.4.

17

. Memnon of Heraclea, fr. 1.5.6 Jacoby. A later Hellenistic king was also named Ceraunus: Seleucus III Ceraunus, king of Syria from 226 to 223.

18

. So Plutarch has Seleucus describe him (

Life of Demetrius

38), with a hint at the significance of the anchor symbol to their line. It was said to be a Seleucid birthmark, passed down through the generations, as predicted by the anchor seal ring the god Apollo had given to Seleucus’s mother after impregnating her with Seleucus.

19

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

38.7; Appian, 59–61.

20

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

49.2.

21

. Plutarch,

Life of Demetrius

51.3.

Chapter 16

1

. There is an excellent account of the excavations at Seuthopolis in Dimitrov and

i

ikova 1978.

2

. The evidence for Lysimachus’s administration is regrettably scant. See Lund 1992, ch. 5, for more on the topic.

3

. Justin 17.1.3.

4

. Memnon of Heraclea, fr. 1.5.6 Jacoby.

5

. On the sculptures of Pergamum, see Pollitt 1986, ch.4.

6

. Strabo,

Geography

16.2.10.

7

. Plutarch,

Life of Phocion

29.1.

8

. This is a very controversial topic, with views ranging from skepticism to acceptance of the idea that men could be gods. See especially Badian 1981; Balsdon 1950/1966; Bosworth 2003 b; Cawkwell 1994; Chaniotis 2003; Dreyer 2009; Fredricksmeyer 1979, 1981; Green 1990 (ch. 23), 2003; Habicht 1970; Hamilton 1984; Sanders 1991.

9

. For Lysander, see Plutarch,

Life of Lysander

18, based on Duris of Samos. For Dionysius, see DS 16.20.6 with Sanders 1991. For further pre-Alexandrian possibilities, see Fredricksmeyer 1979 and 1981.

10

. Homer,

Odyssey

8.467–8.

11

.

OGIS

6 = Austin 39.

12

. Sir Frederick Maurice (ed.),

An Aide de Camp of Life: Being the Papers of Colonel Charles Marshall, Assistant Adjutant General on the Staff of Robert E. Lee

(London: Little, Brown, 1927), 173.

13

. The evidence for private cult of rulers is slight, but see Smith 1988, 11.1–2.

14

. Smith 1988, 39–41.

15

. For this view in Greek literature (though certainly later than the Successors), see Diotogenes,

On Kingship

fr. 2, pp. 73–4 in H. Thesleff’s

The Pythagorean Texts of the Hellenistic Period

(Å bo: Å bo University Press, 1965). For Achaemenid Persia, see e.g. Briant 2002, 240–41; for Macedon, Hammond 1989a, 21–2.

16

. Euhemerus T 4e Jacoby. For more on Euhemerus, see Ferguson 1975 (ch. 7) and Gutzwiller 2007, 189–90; for the fifth-century origins of the idea, see Prodicus of Ceos fr. 5 Diels/Kranz.

17

. Justin 17.2.1.

18

. Justin 24.2.

19

. Justin 24. 3.7; after an unsuccessful bid for the Macedonian throne, the surviving son (another Ptolemy) became an independent dynast based in the city of Telmessus in Pisidia.

Bibliography

There are good reasons for the length of this bibliography. The loss of nearly all our literary sources for the era of the Successors, and the patchiness and unreliability of the sources that remain, mean that the period is a playground for scholars. My job in this book is to reach as wide an audience as possible. This means that I have not gone into scholarly controversies, nor have I generally interrupted the flow of the book with other arguments and positions. The notes have largely been restricted to referencing quotations and alerting the reader to major controversies. The list that follows, then, is intended to be full enough to guide any reader who wants to go on to read more detailed and more nuanced accounts. I have omitted many books and even more articles, especially if they were written in a language other than English. I have marked with an asterisk those works which seem to me to be indispensable, or at least the most useful of their class. The ancient sources are, of course, all essential.

ANCIENT SOURCES

Among the lost sources for the era of Alexander the Great and his Successors, the greatest loss is the work of Hieronymus of Cardia, an eyewitness attached to the courts, in turn, of Eumenes (possibly a cousin), Antigonus Monophthalmus, Demetrius Poliorcetes, and Antigonus Gonatas. See J. Hornblower, Hieronymus of Cardia(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), and J. Roisman, ‘Hieronymus of Cardia: Causation and Bias from Alexander to His Successors’, in. E. Carney and D. Ogden (eds), Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 135–48.

The most important literary source that remains is Diodorus of Sicily (late first cent. BCE). Books 18–20 of his Library of Historyconstitute the only continuous narrative of the age of the Successors, though after 302 BCE his work remains only in pitiful fragments. But others add substance in the form of alternative traditions or corroboration: Appian, Syrian History52–64 (second cent. ce = Roman History11.52– 64); Q. Curtius Rufus, The History of Alexander(first cent. CE), book 10; Justin (M. Junianus Justinus, perhaps third cent. ce), digest of books 13–17 of the Philippic Historyof Pompeius Trogus (late first cent. BCE); Cornelius Nepos (first cent. BCE), Lives of Eumenes, Phocion; Plutarch (first/second cent. ce), Lives of Alexander, Eumenes, Demetrius, Demosthenes, Phocion, Pyrrhus; Polyaenus (2nd cent. ce), Stratagems, esp. book 4.

A number of fragmentary histories are also relevant, of which the most important is that of Arrian (L. Flavius Arrianus, second cent. ce), After Alexander(fragments, and lamentably brief summary by Photius of Constantinople, ninth cent. ce). Others include P. Herennius Dexippus (third cent. ce), After Alexander(fragments, and summary by Photius of Constantinople, ninth cent. ce); Duris of Samos (fourth/third cent. BCE); Memnon of Heraclea Pontica (second cent. ce); and Philochorus of Athens (fourth/third cent. BCE). These fragments are collected in F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker(Berlin: Weidmann, 1923–58; CD-ROM ed, Leiden: Brill, 2004): Arrian is FGrH156; Dexippus is FGrH100; Duris is FGrH76; Hieronymus is FGrH154; Memnon is FGrH434; Philochorus is FGrH328. Jacoby’s monumental work is currently being revised under the editorship of I. Worthington, to be published in various formats by Brill.

Arrian’s fragments are also collected in the second volume of the Teubner Arrian, edited by A. Roos and G. Wirth (1967). Two recently discovered fragments have not yet been incorporated into either Jacoby or the Teubner text. The best versions of these two fragments can be found in, respectively, A. B. Bosworth, “Eumenes, Neoptolemus and PSIXII 1284,” Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies19 (1978), 227–37, and B. Dreyer, “The Arrian Parchment in Gothenburg: New Digital Processing Methods and Initial Results,” in W. Heckel et al. (eds.), Alexander’s Empire: Formulation to Decay(Claremont: Regina, 2007), 245–63. There is a translation of and brief historical commentary on a few of the fragments by W. Goralski, “Arrian’s Events after Alexander: Summary of Photius and Selected Fragments,” Ancient World19 (1989), 81–108.

TRANSLATIONS OF LITERARY SOURCES

Translations of the relevant works by Appian, Diodorus, Nepos, and Plutarch can most easily be found in the Loeb Classical Library series, published by Harvard University Press. These translations tend to be a bit old-fashioned, however; in fact, those of Diodorus and Appian are out of copyright, and also available on the Web. Otherwise, for Curtius: Quintus Curtius Rufus: The History of Alexander, trans. by J. C. Yardley, introduction by W. Heckel (London: Penguin, 1984). And for Justin: Justin: Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus, trans. by J. C. Yardley, introduction by R. Develin (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1994).

Excerpts from the literary sources, along with translations of inscriptions, cuneiform texts, and papyri, have been collected in a number of sourcebooks:

Ager, S., 1996, Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337–90BC(Berkeley: University of California Press). [inscriptions and literary sources]

*Austin, M., 2006,

The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation

(2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). [literary sources, inscriptions, papyri]

Bagnall, R., and Derow, P., 2004,

The Hellenistic Period: Historical Texts in Translation

(2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell) (1st ed. title:

Greek Historical Documents: The Hellenistic Period

). [inscriptions and papyri]

Burstein, S., 1985,

The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). [literary sources, inscriptions, papyri]

Grant, F., 1953,

Hellenistic Religions: The Age of Syncretism

(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill). [inscriptions and literary sources]

Harding, P., 1985,

From the End of the Peloponnesian War to the Battle of Ipsus

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). [inscriptions and literary sources]

*Heckel, W., n.d.,

The Successors of Alexander the Great: A Sourcebook

(

http://www.ucalgary.ca/~heckelw/grst341/Sourcebook.pdf

). [almost entirely literary sources]

Heckel, W., and Yardley, J. C., 2004,

Alexander the Great: Historical Texts in Translation

(Oxford: Blackwell). [literary sources]

Inwood, B., and Gerson, L., 1997,

Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings

(2nd ed., Indianapolis: Hackett). [literary sources]

Sage, M., 1996,

Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook

(London: Routledge). [literary sources, inscriptions, papyri]

Van der Spek, R., and Finkel, I., n.d.,

Babylonian Chronicles of the Hellenistic Period

(

http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/chron00.html

). [cuneiform sources]

Welles, C. B., 1934/1974,

Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period

(New Haven: Yale University Press; repr. Chicago: Ares). [inscriptions]

Dating the Early Hellenistic Period

The dating of events in the first dozen years of this period is highly complex and controversial. There are two basic dating schemes, but many scholars nowadays tweak one or the other rather than adopt either wholesale. For a good introduction, see P. Wheatley, “An Introduction to the Chronological Problems in Early Diadoch Sources and Scholarship,” in W. Heckel et al. (eds.), Alexander’s Empire: Formulation to Decay(Claremont: Regina, 2007), 179–92. In this book, I have followed the most recent work on this intractable problem, which is that of T. Boiy in his Between High and Low: A Chronology of the Early Hellenistic Period(Berlin: Verlag Antike, 2008). Boiy also includes a definitive bibliography (up to 2007), to which the interested reader is referred.

SECONDARY LITERATURE

Abel, F.-M., 1937, “L’expédition des grecs à Pétra en 312 avant J.-C.,”

Revue Biblique

46, 373–91.

Adams, W. L., 1983, “The Dynamics of Internal Macedonian Politics in the Time of Cassander,”

Ancient Macedonia

3, 2–30.

Adams, W. L., 1984, “Antipater and Cassander: Generalship on Restricted Resources in the Fourth Century,”

Ancient World

10, 79–88.

Adams, W. L., 1986, “Macedonian Kingship and the Right of Petition,”

Ancient Macedonia

4, 43–52.

Adams, W. L., 1991, “Cassander, Alexander IV and the Tombs at Vergina,”

Ancient World

22, 27–33.

Adams, W. L., 1997, “The Successors of Alexander,” in L. Tritle (ed.),

The Greek World in the Fourth Century

(London: Routledge), 228–48.

*Adams, W. L., 2004,

Alexander the Great: Legacy of a Conqueror

(London: Longman).

Adams, W. L., 2006, “The Hellenistic Kingdoms,” in Bugh 2006a, 28–51.

Alcock, S., et al. (eds.), 2001,

Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

*Algra, K., et al. (eds.), 1999,

The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Andronicos, M., 1992,

Vergina: The Royal Tombs

(Athens: Athenon).

Anson, E., 1977, “The Siege of Nora: A Source Conflict,”

Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies

18, 251–56.

Anson, E., 1985, “Macedonia’s Alleged Constitutionalism,”

Classical Journal

80, 303–16.

Anson, E., 1986, “Diodorus and the Date of Triparadeisus,”

American Journal of Philology

107, 208–17.

Anson, E., 1988, “Antigonus, the Satrap of Phrygia,”

Historia

37, 471–77.

Anson, E., 1990, “Neoptolemus and Armenia,”

Ancient History Bulletin

4, 125–28.

Anson, E., 1991, “The Evolution of the Macedonian Army Assembly (330–315

BC

),”

Historia

40, 230–47.

Anson, E., 1992, “Craterus and the

Prostasia

,”

Classical Philology

87, 38–43.

Anson, E., 2004,

Eumenes of Cardia: A Greek among Macedonians

(Leiden: Brill).

Anson, E., 2006, “The Chronology of the Third Diadoch War,”

Phoenix

60, 226–35.

Anson, E., 2008, “Macedonian Judicial Assemblies,”

Classical Philology

103, 135–49.

Aperghis, G. G., 2004a, “City Building and the Seleukid Royal Economy,” in Z. Archibald et al. (eds.),

Making, Moving and Managing: The New World of Ancient Economies, 323–31

BC

(Oxford: Oxbow), 27–43.

*Aperghis, G. G., 2004b,

The Seleukid Royal Economy: The Finances and Financial Administration of the Seleukid Empire

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Aperghis, G. G., 2008, “Managing an Empire—Teacher and Pupil,” in S. Darbandi and A. Zournatzi (eds.),

Ancient Greece and Ancient Iran: Cross-Cultural Encounters

(Athens: National Hellenic Research Foundation), 137–47.

Archibald, Z., 1998,

The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked

(Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Ashton, N., 1977, “The

Naumachia

near Amorgos in 322

BC

,”

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