Текст книги "Вооруженное насилие в палеолите (СИ)"
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Robbins L. H., Lynch B. M. 1978. New evidence on the use of microliths from the Lake Turkana Basin, East Africa. CAn 19, 619–620.
Roksandic M. 2004. Contextualizing the evidence of violent death in the Mesolithic: burials associated with victims of violence in the Iron Gates Gorge. In: Roksan– dic M. (ed.). Evidence and Meaning of Violent Interactions in Mesolithic Europe. (BAR IS 1237). Oxford: Archaeopress, 53–74.
Roksandic M. 2006. Violence in the Mesolithic. Documenta Praehistorica 33, 165–182.
Roksandic et al. 2006: Roksandic M., Djuric M., Ra– kocevic Z., Seguin K. 2006. Interpersonal violence at Lepenski Vir Mesolithic/Neolithic complex of the Iron Gates Gorge (Serbia-Romania). AJPA 129, 339–348.
Roper M. K. 1969. A survey of the evidence for intrahuman killing in the Pleistocene. CAn 10, 427—59.
Rosas et al. 2006: Rosas A., Martinez-Maza C., Bas– tir M., Garcia-Tabernero A., Lalueza-Fox C., Hu– guet R., Ortiz J. E., Julia R., Soler V., Torres T. de, Martinez E., Canaveras J. C., Sanchez-Moral S., Cuezva S., Lario J., Santamaria D., Rasilla M. de la, Fortea J. 2006. Paleobiology and comparative morphology of a late Neandertal sample from El Sidron, Asturias, Spain. PNAS 103, 19266—19271.
Ruiz et al. 2006: Ruiz J. F., Mas M., Hernanz A., Rowe M. W., Steelman K. L., Gavira J. M. 2006. First radiocarbon dating of oxalate crusts over Spanish prehistoric rock art. International Newsletter on Rock Art 46, 1–5.
Schulting R. J., Fibiger L. (eds.). 2012. Sticks, Stones, and Broken Bones. Neolithic Violence in a European Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shang H., Trinkaus E. 2008. An ectocranial lesion on the Middle Pleistocene human cranium from Hulu Cave, Nanjing, China. AJPA 135, 431–437.
Sharma G. R. 1973. Mesolithic lake cultures in the Gan– ga valley, India. PPS 39, 129–146.
Smith et al. 2007: Smith M. J., Brickley M. B., Leach S. L. Experimental evidence for lithic projectile injuries: improving identification of an under-recognised phenomenon. JAS 34, 540–543.
Stock et al. 2005: Stock J. T., Pfeiffer S. K., Chazan M., Ja– netsky J. 2005. F-81 skeleton from Wadi Mataha, Jordan, and its bearing on human variability in the Epipaleolithic of the Levant. AJPA 128, 453–465.
Tagon P., Chippindale C. 1994. Australia's ancient warriors: changing depictions of fighting in the rock art of Arnhem Land, N. T. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 4, 211–248.
Taylor T. 2002. The Buried Soul: How Humanity Invented Death. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Tillier A.-M. 1999. Les enfants Mousteriens de Qafzeh: Interpretation phylogenetique et paleoauxologique. Paris: CNRS.
Trinkaus E., Zimmerman M. R. 1982. Trauma among the Shanidar Neandertals. AJPA 57, 61–76.
Underhill A. P. 1989. Warfare during the Chinese Neolithic: A review of the evidence. In: Tkaczuk D. C., Vivian B. C. (eds.). Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectives. Calgary: University of Calgary Archaeological Association, 229–240.
Van Gurp et al. 1990: Van Gurp G., Hutchinson T. J., Alto W.A. 1990. Arrow wound management in Papua New Guinea. The Journal of Trauma 30, 183–188.
Vencl S. 1984. War and warfare in archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 3, 116–132.
Vencl S. 1991. Interpretation des blessures causees par les armes au Mesolithique. L’Anthropologie 95, 219–228.
Vencl S. 1999. Stone Age warfare. In: Carman J., Harding A. (eds.). Ancient Warfare: Archaeological Perspectives. Phoenix Mill: Sutton Publishing, 57–72.
Walker P. L. 2001. A bioarchaeological perspective on the history of violence. ARA 30, 573–596.
Webb S. 1995. Palaeopathology of aboriginal Australians. Health and disease across a hunter-gatherer continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weidenreich F. 1943. The skull of Sinanthropus pekinensis. A comparative study on a primitive hominid skull. Paleontologia Sinica New Series D 10, iii-484.
Wendorf F. 1968. Site 117: A Nubian Final Paleolithic graveyard near Jebel Sahaba, Sudan. In: Wendorf F. (ed.). The Prehistory of Nubia. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center & Southern Methodist University Press, 954–995.
Wendorf F., Schild R. 1986. The Wadi Kubbaniya Skeleton: A Late Paleolithic Burial from Southern Egypt. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.
Wu et al. 2011: Wu X.-J., Schepartz L.A., Liu W., Trinkaus E. 2011. Antemortem trauma and survival in the late Middle Pleistocene human cranium from Maba, South China. PNAS 108 (49), 19558—19662.
Zollikofer et al. 2002: Zollikofer C. P. E., Ponce de Leon M. S., Vandermeersch B., Leveque F. 2002. Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Ce– saire Neanderthal. PNAS 99, 6444–6448.
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Wendorf, F., Schild, R. 1986. The Wadi Kubbaniya Skeleton: A Late Paleolithic Burial from Southern Egypt. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press.
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Wu, X.-J., Schepartz, L.A., Liu, W., Trinkaus, E. 2011. Antemortem trauma and survival in the late Middle Pleistocene human cranium from Maba, South China. PNAS 108 (49), 19558—19662.
Zollikofer, C. P. E., Ponce de Leon, M. S., Vandermeersch, B., Leveque, F. 2002. Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Cesaire Neanderthal. PNAS 99, 6444–6448.
Статья поступила в номер 31 сентября 2013 г.
Leonid Vishnyatsky (Saint Petersburg, Russia). Doctor of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1.
Leonid Vishnyatsky (Sankt Petersburg, Rusia). Doctor In §tiinte istorice. Institutul de istorie a culturii materiale, Academia de §tiinte a Rusiei.
Вишняцкий Леонид Борисович (Санкт-Петербург, Россия). Доктор исторических наук. Институт истории материальной культуры Российской Академии наук.
E-mail: [email protected]
Address: 1 Dvortsovaya Nab., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russia
Fig. 4. Anthropomorph (or a seal?) from Cosquer in an artistic drawing made by R. Guthrie (Guthrie 2005: 182).
Социальные реконструкции
Social Reconstructions Reconstructii sociale
Л. Б. Вишняцкий Вооруженное насилие в палеолите
Место первой публикации – журнал Stratum plus. 2014. № 1.
Keywords: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, armed violence, embedded projectiles.
Cuvinte cheie: paleolitic, mezolitic, violenta armata, varfuri Tn oase.
Ключевые слова: палеолит, мезолит, вооруженное насилие, наконечники в костях.
L. B. Vishnyatsky
Armed Violence in the Palaeolithicоnce at different stages of the Palaeolithic. The first two sections provide a review and analysis of the osteological and representational evidence relevant to the question. The third section considers the problem of changes in the frequency of violence and how, or whether, it can be assessed. With this purpose in mind, the author compiles data on the age and character of all the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic human and animal bones with embedded projectiles, which are available in the literature (tabl. 1 and 2). It turns out that while for the time prior to ~ 15 ka only animal bones with imbedded projectiles are known in the Old World (10 bones of 10 animals from 9 sites in Western and Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Siberia), the subsequent period shows a sharp increase in the number of human bones of the kind, which became nearly as numerous (29 bones of 27 persons from 17 sites) as the animal ones. Given that the quantity of excavated faunal remains is several orders of magnitude greater than the quantity of paleoanthropological finds, the parity in the numbers of projectile-pierced remains may signify some important changes in the dynamics of violence (and social life in general) at the end of the Palaeolithic.
L. B. Vishnyatsky
Conflicte armate Tn paleolitic
Tn prezentul articol sunt analizate existenta §i intensitatea violentei armate la diferite etape ale paleoliticului. Tn primele doua compartimente ale studiului sunt trecute Tn revista datele relevante paleoantropologice §i artistice. Tn cel de-al treilea compartiment sunt evaluate schimbarile Tn intensitatea violentei armate Tn baza materialelor fosile. Au fost colectate §i pre– zentate (tabelul 1 §i 2) toate informatiile aflate la dispozitia autorului privind descoperirile de oase de oameni §i animale cu fragmente de varfuri din piatra sau os Tnfipte Tn structura osoasa, de pe siturile paleolitice §i mezolitice. Din datele prezentate rezulta, ca toate descoperirile de acest tip cu vechimea de peste 15000 ani sunt oase de animale (10 oase de la 10 indivizi de pe 9 situri). Dimpotriva, dupa limita de 15000 ani proportia se schimba brusc §i numarul de oase umane cu fragmente de arme Tnfipte Tn structura osoasa (29 oase de la 27 indivizi de pe 17 situri) devine aproape comparabil cu cantitatea de descoperiri similare pe oase de animale. Avand Tn vedere ca numarul de resturi faunistice este de cateva ori mai mare decat cel al descoperirilor antropologice, o asemenea paritate poate reflecta schimbari esentiale Tn dinamica violentei armate (§i Tn viata comunitatilor, la general) de la sfarfitul paleoliticului.
Л. Б. Вишняцкий
Вооруженное насилие в палеолите
Статья посвящена вопросу о существовании и интенсивности вооруженного насилия на разных стадиях палеолита. В первых двух разделах даны обзор и анализ палеоантропологических и изобразительных данных, имеющих отношение к этой теме. В третьем разделе рассматривается проблема оценки изменений в интенсивности вооруженного насилия по ископаемым материалам. Собраны и представлены (табл. 1 и 2) все доступные сведения о находках на памятниках палеолита и мезолита костей людей и животных с застрявшими в них фрагментами каменных или костяных наконечников. Показано, что все находки такого рода возрастом старше 15 тыс. лет – это кости животных (10 костей 10 особей с 9 памятников). Напротив, после 15 тыс. лет соотношение резко меняется, и число находок человеческих костей с вонзившимися в них обломками оружия (29 костей 27 индивидов с 17 памятников) почти сравнивается с числом аналогичных находок костей животных. Учитывая, что количество раскопанных фаунистических остатков на несколько порядков превышает количество антропологических находок, такое равенство может свидетельствовать о важных изменениях в динамике вооруженного насилия (и жизни общества в целом) в конце палеолита.
Russian Foundation for Humanities. «Realization of principles of concrete historical approach in Paleolithic studies», no. 12-01-00345а Fundatia rusa pentru studii umanitare. „Realizarea principiilor abordarii concret-istorice in cercetarea paleoliticului”, nr. 12-01-00345а Российский гуманитарный научный фонд. «Реализация принципов конкретноисторического подхода в палеолитоведении», № 12-01-00345а.
© Stratum plus. Археология и культурная антропология.
© Л. Б. Вишняцкий, 2014.
