Текст книги "The Eternal Husband and Other Stories"

Автор книги: Федор Достоевский

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NOTES

A NASTY ANECDOTE (1862)

1. The Neva River divides into three main branches as it flows into the Gulf of Finland, marking out the three main areas of the city of St. Petersburg. On the left bank of the Neva is the city center, between the Neva and the Little Neva is Vasilievsky Island, and between the Little Neva and the Nevka is the so-called “Petersburg side,” which is thus some distance from the center.

2. These three gentlemen are all in the civil service, not the military. But civil service ranks had military equivalents, which were sometimes used in social address. The following is a list of the fourteen civil service ranks from highest to lowest, with their approximate military equivalents:

1. Chancellor

Field Marshal

2. Actual Privy Councillor

General

3. Actual State Councillor

Major General

5. State Councillor

Colonel

6. Collegiate Councillor

Lieutenant Colonel

7. Court Councillor

Major

8. Collegiate Assessor

Captain

9. Titular Councillor

Staff Captain

10. Collegiate Secretary

Lieutenant

11. Secretary of Naval Constructions

12. Government Secretary

Sub-lieutenant

13. Provincial Secretary

14. Collegiate Registrar

The rank of titular councillor conferred personal nobility; the rank of actual state councillor made it hereditary. Wives of officials shared their husbands’ rank and were entitled to the same mode of address—“Your Honor,” “Your Excellency,” “Your Supreme Excellency.” Mention of an official’s rank automatically indicates the amount of deference he must be shown, and by whom.

3. The star was the decoration of a number of orders, among them the Polish-Russian Order of St. Stanislas (or Stanislav) and the Swedish Order of the North Star.

4. Certain Russian decorations had two degrees, being worn either on the breast or on a ribbon around the neck.

5. “Botched existence” or “failed life” (French).

6. “Talker” and “phrase-maker” (French).

7. A tax-farmer was a private person authorized by the government to collect taxes in exchange for a fixed fee. The practice was open to abuse, and tax-farmers could become extremely rich, though never quite respectable. Tax-farming was eventually abolished by the economic reforms of the emperor Alexander II in the 1860s, to which reference is made here.

8. A reference to Christ’s teaching: “Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved” (Matthew 9:17).

9. “That’s the word” (French).

10. “Good sense” (French).

11. Pralinsky is mulling over the “problem” of the abolition of corporal punishment with birch rods, then still allowed in the army and in the schools as well as with serfs.

12. The clerk’s name is absurdly close to the Russian psevdonym(“pseudonym”), a fact Pralinsky later mentions himself. Pseldonymov is a collegiate registrar.

13. “Mlekopitaev” is also an absurd, though just plausible, name derived from the Russian word for “mammal.”

14. Clerks in the civil service had to have their superiors’ permission to change departments, to move elsewhere, and even to marry.

15. The leader of the romantic movement in Russian art, K. P. Briullov (1799–1852), was most famous for his enormous historical painting The Last Day of Pompeii, evidently the epitome of turmoil and confusion for Pralinsky.

16. “Ladies join hands; swing!” (French).

17. Harun-al-Rashid, or Harun the Just (?766–809), Abbasid caliph of Baghdad (786–809), is known in legend for walking about the city anonymously at night, familiarizing himself with the life of his subjects. He became a hero of songs and figures in some of the tales in The Thousand and One Nights.

18. A parodical Dream Book of Contemporary Russian Literature, written by N. F. Shcherbina, was circulated in manuscript at the end of the 1850s.

19. Ivan Ivanovich Panaev (1812–62), a now-forgotten writer and journalist, published some important memoirs in The Contemporary, a liberal magazine he co-edited for a time with the poet Nikolai Nekrasov.

20. The “new lexicon” in question was the government-subsidized Encyclopedic Dictionary Composed by Russian Scholars and Writers, which began to appear in 1861. When A. A. Kraevsky (1810–89), then editor of the magazine Fatherland Notes, was named editor-in-chief of this project, there was general indignation, since he was neither a scholar nor a writer. N. D. Alferaki (d. 1860), a merchant from Taganrog in the south of Russia, was a notorious entrepreneur of the time. The exposé (which Dostoevsky jocularly refers to here, as he would later in Notes from Underground, with the mispronunciation “esposé”), was the favorite journalistic form of the young radicals of the 1860s.

21. It was possible at that time (and long after) to rent not a room but only part of a room. This living “in corners” signified the direst poverty (or, in Soviet Russia, the direst shortage of housing).

22. That is, not from Jerez in Spain, home of true sherry.

23. The folk dance called “the fish” was described by Ivan Turgenev in his Old Portraits(1881) as one in which a male soloist imitates the movements of a fish taken out of the water.

24. The slow and mournful “Luchinushka” is perhaps the most well known of all Russian songs.

25. The Petersburg Bulletinwas published by the Academy of Science in Petersburg; hence the telltale nickname.

26. Frühstückis “breakfast” in German.

27. Fokine, “hero of the can-can,” was popular in Petersburg during the 1860s. His dancing was considered the ultimate in shamelessness.

28. The “Little Cossack” is a folk dance imitative of military steps.

29. The drink Christ was offered just before the crucifixion (Matthew 27:34).

30. Peski (“The Sands”) was a neighborhood at the opposite end of the city from the Petersburg side.

31. Refers to the old custom among anchorites and monks of sleeping in their own coffins.

32. “One fine morning” (French).

THE ETERNAL HUSBAND (1870)

1. The Black River, a small stream now well within the limits of Petersburg, was then a country spot outside the city suitable for summer houses.

2. “Worthless person” or “good-for-nothing” (French).

3. Turgenev’s play The Provincial Lady(1851) portrays the young wife of the elderly provincial official Stupendiev, who makes a visiting count fall in love with her.

4. The sect of the flagellants emerged among Russian peasants in the seventeenth century. Its adherents practiced self-flagellation as a means of purification from sin. Both sect and practice were condemned by the Church.

5. God destroyed the city of Sodom on the Dead Sea because its inhabitants practiced “sodomy” (Genesis 19:1–28), but in Russian the use of “Sodom” means a more general sort of disorderly life. For that reason, we sometimes translate it as “bedlam.”

6. A quotation from the ballad Der Siegesfest(“The Victory Banquet”) by the German poet and playwright Friedrich von Schiller (1759–1805). Pavel Pavlovich quotes the Russian translation by Vassily Zhukovsky, published in 1828. Interestingly, the great Russian prose writer Nikolai Gogol quoted these same lines in reference to himself and the poet Alexander Pushkin in a letter written on the occasion of the latter’s death.

7. The terms appeared in an article by the critic N. N. Strakhov on Tolstoy’s War and Peace, in which he supported the opinion of the poet Apollon Grigoriev that “… our literature represents an incessant struggle between these two types… the predatory and the placid” (Zarya, Feb. 1869).

8. In the Orthodox marriage service, crowns are held above the heads of the bride and groom.

9. It was customary in Russia to lay out the body of a dead person on a table until the coffin arrived.

10. The customary period of mourning was one year at least; to remarry before then was considered scandalous.

11. Sixteen was marriageable age for a girl.

12. Another of Dostoevsky’s plausible but wonderfully absurd names, derived from predposylka, Russian for “premise” or “presupposition.”

13. Mikhail Glinka (1804–57), founder of the modern Russian school of music, composed this romance to words by the great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), translated into Russian by S. Golitsyn in 1834.

14. “Shchedrin” was the pseudonym of the Russian writer Mikhail Saltykov (1826–89), author of The Golovlovs, The History of a Certain Town, and much else. He was a liberal publicist and often Dostoevsky’s ideological opponent. The quotation is from his story For Children.

15. Quasimodo is the hunchbacked bell ringer in Victor Hugo’s Notre-Dame de Paris(1831), who is unhappily in love with the beautiful Esmeralda.

16. “Bad tone” in the social sense (French).

BOBOK (1873)

1. This and the following two stories were first published in Dostoevsky’s Diary of a Writer, which appeared periodically between 1873 and 1881. Here and in The Meek One, he offers brief introductory remarks for the readers of the Diary.

2. “Attic salt” refers to the subtle witticisms for which the Athenians, inhabitants of the region of Attica, were famous in ancient times.

3. The French writer and philosopher François-Marie Arouet, called Voltaire (1694–1778), was one of the most famous figures of his age and a great producer of salty witticisms (bons mots). Dostoevsky admired his philosophical tale Candide, of which he long planned to write a Russian variant. Several of Dostoevsky’s characters, including the narrator of The Dream of a Ridiculous Manat the end of this collection, sit in a variety of chair known as a “Voltaire armchair.”

4. Civil servants also wore uniforms in Russia, which varied according to rank.

5. This would be an exhibition of the painters known as Peredvizhniki(“Wanderers”), a group opposed to the Academy of Art in Petersburg and therefore controversial.

6. The publisher Suvorin, an enlightener of the people, produced extremely cheap editions, including tear-off calendars giving a bit of art or literature, a saying or a saint’s life, along with the date.

7. This epitaph was in fact composed by the Russian writer and historian Nikolai M. Karamzin (1766–1826). Dostoevsky and his brother Mikhail had it placed on their mother’s tombstone in 1837.

8. According to a popular notion, as a person’s soul ascends toward heaven after death, it meets evil spirits that try to force it down into hell. Only the souls of the righteous avoid these “torments” (there are said to be twenty of them).

9. According to another popular belief, the soul is finally separated from this world forty days after death. On the fortieth day, a prayer service is customarily held and the relatives visit the grave.

10. Kutya(accented on the final syllable) is a special dish offered to people after a memorial service (and, in some places, on Christmas Eve), made from rice (or barley or wheat) and raisins, sweetened with honey.

11. According to tradition, the valley of Jehoshaphat, near Jerusalem, is the burial place of the Judean king Jehoshaphat. In the prophecy of Joel (3:17) it is the place where God will judge all the nations in the last days.

12. S. P. Botkin (1832–89) was a famous doctor and scientist, founder of physiological and experimental medicine.

13. “Young scamp” or “dissolute person” (French).

14. “In high places” (French).

15. A ludicrous name compounded of the Russian diminutive for Yulia (Julie), the common French name Charpentier, and Lusignan, the name of one of the most illustrious French feudal families, rulers of Angoulême and La Manche, one branch of which became the royal family of Cyprus and Jerusalem (1192–1489).

16. After defeating the French in 1871, the Prussians, under Kaiser Wilhelm I and his chancellor Bismarck, became the dominant military power in Europe, thus posing a threat to Russia much spoken of in the press.

17. In January 1873 Dostoevsky became editor of the newspaper The Citizen, continuing in that position until March 1874. The first installments of his Diary of a Writerappeared there (the later installments of 1876–77, 1880, and 1881 he published by subscription on his own). The “certain person” apparently succeeded in placing his “notes” there.

THE MEEK ONE (1876)

1. See note 9 to The Eternal Husband.

2. The Voicewas a liberal weekly published in Petersburg between 1863 and 1884, edited by A. A. Kraevsky (see note 20 to A Nasty Anecdote).

3. Faustis the monumental two-part poetic drama by German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832). The narrator distorts the line slightly; Mephistopheles says he is “part of that power which eternally wills evil and eternally works good.”

4. “English style” (French).

5. The quotation is a paraphrase of a line from Alexander Pushkin’s poem “The Demon” (1823).

6. “Hot blood and surplus strength” is a free quotation from the poem “Do not, do not believe yourself, young dreamer” (1839) by Mikhail Lermontov.

7. Songbirds, or Pericola, is an operetta by the French composer Jacques Offenbach (1819–80). The other play has not been identified.

8. John Stuart Mill (1806–73), English economist and utilitarian philosopher, is a singularly inappropriate choice here, since he would certainly have agreed with the narrator.

9. The Haymarket was a square in a poor quarter of Petersburg (much of Crime and Punishmenttakes place there). Vyazemsky’s house was a flophouse on the Haymarket.

10. In June-July 1862, on his way home from England, Dostoevsky stopped in Boulogne-sur-Mer, a French port on the English Channel famous as a seaside resort.

11. Gil Blas is the hero of the French picaresque novel Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane(1715–36) by Alain-René Lesage (1668–1747). Serving as secretary to the archbishop of Granada, Gil Blas becomes his favorite by praising his sermons. The archbishop enjoins him always to criticize his sermons sincerely. When Gil Blas permits himself one small criticism, the archbishop fires him for tastelessness and ignorance.

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EARLY AFRICAN-AMERICAN CLASSICS, edited by Anthony Appiah, 978-0-553-21379-9

FIFTY GREAT SHORT STORIES, edited by Milton Crane, 978-0-553-27745-6

FIFTY GREAT AMERICAN SHORT STORIES, edited by Milton Crane, 978-0-553-27294-9

SHORT SHORTS, edited by Irving Howe, 978-0-553-27440-0

GREAT AMERICAN SHORT STORIES, edited by Wallace & Mary Stegner, 978-0-440-33060-8

AMERICAN SHORT STORY MASTERPIECES, edited by Raymond Carver & Tom Jenks, 978-0-440-20423-7

SHORT STORY MASTERPIECES, edited by Robert Penn Warren, 978-0-440-37864-8

THE VOICE THAT IS GREAT WITHIN US, edited by Hayden Carruth, 978-0-553-26263-6

THE BLACK POETS, edited by Dudley Randal, 978-0-553-27563-6

THREE CENTURIES OF AMERICAN POETRY, edited by Allen Mandelbaum, (Trade) 978-0-553-37518-3, (Hardcover) 978-0-553-10250-5