Текст книги "Англійська мова. Теорія і практика. Артикль"
Автор книги: Ричард Грант
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Ричард Грант
Англійська мова. Теорія і практика. Артикль
Вживання артиклiв
Перед кожним загальним іменником повинен стояти артикль.
Артикль не вживається, якщо перед іменником стоїть:
– присвійний займенник my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs
My (немає артикля) friend is very good. – Мой друг дуже хороший.
– вказівний займенник this, these, that, those, it, such, the same
That (немає артикля) boy is her brother. – Тот хлопчик – її брат.
– іншій іменник в присвійному відмінку
Her brother’s (немає артикля) name is Nick. – Им’я її брата – Нiк.
– кількісний числівник
They have got two (немає артикля) children. – У них двоє дiтей.
– заперечення no (не not!)
I have no (немає артикля) pet. – У меня не має домашньої тварини.
I am not a doctor. – Я не лiкар.
Згадуючи предмет вперше, ми вживаємо перед ним неозначений артикль a (an), який може вживатися тільки з обчислювальними іменниками, що стоять в однині. Перед необчислювальними іменниками або іменниками у множині неозначений артикль опускається.
Артикль a ставиться перед іменниками, починаючимися з голосного звуку, артикль an ставиться перед іменниками, починаючимися з приголосного звука.
Нижче наведені необчислювальні іменники, поділені на кілька смислових груп:
їжа: meat, salt, bread, chocolate, soup;
рідини: tea, coffee, lemonade, petrol, oil, shampoo;
матеріали і речовини: gold, wood, sand, paper, coal;
абстрактні поняття: happiness, love, friendship, beauty;
предмети вивчення і мови: chemistry, literature, Spanish;
хвороби: flu, mumps, measles;
інше: money, furniture, weather.
Згадуючи цей же предмет вдруге, ми ставимо перед ним означений артикль the, який вживається як з обчислювальними, так і з необчислювальними іменниками, як в однин і, так і в множині.
This is a book. The book is interesting. (book – обчислювальний іменник в однині)
This is (немає артикля) meat. The meat is fresh. (meat – необчислювальний іменник)
These are (немає артикля) books. The books are good. (books – обчислювальний іменник в множинi)
Вправи
Запам'ятайте:
This is a … – That is a … – It is a …
I have a … – Не has a …
I am a … – Не is a … – She is a …
I see a …
a lot of
Вправа 1
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. This is … pen. That is … pencil. 2. This is … book. It is my … book. 3. Is this your … pencil? – No, it isn’t my … pencil, it is my sister’s … pencil. 4. I have … sister. My … sister is … engineer. My sister’s … husband is … doctor. They have got two … children. 5. This is … girl. This … girl is their … daughter. Their daughter’s … name is Ann. 6. That is … boy. That … boy is her … brother. Her brother’s … name is Nick. 7. This is our … flat. 8. We have got … car. Our … car is not very expensive but reliable. 9. I have no … pet. 10. My granny has got … headache. She has no … idea what to do. 11. I have … friend. His … name is Mike. My … friend is very good. 12. It’s … cat. Its … tail is long and bushy. It’s Mike’s … cat. 13. Would you like … orange? 14. Mr. Smith is … artist. Mrs. Smith is … poetess. She is not … singer.
Вправа 2
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. When is your … birthday? – My … birthday is (on) … 1st May. 2. Do you remember your mother’s … birthday? – Yes, I do. 3. His … uncle is generous and her … aunt is very kind. 4. That … man is very clever. His … book is recognized by a lot of people. 5. They know our … address. 6. Their … son speaks English very well. 7. My cousin’s … dog is small. Its … hair is curly. 8. Is this … watch? – No, it isn’t … watch, it’s … pen. 9. This … pen is good, and that … pen is bad. 10. I can see … pencil on your … table, but I can see no … paper. 11. Give me … chair, please. 12. They have … dog and two … cats. 13. I have … spoon in my … soup plate, but I have no … soup in it. 14. My … friend says he is going to be … millionaire one … day.
Запам'ятайте:
What a good boy!
What a long story!
What a day!
What a smart girl!
What a lovely view!
What a pity!
What a surprise!
to have (breakfast/lunch/tea/dinner/supper)
to cook (breakfast/lunch/tea/dinner/supper)
to make (breakfast/lunch/tea/dinner/supper)
to prepare (breakfast/lunch/tea/dinner/supper)
in the morning – in the afternoon – in the evening
at night
at school – at home – at work
to watch TV
Вправа 3
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. He hasn’t got … car. But he’s got … computer. … computer is new. 2. His … friends have got … cat and … dog. … dog never bites … cat. 3. This is … tree. … tree is green. 4. I can see three … boys. … boys are playing. 5. I have … bicycle. … bicycle is black. My … friend has no … bicycle. 6. Our … room is large. 7. We wrote … dictation yesterday. … dictation was long. 8. She has two … daughters and one … son. Her … son is … pupil. 9. Last year I gave my … mother … bracelet for her … birthday. She liked … bracelet. 10. My … brother’s … friend has no … dog. 11. This … pencil is broken. Give me that … pencil, please. 12. She has … ball. … ball is … big. 13. I got … letter from my … friend yesterday. … letter was interesting. 14. When they were in Geneva, they stayed at … hotel. Sometimes they had dinner at … hotel and sometimes in … restaurant.
Вправа 4
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. This is … pen. … pen is red. 2. These are pencils. … pencils are black. 3. This is … soup. … soup is so tasty. 4. In the morning I eat … sandwich and drink … tea. 5. She gave me … coffee and … cake. … coffee was hot. … cake was very tasty. 6. Do you like … ice cream? 7. I see … book in your … hand. Is … book interesting? 8. Do you need … camera? 9. He never eats … meat, he always eats … vegetables, … cereals, … seeds, … fruit, and … nuts. He is … vegetarian. 10. This is … pineapple. … pineapple is delicious. 11. Elaine, … apples are good for you! 12. My … cousin is upset. He’s got … sore throat. 13. This is … cottage cheese. … cottage cheese is fresh. 14. She bought … meat, … butter and … potatoes yesterday. She also bought … cake. … cake was … delicious. We ate … cake and drank … tea. 15. This is my … table. On … table I have … books, two … pencils, … pen and … paper.
Вправа 5
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. I have two … sisters. My … sisters are … students. 2. We are at … home. 3. My … brother is not at … home, he is at … school. 4. My … mother is at … work. She is … doctor. 5. I am not … doctor. 6. He has no … sister. 7. He is not … pilot. 8. I have thirty-two … teeth. 9. He has … child. 10. She has two … children. Her children are at … school. 11. Is your father at … home? – No, he is at … work. 12. Where is your … brother? – He is at … home. 13. I’ve got … idea. 14. What … surprise! Our … parents gave us … DVD player for Christmas. 15. This is … bag. … bag is brown. It is my sister’s … bag. And this is my … bag. It is … yellow.
Якщо перед іменником вживається прикметник, то він стоїть між неозначеним артиклем і іменником.
This is a book. This is a good book.
Навіть згадуючи предмет вперше, ми, тим не менш, вживаємо перед ним означений артикль:
а) якщо згаданий предмет є єдиним в світі:
The sun is shining brightly.
б) якщо цей предмет є певним по ситуації:
Put the book on the table.
Вправа 6
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1.We have … large … family. 2. My granny of-ten tells us … long … interesting … stories. 3. My … father is … engineer. He works in … factory. … factory is large. 4. My … mother is … doctor. She works at … large … hospital. She is at … work now. 5. My … aunt is … teacher. She works at … school. … school is good. My … aunt is not at … school now. She is at … home. She is drinking … tea and eating … jam. … jam is sweet. I am at … home, too. I am drinking … tea and eating … sandwich. … sandwich is tasty. 6. My sister is at … school. She is … pupil. 7. My cousin has … big … black … cat. My cousin’s … cat has two … kittens. … cat likes … milk. … kittens like … milk, too. 8. I am … engineer. 9. My … son is … pupil. 10. He is … good … pupil. 11. This is … house. 12. This is my … laptop.
Вправа 7
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. What’s … weather like today? – … weather is fine. 2. … sun is yellow. 3. … sky is grey today. 4. … Earth is … planet. 5. We had … English lesson yesterday. … teacher asked me many … questions. … questions were difficult. 6. Where is your … brother? – He is at … home. He is in his … room. He is sitting at … table. He is doing his … homework. … homework is difficult. 7. Our … cat is sitting on … sofa. 8. It is very dark in … room. Turn on … light, please. 9. Nick went into … bathroom, turned on … water and washed his … hands. 10. Ann turned on … television to watch … evening news. 11. She doesn’t often watch … TV. 12. You can’t see … moon in … sky tonight.
Вправа 8
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. This is … good … book. Take … book from … table. Put this … book in … bookcase. 2. … weather is fine today. … sky is blue. … sun is shining brightly in … blue … sky. 3. This is … boy. … boy is at … school. He is … pupil. This … boy is my … brother’s … friend. He has … cat, but he has no … dog. He likes his … cat. He gives … cat … milk every day. 4. Yesterday I received … letter from my … friend. … letter was important. 5. We live in … big house. I like … house very much. 6. Are you … worker? – No, I am … student. 7. I like your … beautiful … flower. Give me … flower, please. 8. My … mother is at … home. She is reading … marvellous … story. 9. My … father is not at … home. He is at … work. He is not … lawyer. He is … doctor. He is … good … doctor. He works at … hospital. … hospital is large. 10. That is… book. … book is thick. That … book isn’t thin. This is … interesting thick book. 11. Those are … books. … books are new and old. Those are … new and old books. Those … books are interesting. 12. You have some … pencils, but I have no … pencil. Give me … pencil, please. 13. It’s … small … animal that has … long … ears, … short … tail, and … soft … hair.
Запам’ятайте:
Where is the … ?
There is a … .
in front of
Вправа 9
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. There is … big tree in … garden. 2. There is … bank near here. – Where is … bank? 3. There is … new supermarket in … centre of our … town. 4. There is … hotel over there. … hotel isn’t cheap. 5. Where is … cat? – … cat is on … sofa. 6. Where is … book? – … book is on … shelf. 7. Where are … flowers? – … flowers are in … beautiful vase. 8. Where is … vase? – … vase is on … little table near … window. 9. Open … window, please. … weather is fine today. I can see … sun in … sky. I can see … nice little bird. … bird is sitting in … big tree. … tree is green. 10. There is … little white cloud in … sky. 11. What … beautiful … day! 12. We have … large room. There is … big sofa in … room and … little lamp on … wall over … sofa. I like to sit on … sofa and read … good book. 13. This is … computer. … computer isn’t old. This … computer is new. This is … good new computer.
Вправа 10
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1.There is … wonderful small computer in … front of … books there. 2. Where is … soup? – … soup is in … big saucepan on … gas cooker. 3. Where are … cutlets? – … cutlets are in … refrigerator on … little plate. 4. There is no … bread on … table. Where is … bread? 5. There is … little brown coffee table in our … room in … front of … sofa. 6. Where is … table in your … room? 7. There is … thick carpet on … floor in my mother’s … room. 8. Is your brother at … home? – No, he is at … work. He works in … big factory. He is … engineer. 9. My sister has many … books. … books are in … big bookcase. She has really … good … taste in … books. 10. … weather is fine today. Let’s go and play in … yard. There are many … children in … yard. They are playing with … ball. 11. These are … computers. … computers are new. These aren’t … old computers. These are … new computers. These … computers are good. 12. There was … beautiful flower in this … vase yesterday. Where is … flower now? 13. Last year we were in Geneva. It is … exciting city to visit, but … very expensive place to live.
Вправа 11
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. I see … bottle of … pineapple … juice on … kitchen table. 2. Her … son has … great … sense of … humor. 3. There was … disco at … club last Sunday but he didn’t go. 4. Is there … bus stop near … building? 5. We have … big dog. … dog is very clever. 6. My friend has … very good computer. 7. This … boy is big. He is … student. 8. There is … large piano in … hall. 9. This is … tree and that is not … tree. It’s … bush. 10. I am … boy. I am … pupil. I study at … school. 11. My sister is at … work. She is … secretary. She works for … new company. 12. This is … very difficult question. I don’t know … answer to it. 13. Do you see … little girl with … big ball in her … hands? She is … pupil of our … school.
Запам’ятайте:
in the middle – in the corner
to the right – to the left
Якщо після конструкції there is (there are) йде необчислювальний іменник або іменник у множині, замість опущеного неозначеного артикля часто (не обов'язково) вживається слово some.
Вправа 12
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. There is … jar of … delicious orange marmalade in … middle of … shelf. 2. There is … big … box of … cereal to … right of you. 3. There is … bunch of … bananas on … table. Don’t keep them in … fridge. 4. There is … loaf of … white … bread on … upper … shelf of … fridge. If you want your … bread to be fresh, keep it in … fridge. 5. Is there … bag of … flour in … cupboard? 6. There was … bottle of … drinking water in … corner of … kitchen. 7. There is … thick red … carpet in my … room. … carpet is on … floor in … front of … sofa. 8. Where is … table in your brother’s … room? – His … table is near … window. 9. I can see … fine … vase on … shelf. There are … lovely … flowers in … vase. 10. They have no … piano in their … living room. 11. My … uncle is … married. He has … beautiful wife. They have … son, but they have no … daughter. 12. I can see … nice … coffee table in … middle of … room to … right of … door. It is … black and … red. I like … coffee table. 13. Our … TV set is on … little … table in … corner of … room. 14. There is … beautiful picture in my father’s … study. … picture is on … wall to … left of … window.
Вправа 13
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. There is … park behind … hospital. There are … beautiful … trees in … park. 2. There is … good … film on TV this … evening. I am going to watch it. 3. There is … library between … school and … bank. There are … English and German books in this … library. 4. There is … sofa in … corner of … room. 5. There are … cushions on … sofa. 6. There are … books on … shelf. Give me … book, please. 7. What can you see in … fridge? – There is … sausage on … top shelf, but there is no … cheese there. There is … butter in … butter dish. There are … tomatoes and … carrots on … bottom shelf. There are … eggs and … apples on … next shelf. There is … orange, … lemon, and … jam in … little jar there. 8. There is … juice in this … carton. May I drink … juice? 9. There are … girls in … yard, but I can see no … boys. Where are … boys? – Oh, all … boys are playing football at … stadium. 10. There is … peculiar charm in her … voice. 11. There is … money in … purse. 12. What … picture! 13. There is … guitar on … chair near … piano. 14.There was … piano in … corner of … living room. He sat at … piano for … hours, playing … favourite pieces from … classical music. He was … wonderful piano player.
Вправа 14
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. Where is … bus station? – … bus station is next to … gas station. 2. There are two … pets in … house: … cat and … dog. 3. There is … TV antenna on … roof. 4. There is … mailbox between … building and … bus stop. 5. There is … big … dog in … front of … fireplace. 6. Do you speak English at … work? 7. She had … bad … day today. 8. I have … colour TV set. … TV set is on … little table in … corner of … room. 9. There is … book, … pen, and … paper on my … writing desk. 10. My … brother is … teacher. He works at … school. He has … very good books. His … books are in … big bookcase. 11. There is … tea in my … glass. There is no … tea in my … friend’s … glass. His … glass is empty. 12. Where is … coffee table in your … room? – … coffee table is in … front of … sofa. There is … cup on … coffee table and … box of … chocolates. There is … coffee in … cup. 13. There are … photographs and newspapers on … sofa.
Запам'ятайте:
to go to bed – to go to work – to go to school
to go home – to come home
to leave home for work – to leave home for school
from work – from school
to play chess – to play football
at a quarter past five – at half past five
after work – after school
Перед назвами місяців і днів тижня артикль не вживається.
School begins in September. We rest on Sunday.
Перед порядковими числівниками зазвичай вживається означений артикль.
Our classroom is on the second floor. Today is the tenth of May.
Перед назвами театрiв, музеїв, картиних галерiй, кiнотеатрiв та готелiв зазвичай вживається означений артикль.
The Bolshoi Theatre, The Odeon, The Opera House, The Hermitage, The Tate Gallery, The Philharmonic, The Metropol, The Hilton.
Вправа 15
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. Every day my … brother and I get up at eight o’clock and walk to … school. I like … school. It’s … fun. My … brother loves … football. He hates … homework. So he doesn’t like to go to … school. Will he go to … work in … future? 2. My … friend has to get up early in … morning because he goes to … school. That’s why he usually goes to … bed early in … evening. 3. … weather was very bad in … morning yesterday. … sky was grey and it was raining. But in … middle of … day … weather began to change. … rain stopped and … sun appeared from behind … clouds. In … afternoon it was very warm. I did not want to stay at … home and went into … yard. There were … boys and … girls in … yard. We played in … yard till late in … evening. When I came … home, I drank … tea, ate … sandwich and went to … bed at once. I slept very well at … night. 4. My brother is … pupil. He goes to … school. He goes to … school in … morning. He has five or six … lessons every day. In … afternoon he goes … home. At … home he does his … homework. In … evening he reads … books. He usually goes to … bed at … half past ten. At … night he sleeps. 5. My father goes to … work in … morning and comes … home in … evening. 6. I get up at … half past seven in … morning and go to … bed at … quarter to eleven in … evening. 7. When does your mother leave … home for … work? – She leaves … home for … work at … quarter past eight. 8. When do you leave … home for … school? – I leave … home for … school at … half past … eight. 9. What do you do when you come … home from … school? – I do my … homework, talk to my … friends on … phone and go for … walks. I often listen to … music. I like … jazz best. Sometimes I play … computer games. 10. We always go to … Art Gallery of Ontario on … Sunday. 11. On … Saturday she usually goes to … Philharmonic. 12. In … August he has his … birthday. He is planning to have … nice party with his … friends. 13. There are three rooms and … kitchen in our new flat. 14. My new dress is made of … silk. 15. If you want to write something on … blackboard, you must have … piece of … chalk.
Вправа 16
Вставте артикль, де необхідно.
1. Are there any pupils in … classroom? 2. I have … new English book. I find … book quite fascinating. 3. There is … garden in … front of our school. … garden is not large, but it is very nice. 4. … May is … fifth month of the year. 5. … Saturday is … sixth day of the week. 6. … Sunday is … day off. 7. Today is … ninth of … May. Anton has got … new mobile phone. He is going to make … phone call to his … grandfather. 8. This is … nice place. In … June we are going there for … holiday. It’ll be … great fun. 9. This is … classroom. … classroom is large and light. 10. There is … picture on … wall. 11. What is … date today? – It is … seventh of … December. 12. … third lesson today is … lesson of English. 13. Pete, go to … blackboard. 14. After … school I usually go … home. 15. My father always comes from … work late: at eight o’clock or at … half past eight. But on … Friday he comes … home early: at half past four or at … quarter to five. On … Saturday and on … Sunday he does not go to … work. 16. My friends live in … small town. It is … new town. … streets in … town are broad and straight. There are … beautiful buildings in them. … town is very green, and so … air is fresh. There are … beautiful parks and gardens in … town. … people like to go there after … work. In … evening you can hear … sounds of … music from … parks. There are … schools, … libraries, … supermarket, … hospital, … theatre, … cinemas, … clinics and … kindergartens in … town.
