Текст книги "Английский язык. Теория и практика. Совершенные длительные времена. Основные неправильные глаголы."
Автор книги: Ричард Грант
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Ричард Грант
Английский язык. Теория и практика. Совершенные длительные времена. Основные неправильные глаголы.
Совершенные длительные времена – The Perfect Continuous Tenses
Совершенные длительные времена обозначают действия, начавшиеся до момента речи (Рresent Perfect Continuous) или до какого-момента в прошедшем или будущем (Past Perfect Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous) и продолжающиеся вплоть до этого момента или после него.
Настоящее совершенное продолженное время – The Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense – настоящее совершенное продолженное время, описывает действие, которое началось в прошлом, до сих пор продолжается или только что закончилось.
С этим временем часто употребляются следующие обстоятельства времени: for – на протяжении, в течение, since – с какого-то времени, recently – недавно, на днях, all morning/day/week – все утро/весь день/всю неделю, lately – в последнее время.
Образование Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Утвердительная форма – Subject + have/has + been + verb (-ing) + …
It has been raining all day long. I’m sick and tired of this weather. – Дождь идет весь день. Меня достала эта погода.
Отрицательная форма – Subject + have/has + not + been + verb (-ing) + …
He hasn’t been working all weekend. He is lying. – Он не работал все выходные. Он врет.
Вопросительная форма – (Question word) + have/has + subject + been + verb (-ing) + …?
How long have you been dating him? – Как долго ты с ним встречаешься?
Короткие ответы
При ответе на вопрос, предполагающий ответ да или нет, используются следующие шаблоны:
Have they been sleeping? – Yes, they have. – (положительный ответ) – No, they have not. – (отрицательный ответ)
Has he been training? – Yes, he has. – (положительный ответ) – No, he has not. – (отрицательный ответ)
Упражнение 1
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. The vegetables (to boil) since 10 o’clock. 2. Helen (to wash) the dishes for fifteen minutes. 3. My brother (to stay) with us for three weeks, he hasn’t left yet. 4. She (to live) in this house for five years but she doesn’t know her neighbors. 5. He (to wait) for her answer for six months. 6. My classmates (to write) a dictation since the beginning of the lesson. 7. It (to rain) hard since morning, I can’t go for a walk. 8. The text is very difficult, the students (to translate) it since the lesson began. 9. My sister (to send) job applications for 3 months. 10. Sam (to drive) a car for five hours now. 11. How long you (to look) for her? It’s strange that you can find her nowhere.
Упражнение 2
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. I (to paint) the fence since morning but I haven’t finished it yet. 2. I (to try) to find my documents since last Sunday. 3. I (to look) for information on the subject since last Friday. 4. The sun is shining but the ground is wet because he (to water) the garden for a long time. 5. You (to talk) for almost an hour without stopping. 6. They (to learn) Japanese for a couple of years. 7. Molly (to paint) this picture for three days now. 8. She looks very tired. What she (to do)? 9. The boss is very angry, because his secretary (to type) the report for five hours. 10. Father (to drill) holes in the wall since noon. 11. The tourists (to do) the sightseeing since nine o’clock.
Упражнение 3
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. He is a good player, because he (to play) chess since he was five. 2. My brother (to play) computer games for 3 hours. 3. You (to work) as a computer programmer for more than fifteen years. 4. I (to listen) to you very carefully. 5. We can’t see paths in the garden, because it (to snow) heavily during the whole night. 6. The wind (to blow) since yesterday. 7. He (not to take) his medicine for the last week. 8. He (to write) his summary since the lecture began. 9. My grandfather (to collect) coins since he was a boy. 10. I (to buy) food here since I came to this town. 11. We (to save) the money for a holiday for a year. 12. Andy and Den (to discuss) the plans for their winter holidays for two hours now. 13. The states of the roads are very bad here, though they (to repair) them for the last few years.
Прошедшее совершенное продолженное время – The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense – прошедшее совершенное продолженное время описывает действие, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось какой-то период и закончилось как раз к моменту речи о нем или все еще продолжалось при наступлении другого действия в прошлом.
С этим временем часто употребляются следующие обстоятельства времени: for – на протяжении, в течение (за ним следует количество времени, например, all morning, five years), before – прежде чем, since – с тех пор, как (после since ставится конкретное время, дата или день недели), how long – как долго (употребляется в вопросительных предложениях), until/till – пока, до тех пор как, all morning, all day, all night long – все утро, весь день, всю ночь, by – к определенному моменту в прошлом).
Образование Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Утвердительная форма – Subject + had + been + verb (-ing) + …
He had been looking for a job for months before he got one. – Он искал работу месяцами, прежде чем нашел ее.
Отрицательная форма – Subject + had + not + been + verb (-ing) + …
My sister hadn’t been waiting long at the airport when they announced about the delay of her flight. – Моя сестра не долго прождала в аэропорту, когда объявили о задержке ее рейса.
Вопросительная форма – (Question word) + had + subject + been + verb (-ing) + …?
How long had you been going out with David before you split up? – Как долго вы встречались с Дэвидом, прежде чем расстались?
Короткие ответы
При ответе на вопрос, предполагающий ответ да или нет, используются следующие шаблоны:
Had he been working since 4 o’clock yesterday in the garden? – Yes, he had. – (положительный ответ) – No, he had not. – (отрицательный ответ)
Had they been writing an essay for two hours? – Yes, they had. – (положительный ответ) – No, they had not. – (отрицательный ответ)
Упражнение 4
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous.
1. My sister (to practise) for two months before that concert. 2. It (to snow) for five hours before the weather changed. 3. Where Robert (to work) since 4 o’clock yesterday? – He (to fix) a fence in the garden. 4. The boys (to fish) for three hours before Tom caught the first fish. 5. Betty and Jane (to argue) for half an hour when their parents returned home. 6. What Wendy (to do) in the studio for three hours last Monday? – She (to prepare) some of her pictures for the exhibition. 7. We (to discuss) that problem for more than an hour before we found the right solution. 8. Why did Ed miss his training yesterday? – He couldn’t come because he (to prepare) his project all day yesterday. 9. Why you (to hurry) when I met you last Friday, James? – I (to go) to the railway station to meet my uncle. I was afraid to be late. 10. Henry (to wait) for half an hour before he saw his girlfriend getting off the tram. 11. Isabel (to work) as a secretary for four years before she moved to another town? – No, she … . She (to work) as a secretary just for two years. 12. It (to rain) heavily when Mr. Scott stopped his car in front of a cafe. He wanted to have lunch because he (not to eat) since early morning. 13. Driving to the hospital was difficult as it (to snow) all night. 14. Pete (to play) computer games all the evening last Friday? – No, he … . He (to write) an essay for two hours and then he went for a walk. 15. What the students (to write) since 9 o’clock yesterday morning? – They (to write) a test on Psychology.
Упражнение 5
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Perfect Continuous.
1. Polly (to study) economy since she entered university. 2. Jean (not to wait) for our boss all the morning yesterday. She (to speak) to some clients for about an hour and then she went to the bank. 3. How long Janet (to work) in the office before she went home yesterday? – She (to make) photocopies of some documents for the boss for about an hour and then she (to type) some letters for two hours before her working day was over. 4. Ron’s collection of coins was valuable as he (to collect) them since he was a schoolboy. 5. Kevin was exhausted because he (to unload) the lorry for three hours. 6. The government (to carry) on negotiations with the terrorists for three days before they reached some agreement. 7. When Sam returned home, we (to watch) that TV programme for a quarter of an hour already. 8. I was really happy that Ron won that competition because he (to prepare) for it for half a year. 9. Stuart (to try) to call you for a quarter of an hour before you finally answered the phone. 10. Bill’s coat and mittens were wet because he (to play) snowballs with his friends in the yard. 11. You (to save) money for a new computer for a long time? – Yes, I … . I (not to spend) a penny for six months before I got a sufficient sum. 12. Emily felt horrible yesterday because she (not to sleep) all night. 13. David was irritated because the police inspector (to ask) him questions for more than an hour. 14. Cathy and Sue (to tidy) our cottage house for two days after that birthday party. 15. Why was Janet so angry last Friday? – Because she (to argue) with her parents for an hour.
Будущее совершенное продолженное время – The Future Perfect Continuous Tense
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