Текст книги "Alcatraz: A Definitive History of the Penitentiary Years "

Автор книги: Майкл Эсслингер

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The Daily Routine

Inmate graffiti of a calendar etched on the floor of a cell, and a caricature found on a soft iron bar, drawn by inmate Olin Stevens in the late 1930’s.

The life of the Alcatraz convict was repetitious, regimented, and monastic. Everything was done in accordance with a strict schedule, and the methodical routine cycle was unforgiving and relentless. It never varied through the years, and became a definitive model of clockwork organization. The daily schedule was established by Warden Johnston as one of his original directives in 1934, and it would remain fairly consistent throughout the prison’s tenure.

06:30 AM: Morning Bell. Prisoners arise, make beds, place all articles in prescribed order on shelf, clean washbasin and toilet, bowl, wipe off bars, sweep cell floor, fold table and seat against the wall, wash, and dress.

06:45 AM: Detail guards assigned for mess hall duty; they take their positions so as to watch the prisoners coming out of cells and prepare to march into the mess hall with them. The guards supervise the serving and the seating of their details, give the signal to start eating, and the signal to rise after eating.

06:50 AM: Second Morning Bell. The prisoners stand by the door facing out and remain there until the whistle signal, during which time the lieutenants and cellhouse guards of both shifts make the count. When the count is found to be correct, the lieutenant orders the cells unlocked.

06:55 AM: Whistle signal given by deputy warden or lieutenant; all inmates step out of their cells and stand straight facing the mess hall. Upon the second whistle.

07:00 AM: Third whistle signal; lower right tier of Block 3 (C) and lower left tier of Block 2 (B) move forward into mess hall, each line is followed in turn by the second and the third tiers, then by the lower tier on the opposite side of their block, followed by the second and the third tiers from the same side. The Block 3 line moves into the mess hall, keeping to the left of the center of the mess; Block 2 goes forward at the same time, keeping to the right. Both lines proceed to serving the table; the right line served from the right and occupies the tables on the right; the left line to left, etc. As each man is served, he will sit erect with his hands at his sides until the whistle signal is given for the first detail to begin eating. Twenty minutes are allowed for eating. When they are finished eating the prisoners place their knives, forks, and spoons on their trays; the knife at the left, the fork in center, and the spoon on the right side of the tray. They then sit erect with their hands down at their sides, After all of the men have finished eating, a guard walks to each table to see that all utensils are in their proper place. He then returns to his position.

07:20 AM: Upon signal from deputy warden, the first detail in each line arises and proceeds through the rear entrance door of the cellhouse to the recreation yard. Inside detail, are those not assigned any detail; proceed to their work or cells.

07:25 AM: Guards and their details move out in the following order through the rear gates:

1.  Laundry

2.  Tailor shop

3.  Cobblers

4.  Model shop

5.  All other shops

6.  Gardening and labor details

The guards go ahead through the rear gates and stand opposite the rear gate. There they count prisoners passing through the gate in single file and clear the count with the rear-gate guard. The detail stops at the foot of the steps on the lower level road and forms into two ranks. The guard faces them to the right and proceeds to the shops keeping himself in the rear of his detail. Upon arrival in the front of the shops, the detail halts and faces the shop entrance.

07:30 AM: Shop foreman counts his detail as the line enters the shop and immediately phones his count to the lieutenant of the watch. He also signs the count slip and turns it over to the lieutenant making his first round.

07:35 AM: Rear gate guard makes up detailed count slip, phones it to the lieutenant of the watch, signs it, and proceeds with it to the lieutenant’s office.

09:30 AM: Rest period, during which the men are allowed to smoke in places permitted, but are not allowed to congregate.

09:40 AM: Foreman or the guard gives whistle signal; all of the men on each floor of the shops assemble at a given point and are counted, and return immediately to work. This assembly and count is quickly done, the count is written on a slip of paper, signed by the foreman or guard, and then turned over to the lieutenant making his next round.

11:30 AM: Prisoners stop work and assemble in front of the shops. The foreman or the guard takes the count. The foreman phones in the count and signs the count slip, turning it over to the guard, who proceeds with the detail to the rear gate and checks his detail in with the rear-gate guard.

11:35 AM: In the recreation yard the mess hall line is immediately formed in the same order as in the morning. The details proceed in the same lines to the mess hall.

11:40 AM: Dinner routine is the same as for breakfast, except at the completion of dinner, when the details immediately proceed to the cells.

12:00 PM: Noon lockup cell count; the detail guards remain in front of cells until the prisoners are locked up and the count made.

12:20 PM: Unlock and proceed the same as before going to breakfast, except that the prisoners march in single file into the yard #3 cellblock first. Shop details again form in front of their guards.

12:25 PM: Details are checked out of the rear gate the same as in the morning.

12:30 PM: Details enter the shops and are counted by the foreman and the guard. Procedures are the same as at 07:30 hours.

2:30 PM: Rest period: the procedure and count are the same as in the morning.

4:15 PM: Work stopped with standard count procedure.

4:20 PM: Prisoners enter the rear gate, with count.

4:25 PM: Prisoners march into the mess hall, with count.

4:45 PM: Prisoners return to their cells.

4:50 PM:  Final lockup.

5:00 PM: Standing count in the cells by both shifts of the lieutenants and the cell housemen.

8:00 PM: Count in the cells.

9:30 PM: Lights out count.

12:01 AM: Count by the lieutenants and the cell housemen of both shifts.

03:00 AM: Count in the cells.

05:00 AM: Count in the cells.

A total of thirteen official counts were made in a hour 24-hour period, with several other unscheduled and unofficial counts. In addition, the shop foremen made six verification counts during the scheduled workdays. Sunday and holiday routines required their own schedules, with time reserved for haircuts, showers, clothing changes, and recreation.

COUNT PROCEDURES

Warden Johnston drew up careful, detailed procedures for taking official counts and unlocking and locking cells in the morning, at noon, and at the end of the day.

1.  The deputy warden is in command and gives the signals. He takes a position at the east end of the cellhouse, between blocks B and C.

2.  The lieutenant of the watch takes a position at the west end of the cell house, between blocks B and C; there he receives reports of count from the guards.

3.  The guards take their assigned positions, ready to take the count when the signal is given. On signal, the count is started on the south side of B Block and the north side of C Block.

4.  As each guard completes his count he goes to the west end of the cellblock and reports to the lieutenant. The count must be accurate and the report must be made as soon as it is ready.

5.  After his report of count, each guard returns quickly to his position. Upon the whistle signal guards open the cells in the same order of movement as when taking count. Example: Guard in position 1, Block B, lower east end, opens the cells controlled by Box 1C, then proceeds quickly to opening the cells controlled by Box 7.

6.  After the prisoners have stepped out of their cells, the deputy warden and the lieutenant give hand signals for locking.

PROCEDURES FOR OPENING CELL DOORS

Work Area and Yard Turnouts:

1. This will be done by tiers, taking lower tier on “C” outside, working on the same side top to top. Then, coming over to “inside” of “C”, and working down to lower tier. Then proceed to “B” Block and starting on lower “inside” tier, working to the top. Then turn out other side of Block by starting on top and working down.

2. Officers operating doors will not be required to wait until line clears control box, as aisle will be covered by other officers.

3. Inmates should be let out in a steady stream, but overcrowding should be avoided. Note: East end officer must synchronize his opening with West end officer.

Main Line Dining Room Turnouts:

1. This will be done by blocks, beginning on lower tiers, either inside or outside, and working up to top tier as schedule calls for. Then proceeding to other block, beginning at the lower tier and working up to the top.

2. A weekly schedule should be prepared by cellhouse Lieutenant and Officers, verifying the turnouts as much as possible, but still beginning on the lower tiers, one block at a time.

3. Cellhouse officer will give signal when each tier is to be turned out.

4. Officers opening doors will check tiers immediately after inmates have left the tier, taking the number and locking up any inmate remaining in his cell.

Bath Turnouts:

1. Bath turnouts on Saturday mornings will be done by blocks as directed by the cellhouse Lieutenant.

Inmates were required to shave three times a week, with no exceptions. Men who refused to shave were immediately placed in solitary confinement, and they would be force-shaved with a dry razor by guard staff until they complied. No inmate was allowed to grow facial hair of any kind, including mustaches, sideburns, or beards. Each inmate was provided with a personal shaving mug, a shaving brush, and soap. The guard staff would pass out razors to a small number of inmates at a time, and then collect the blades from each person once they were finished. The inmates were allowed a three-hour window in which to shave, from 5:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. Prisoners in B Block were assigned to shave on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, and C Block inmates were assigned on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday.

Period photographs showing the shower room in the cellhouse basement, and the clothing issue station located in the same area. All new inmates were processed in this area.

A present-day photograph showing the basement shower area.

General population inmates were required to shower twice a week, and the water temperatures were fully regulated by the on-duty correctional officers. The water was kept hotter than average to eliminate the possibility of inmates becoming acclimated to the temperature of the chilly bay waters. The showers were located in the basement area and were considered one of the more dangerous parts of the prison. There was a large community shower room with water pipe columns suspended from the ceiling above cement basins on the basement floor. Guards stood at the doorway, controlling the flow of inmates entering and exiting the room. The inmates were marched down to the basement in their bathrobes, and once they had finished showering, they were issued new underwear, socks, tooth powder, toilet paper, hand towels, bed linen, and a handkerchief.

The Rule of Silence and Strict Regimen

In the early years of Alcatraz, Warden Johnston employed a silence policy that most inmates considered to be the most unbearable punishment of all. Prisoners were not allowed to talk with each other while confined to their cells, walking in line formation through the cellhouse or during counts. They were only allowed to talk quietly in the Dining Room when seated; at their job assignments, and only if it didn’t interfere with their work. Exceptions were made during community events such as motion picture shows and church services; however, their voices were expected to remain at quiet levels.

In the early years, inmates were harshly disciplined for even the slightest violation of the silence rule. There were exaggerated reports that several inmates went slowly insane on Alcatraz because of the “severe order of silence.”  Al Capone’s own granddaughter later made the claim that her family remained convinced decades later, his illness and mental deficit was a direct result of the harsh conditions employed on Alcatraz. One inmate, a former gangster and kidnapper named Rufe Persful, took a fire ax from the prison garage while working a garbage detail and chopped off three fingers from his left hand in order to win a transfer off the island. Rumors among the inmates indicated that Persful begged fellow inmate Homer Parker, who was assigned to the same job detail, to “finish the job” by cutting off his right hand. In later years several other inmates, including famed convict Henri Young, used similar tactics such as slashing their Achilles’ tendons, to protest the alleged harsh confinement practices and mental harassment they allegedly suffered while at Alcatraz.

Mug shots of Rufe Persful.

Edward Wutke – the first inmate to commit suicide at Alcatraz.

Another alleged casualty of the silent system was thirty-six year old inmate Edward Wutke. Prior to his imprisonment at Alcatraz, Wutke was an able seaman employed on the Steamship Yale. When a friendly drunken scuffle with his best friend turned into a serious fight, Wutke drew a small pocketknife and stabbed his friend in the groin area, fatally severing his femoral artery. The wounded man would bleed to death before the ship made it into port at San Diego. Wutke became panic-stricken upon realizing the gravity of his act and had to be shackled to a fixed object. Following his conviction for murder on the high seas, Wutke became withdrawn and was sent to Alcatraz because of what officials described as a “desperate disposition.”

On December 27, 1934, Wutke refused to report to his work assignment and was sent to the lower solitary unit below A Block, better known as the “Spanish Dungeon.”  He would remain in the damp, dark dungeon for eight days. Wutke made his first suicide attempt in January of 1936. He complained that he was unable to do his time “under the present conditions,” and indicated that the silence and harsh rules had finally become unbearable. Using a small contraband blade, he sliced a prominent vein near the elbow, and bled profusely before a guard was able to intervene. Dr. Milton Beacher, who would later write an exceptional memoir on his experiences at Alcatraz, sutured the inmate’s wound and then admitted him to the hospital for an examination by the prison psychiatrist.  Wutke’s unsuccessful suicide attempt would only intensify his hatred of the Alcatraz regimen. He remained incorrigible, and found himself locked in solitary on at least three later occasions.

Deputy Warden E.J. Miller and Dr. Beacher were called to Wutke’s cell on November 13, 1937, after the prisoner was found dead by Lieutenant Weinhold. Miller’s official report read in part:

Approximately 2:40 this morning I was awakened by the telephone. Upon answering the telephone, found it was Lieutenant Weinhold stating that he believed Wutke had cut his throat in his cell and that he had notified the Doctor. Told Lieutenant Weinhold that I would be there immediately.

It was about 2:50 A.M. when we opened the cell door and Doctor Beacher entered with me into the cell. Wutke was sitting on the toilet bowl in a drooping position with his back braced against the corner of the wall. The cell was quite bloody and the sheets and blankets were full of blood.

Doctor Beacher examined the man and said that he was dead and stated that about 2:35 A.M. was approximately the time of death. The body was removed from the cell to the hospital. I then called Warden Johnston stating that the man had committed suicide and was pronounced dead by the doctor and moved to the Morgue.

I had Lieutenant Weinhold search the cell to find out what he had used and he found that Wutke had cut his throat with a small blade from a pencil sharpener fastened in the head of the safety razor.

Wutke was buried on November 17, 1937, at the Cypress Lawn Cemetery in Colma, California. Following his suicide, numerous stories were leaked to the press alleging harsh confinement practices at Alcatraz. Countless inmates believed that the unrelenting torture of strict confinement had contributed to several inmates “going crazy.”  Over the span of the island’s tenure as a federal penitentiary, there would be a total of five inmate suicides. Some even claimed that the first escape attempt at U.S.P. Alcatraz by Joseph Bowers was actually an intentional suicide. This was never substantiated, but inmates would later assert that his mental condition had deteriorated as a direct result of the prison’s conditions, because a person of “weak mind” could not survive there.

When James Bennett became the Bureau Director, he made a concerted effort to provide psychiatric services for Alcatraz inmates. He also differentiated between inmate rights and inmate privileges in the official policy of the Bureau. In correspondence to Warden Johnston, he stated: “it is unnecessary to impose such rigorous rules.”  As a result, the silence policy was relaxed in 1937, and this would be one of the few policy changes that occurred over the prison's history. However, it should be restated that the track record of Warden Johnston demonstrated his desire to rehabilitate the inmates rather than simply to punish them. In his 1949 memoir, he described his perspective on prison discipline:

Discipline in prisons is frequently confounded with punishment. Punishment or deprivations are sometimes necessary to hold some men in line, but the measures taken to instruct and train men are more important. Discipline is systematic training to secure submission to authority. The value of discipline is the respect it induces in individuals and the resultant good order of the group.

When discussing the discipline for prisoners we should keep in mind the purpose of the prison. Alcatraz is reserved by the government for perplexing problem prisoners and organized on the basis of maximum security with every precaution taken to insure safekeeping of prisoners and to prevent the possibility of escape.

Privileges are limited, supervision is strict, routine is exacting, discipline is firm, but there is no cruelty or undue harshness, and we insist upon decent regard for the humanities.

Stories of inmate suicides, accompanied by media hype based on limited information, eventually earned Alcatraz the unflattering nickname of "Devil's Island."  Warden Johnston succeeded in keeping the media at a distance, and this resulted in the dissemination of various misleading stories. The fact that inmates were never directly paroled from Alcatraz added to the mythology of the island. The media had a difficult time finding men who had lived on the inside, because after prisoners were released from Alcatraz, they were sent on to other prisons to finish out their sentences. When the press did manage to talk with former inmates, they usually told horrific stories about the brutalities they had experienced while incarcerated on the island. Most of these depictions were flawed, but the stories of horrid beatings, rigid disciplinary measures, and extreme isolation fueled the media's interest. In July of 1935, the San Francisco Chronicleran a headline article entitled “Alcatraz Silence Awful.”  The editorial featured an interview with an inmate who had been released for exportation. He described the tough rule of silence, stating that this was the harshest aspect of confinement at Alcatraz. He said that it created a constant pressure, with only a brief reprieve in the recreation yard on weekends. The article concluded with the inmate stating: “It’s the toughest pen I’ve ever seen. The hopelessness of it really gets to you. Capone feels it. Everybody does.”

A letter smuggled out of the prison to a San Francisco newspaper in 1935, claiming abuse and cruelty at Alcatraz.

John Stadig, one of the inmates referenced in the smuggled letter, who allegedly suffered from psychosis resulting from severe abuse.

Verrill Rapp was the first inmate paroled from Alcatraz as a Federal Penitentiary.   The San Francisco Examiner printed news stories that told of horrid conditions at Alcatraz, which were alleged by Rapp.

The stressful regimen of Alcatraz did indeed create a pressure-cooker environment for some of the inmates. The cellblocks were always illuminated, and there was no privacy of any kind. There was a continual sense of mistrust and suspicion among inmates and staff alike. Writer Susan Lamb offered a unique perspective in her book entitled: Alcatraz – The Rock:

Parallel to the regimentation imposed by authority was the conformity demanded of one another by the inmates. Rival subcultures, complete with hierarchies and arcane jargon, left no one in peace. Independence and character had no chance for expression.

In Erwin T. Thompson’s masterful historic reference on Alcatraz, the author quotes a letter sent to Bureau Director James V. Bennett on June 6, 1937 by Burton Phillips, a young convict sentenced to Alcatraz for kidnapping and robbery. Phillips wrote to Bennett claiming that the Bureau had violated his constitutional rights by denying his request for specific legal publications.

Burton Phillips

Los Angeles mobster and gambler Meyer “Mickey” Cohen a famed inmate of Alcatraz. Mickey was the trusted friend of racketeer Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel.

The letter read in part:

Are you to put me in here for life, stop all my mail and deny me the right of legal redress by keeping me in ignorance of legal decisions? Then I would be better off to slit my throat, or perhaps, someone else’s and make you hang me, ending quickly and mercifully a life which would otherwise be carried on tortuously year after weary year without hope or possibilities of legal release.

I’ll grant you the point that there is nothing in the Constitution to keep you from starving, torturing and mistreating me but it must be a regrettable oversight on your part to deny me full access to legal documents.

A letter smuggled off Alcatraz to the Attorney General, requesting that inmates be allowed to read the newspaper in order to keep up with current events. This letter, considered as contraband, was signed by numerous famous inmates at Alcatraz, but it did not reach its intended destination. A mail handler found the letter in Sacramento and turned it over to the authorities.

Phillip’s rage would finally flare-out on September 20, 1937. Following the lunchtime meal, he and over a hundred other inmates remained in their cells, refusing to work and announcing a general strike in protest against confinement conditions at Alcatraz. Four days later when the inmates filed into the Mess Hall, Warden Johnston stood near the line to observe the inmates. Suddenly and without warning, Phillips stepped out of the line and viciously attacked the Warden. He knocked Johnston to the floor and delivered several sharp kicks to his head and torso. Johnston was rendered unconscious, and the guards quickly tackled Phillips. Correctional Officer E.F. Chandler used his Browning automatic rifle to smash away one of the windowpanes inside the caged Mess Hall catwalk, and aimed his rifle straight at Phillips. The other inmates took cover and the disturbance was quickly smothered. Phillips was removed to the dungeon cells located under A Block and allegedly handcuffed to the bars in a standing position.

Johnston woke up on the operating table in the hospital and he would later write that he had no recollection of the event. It is said that Phillips was taken to the dungeon where he was severely beaten and rendered unconscious, but this is not officially documented. He was then transferred to the hospital and quoted as saying that he regretted not having had a weapon with which to kill the Warden. Johnston, however, did not cower following the attack. Though he had suffered several cuts and bruises to his head, face and upper torso, he reaffirmed his stature by returning to the Mess Hall, standing in the very spot where he had been attacked and greeting the inmates who were filing in for lunch. Johnston would finally lift the rule of silence in late 1937, thus ending one of the most trying aspects of prison life on the island.

Violence among the inmates was not uncommon at Alcatraz over the entire span of its operation. Former inmate John Dekker, a Chicago born bank robber, recalled witnessing a murder that resulted from a simple dispute over a pack of cigarettes. During the island’s tenure as a federal penitentiary, eight people were murdered by inmates, five men committed suicide, and fifteen died of natural causes. The island had its own morgue, a remnant from the military period, but no autopsies were performed there. All deceased inmates were brought back to the mainland and released to the San Francisco County Coroner.

Alcatraz wanted no surprises when it came to administering discipline to prisoners. Adherence to the rules at Alcatraz was mandatory in the strictest sense, and inmates who broke the rules were subject to a level of discipline that was dictated by the severity of the offense. Due to the tales that leaked out about strict routines and harsh punishments, the public came to believe that Alcatraz was a grim place, but the reality was that the morale at Alcatraz was typically better than at most other penal institutions. Former inmate Willie Radkay commented: “The correctional staff treated us with respect, though we rarely spoke to one another. If you minded your own business and did your own time, no one ever bothered you.”  Former inmate Darwin Coon would concur with this assessment. He stated: “If you were on the up-and-up and didn’t carry any debts towards other inmates, you would be okay.”  Former correctional officer Al Bloomquest recalled: “It was really a very respectful environment. The public's idea that Alcatraz was some hellhole wasn't at all true. We ate the exact same menu as the inmates, we lived together day-to-day, and for the most part, we treated each other with dignity.”  Former correctional officer Phil Bergen later wrote in a letter:

The public never wanted to know the real Alcatraz. There was never any form of abuse that I ever witnessed. If an inmate struck an officer, well, that might earn someone a hard dragging to the hole. There wasn't ever a true silence rule like some of these men claim; it was essentially a quiet rule. I imagine it was a better deterrent letting people believe that it was a place straight out of a horror film, but the real Alcatraz wasn’t at all like some of these guys claim. I was there for sixteen years – I know the truth. Even today after the prison has been closed for so many decades, the public just won’t let go of the myths.